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THE LIBRARY* 1789 



Clas8.....E_l.lS,4 
Book _.__j-Sl.sJ..y...j 



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THE 



Story Of America 



BY 



ft 

AUTHOR OF THE ZIG ZAG JOURNEYS; FOR THE BOYHOOD 
OF LINCOLN, ETC. 



IRevise^ anD BnlargeD 

ILLUSTRATED WITH 
OVER ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ENGRAVINGS 




THE WERNER COMPANY 

NEW YORK AKRON OHIO CHICAGO 

















3 



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A'\ 



n 



3 MAR 14 



COPYRIGHT 1898 
BY 

The Werner Company 



Story of America 




PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 



The editor has sought the best materials in the prep- 
aration of this History of America, and is indebted to 
McKenzie's admirable History of the United States, a 
work published abroad some ten years ago, for the larger 
part of the text, and especially for the fine moral analyses 
in the parts having reference to the Puritans, to Slavery, 
and to the War for the Union. 

The opening chapter and the chapters prior to and 
inclusive of the period terminating with the assassination 
of President Garfield, are, for the most part, original ; 
the text from McKenzie has been enlarged, revised, and 
edited ; stories have been interpolated, and the illustrations 
have been selected from the best sources by the most com- 
petent editors. H. Butterworth. 

The story of the nation, for the further period com- 
mencing with the year 1881 up to the present time, has 
been constructed upon data gleaned from recognized 
authors and from the official records of cotemporary 
history. Editor. (1881.) 

NEW PREFATORY NOTE 

This history, founded on McKenzie's text, is entrusted 
to me for revision and additions, after passing through so 
many editions as to have become a very popular work in 
American homes and schools. The editor now adds a 
review of recent events ; of the success of Arbitration, 
of the Colonial policy of Spain in Cuba, of the early 
episodes of the Cuban war for liberation, and of the inter- 
vention of the United States in Cuba, as a duty to hu- 
manity. H. Butterworth. (1898.) 



CONTENTS. 



Chapter 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 



XXVIII. 



PAGE 

The Mysterious Races 13 

The Great Discovery, A. D. 1492 29 

Seeking Homes in the New Land 51 

King Philip's War 117 

The Growing Empire 136 

Witchcraft in New England 157 

Persecution and Religious Liberty 165 

Growth and Government of the Colonies . . 177 

The French Colonies 187 

The Eve of Revolution 202 

Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston .... 237 

The Declaration of Independence 269 

The War for Independence 274 

The Thirteen States become a Nation .... 302 

From Washington to Madison 313 

The Two Empires, — the United States and 

Canada •^32 

The Story of Slavery 340 

Mexico and the Mexican War 363 

Kansas and John Brown 376 

Abraham Lincoln 3Q2 

War 407 

Liberty to the Slave 431 

Gettysburg and Richmond 445 

The Martyr President 477 

Peace .486 

Prosperity 494 

1880-1895. Administrations of Presidents Gar- 
field, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and 

Cleveland con 

The Election of Hon. William McKinley as 
President. The Story of McKinley's Early 

Life. Events of 1896-97 602 



Contents. 

Chapter Page 

XXIX. The History of Arbitration. The Hawaiian 

Question 612 

XXX. The Cuban War and the Great Intervention 623 

XXXI. Manila. The Naval Victories 635 

XXXII. Santiago 640 

XXXIII. The Prophecy and the Future 656 

Appendix 663 



INDEX AND TABLES. 

Population and Area of the States and Territories . 665 
List of Cities and Towns having Population of 10,000 

and upwards 666 

Chronological Table 667-72 

Presidents of the United States 673 

Index . . . ' 674-82 

Supplementary Index 683-84 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



President McKinley and Cabinet Frontispiece 

PAGE 

The Cradock Mansion 12 

Phoenician Vessel 14 

Dighton Rock 15 

Skeleton in Armor . 16 

Mounds at Marietta, Ohio . 17 

Mounds near Newark, Ohio 20 

Fragment of Ancient Pueblo Pottery 21 

Tokec Ruins, Yucatan . . 23 

Siberian Elephant and Mastodon Restored 25 

Indians in Council 27 

Coil-made Jar from Southern Utah 28 

Spanish Prior 31 

Columbus Watching for Land ■ • • • 33 

" Dreary with Ice and Snow " 37 

Ponce de Leon in the St. John's River 38 

Bivouac in Florida 39 

Burial of De Soto 43 

Home of the Alligator 45 

Tropical Forest 47 

Henry VIII ^x 

Champlain C2 

Quebec in 1608 c^ 

Chained Bible, Time of James I r6 

Planting the Cross on New Lands t-j 

Francis 1 60 

The Ruined Settlement 61 

Sir Walter Raleigh 64 

The Settlers at Jamestown 65 

Clearing the Forest 68 

John Smith a Captive among the Indians 69 

Indian Attack on Settlers in Virginia 73 

Baptism of Virginia Dare 77 

Captain Smith and the Chief of Paspahegh 79 



List of Illustrattons, 

KAGE 

Marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas . 8i 

" Meadows Stretched to the Eastward " 84 

Dinner Amusements at Port Royal ^"^ 

Baptism of Indians at Port Royal 91 

James 1 93 

The Mayflower at Sea 95 

William, Prince of Orange 97 

The Pilgrims Receiving Massasoit loi 

Many Visitors .... 105 

Oliver Cromwell 106 

Founding a New Settlement . 107 

Charles 1 109 

Dealing out the Five Kernels of Corn in 

French and Dutch Quarrel 115 

Destruction of the Narragansetts 121 

The Alarm 123 

Death in the Field 124 

Death of King Philip 125 

Weetamo on a Raft . 128 

Philip's Head Brought to Plymouth 129 

Monument to John Eliot 135 

Henry Hudson in the North River " 137 

Charles II 140 

Dutch Traders at Manhattan 141 

Penn's Arrival in America 144 

Ruins in Central America 145 

Dr. Johnson 148 

Penn's Colonists on the Delaware 150 

George II 151 

Oglethorpe and the Indians 153 

Witchcraft at Salem Village 161 

Whipping Quakers at the Cart's Tail in Boston 167 

Roger Williams in Peril for his Enemies 171 

George Fox 173 

The Old and the New 175 

James II 178 

George Washington 181 

Franklin . 184 

Burke 185 

Death of General Braddock 191 

French and English Naval Conflict » I95 



List of Illustrations. 



PAGE 

Montcalm 198 

Death of Wolfe 199 

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham •. . 206 

Samuel Adams 209 

Destruction of Tea 213 

The Signal Lanterns 218 

Paul Revere's Ride 219 

Battle of Lexington 223 

British at Colonel Barrett's 225 

Roads and Historic Localities at Concord, Mass 226 

Combat at the Bridge -. 227 

Fight at Merriam's Corner 230 

Christ Church, the Old North Meeting-House 232 

The Hancock House 236 

Faneuil Hall 237 

Andros a Prisoner in Boston 239 

Queen Mary 241 

The Battle of Bunker Hill 243 

The Old Powder-House at Somerville 247 

General Israel Putnam 251 

English Ships of- War 2515 

Breed's and Bunker Hills 259 

Bunker Hill Monument 261 

The Washington Elm 262 

George HI 271 

Continental Currency 273 

Washington Crossing the Delaware 277 

Lafayette 281 

English Attacked at Germantown 285 

/rench Naval Victory 291 

The Assault 301 

1775 •••••• ■ 303 

Mount Vernon 309 

Fight between the Constellation and La Vengeance 311 

The English Right of Search 315 

Sea-Fight, War of 1812 317 

English Captive in French and Indian War 321 

Jesuit Missionary Addressing the Indians 327 

Marquette and Joliet Discover the Mississippi 333 

La Salle Claims the Mississippi Valley for France 337 

Murder of La Salle in Texas . 341 



List of IlliLstrations. 



PAGE 



Emigrants on the St. Lawrence 347 

Mule-jenny Spinning-frame 351 

Cotton Plant 352 

Scene in Texas , 3^9 

Daniel Webster 361 

General Taylor on the Rio Grande 364 

Spanish Monastery in Mexico 365 

General Pierce Landing in Mexico 368 

The Land of Promise 369 

Gold Digging , 372 

Crossing the Mountains yi^ 

Gold Washing in California 377 

Pioneer Life in the West 381 

Border Settlers 385 

Pioneer Travellers 389 

Home of a Western Pioneer 393 

Going to Court through Western Woods ... o ... . 399 

1861 405 

Attack on Fort Sumter 409 

Passing through Baltimore 415 

Battle-Field 43° 

Slaves Escaping to Union Troops 433 

Battle of Antietam 437 

Plan of Battle of Gettysburg 447 

The Wilderness 457 

Camp Followers of Sherman's Army, Foraging 461 

Sheridan Turning the Tide of Battle 465 

Ruins in Richmond 471 

Negro Troops in Richmond 475 

President Lincoln in Richmond 479 

Assassination of Lincoln 481 

Capitol at Washington . - 487 

Horticultural Hall . . - 495 

Bridge near Fairmount 499 

Memorial Hall 503 

The Main Building ... - 507 

James A. Garfield ... - ,,..,.. ..... 509 

Young Garfield and the Salt-Boiler ; 511 

Young Garfield and the Board of Trustees 513 

Assassination of President Garfield . . . , 517 



List of Illustrations. 

PAGE 

Chester A. Arthur 522 

Rutherford B. Hayes 522 

Benjamin Harrison 574 

Grover Cleveland 574 

James G. Blaine 615 

Admiral Dewey 635 

Admiral Sampson 640 

Richmond Pearson Hobson = . . 641 

View near Santiago , , „ . 650 

Flag Raising , . . . 652 

Pestalozzi , 656 



INTRODUCTORY. 



All great events of history follow the spiritual vision 
of the prophet, and men build nations after the pattern 
seen by the seer on the Mount of God. 

• "God made me the messenger of the new heavens and 
earth," said Columbus, ''and told me where to find them. 
Maps, charts, and mathematical knowledge had nothing 
to do with the case. ' ' 

When the Pilgrims of L^yden were preparing to embark, 
John Robinson, the pastor of the church of the Pilgrim- 
age, said : — 

''Go ye forth into the wilderness, and new light will 
break forth from the Word. ' ' 

The History of America follows this new light. Obe- 
dience to spiritual law led men to freedom, equality, and 
brotherhood, and the dominion of justice is to become 
that of peace. The old legend that Bradford of Auster- 
field dealt out five kernels of corn to the Pilgrims in the 
year of famine may be questioned, as it has been, but this 
man of prevision did inspire the people gathered on the 
rude shore of Plymouth Rock with the prophecy that 
their future should be like the harvest of a handful of 
corn. 

Robinson, the pastor of the Pilgrims, never saw the 
company of the Mayflower after he parted from the Pil- 
grims in prayer and song. But the exiles began the great 



Introductory. 

nation of the West after the manner which he saw in his 
vision. 

It is an inspiring study to take this view of American 
history. 

"He that is spiritual judgeth all things," and step by 
step, the land of the Pilgrims, Patriots, and Emancipators 
of men, has developed from within. 

Our history is a story of liberty of conscience, of free- 
dom, of noble effort, of justice, and of progress, tending 
to the reign of Peace. 




THE CRADOCK MANSION. 



The oldest house in America; built about 1634 by Matthew Cradock, the 
first Governor of the Massachusetts Colony. i? 



YOUNG FOLKS* 
HISTORY OF AMERICA. 

CHAPTER I. 

THE MYSTERIOUS RACES. 

It is highly probable that the American continent wa? 
known to the ancients, though in a somewhat imperfect way, 
Plato, four hundred years before our Saviour's time, gives a 
particular account of the great island of Atlantis, " an island 
that was larger than Libya (Africa) and Asia." Strabo and 
Pliny both mention a like mysterious island. We are told 
that this great territory was inhabited by a powerful people, 
who became so wicked that they were drowned by the judg- 
ment of heaven, and that the island itself, that was larger 
than Africa and Asia, sunk in the sea. For many years it 
was deemed dangerous for navigators to sail westward on 
account of the ruins of this mysterious island which, it was 
believed, strewed the waters and impeded the way. 

Atlantis may have been a fabulous land, but the Phoe- 
nicians or Canaanites had a knowledge of a country beyond 
the sea. Phoenicia, like England, once ruled the waves. 
Take the map of Asia and glance over the narrow strip of 
territory lying between the hills of Palestine and the sea. 
Here are the sites of Tyre and Sidon, the ancient London 
and Liverpool of the Mediterranean, into whose gay bazaars, 
glittering temples, and spacious palaces once flowed the lux- 



H 



Yotmg Folks History of America. 



uries of the world. The ships of Phoenicia gathered the 
treasures of the Mediterranean, the Euxine, and the Adriatic, 
the vine-clad hills of Ionia and Ital}^^ and the shores of 
Southern Europe and Northern Africa. The Pillars of Her- 
cules (Gibraltar) were for a long period beheved to be the 
end of the world. 

The Phoenician sailors began to strike out beyond the 
Pillars of Hercules. They visited the British Islands for tin, 





^%^f; 




PHCENICIAN VESSEL. 



and the shores of the Baltic for amber. We are told that 
certain of these navigators were once driven on to a wonder- 
fully fertile island in the Western Ocean, and that it was their 
purpose to keep this discovery a secret. 



THE WRITING ROCK AND SKELETON IN ARMOR. 

Among the most marked evidences that the coast of New 
England was visited by old-time mariners long before the 
coming of the Spanish voyagers and the Pilgi-ims, are the 
well-preserved relics known as the Writing Rock, at Dighton, 



The Writing Rock, 



15 



Massachusetts, the Skeleton in Armor found at Fall River, and 
that ancient landmark, the Old Stone Tower, at Newport. 

The celebrated Writing Rock at Dighton is situated on the 
Taunton River, a stream associated with many Indian tradi- 
tions and events of colonial history. It is otten visited by 
antiquaries, and its inscriptions are well preserved. It con- 
sists of a solitary mass of fine-grained granite, lying on the 
sands of the river, a few feet above low-water mark, but cov- 
ered with water at each rising of the tide. On the water side 
it presents an inclined plane, the face of which, eleven feet 




DIGHTON ROCK. 



by five feet, seems to have been originally covered with sculp- 
tures and hieroglyphic inscriptions. The face of the rock is 
extremely hard, and, however old the inscriptions may be, 
those that rise above the low-water mark can have undergone 
but httle change from the action of the elements. 

The rock was noticed by the Pilgrims, but received little 
attention from historians and antiquaries until the years 
1834-35, when a most extraordinary relic was found a few 
miles distant, in the town of Fall River. In digging down a 
hill near the town, a mass of earth slid off, uncovering a 
human skull, which was found to belong to a skeleton buried 



I6 



Young Folks History of America. 



in a sitting posture, enveloped in a covering of bark. This 
envelope was removed, when the astonished workman saw 
that the trunk of this skeleton was encased in a breastplate 
of brass. The breastplate, which was similar to that which 
Homer describes as having been worn by Hector, was thirteen 
inches long, six inches broad at the upper end and about 

five inches at the lower. 
It was evidently cast in a 
furnace, and was about 
one-eighth of an inch in 
thickness. 

But what is most remark- 
able about this armor is, 
that it seems to have no 
association with the armo- 
rial customs of Northern or 
Eastern Europe, nor with 
any recent historical date. 
Below the breastplate, and 
entirely encircling the body, was a bek composed of brass 
tubes, each four and a half inches in length and three-six- 
teenths of an inch in diameter. The tubes were cast upon 
hollow reeds, and were so prepared as to protect the vulner- 
able parts of the body below the breastplate. 

Who were these mysterious and unknown mariners f The 
poet Longfellow, in his " Skeleton in Armor," associates this 
nameless hero with the builders of the round arch tower at 
Newport, which the Danes claim as the work of their ances- 
tors. Out of the materials thus supplied the poet weaves a 
fanciful story, which is familiar to many of my readers : — 

" Speak, speak, thou fearful guest, 
Who with thy hollow breast, 
Still in rude armor drest, 
Comest to daunt me I ' 




THE SKELETON IN ARMOR. 



The Moiind-Buildej's. 19 

To which the skeleton in armor is supposed to begin his 
story thus : — 

" Far in the Northern land, 
By the wild Baltic strand, 
I, with my childish hand. 
Tamed the ger-falcon." 

The researches of travellers and antiquaries have, however, 
thrown discredit upon the romantic narrative that follows 
these lines. Both the skeleton and the inscription on the 
Writing Rock seem to be of Asiatic origin. Several care- 
ful writers on the subject believe the Writing Rock to contain 
a representation of the Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar), and 
that the mail-clad hero was one of the crew of a Phoenician 
vessel who passed the Pillars of Hercules and crossed the 
Atlantic. The armor is the same as appears in drawings 
taken from the sculptures found at Palenque, Mexico, which 
has led to the supposition that an Asiatic race transiently 
settled in North America, and afterwards went to Mexico and 
founded those rock-walled cities, in exploring the ruins of 
which such astonishing evidences of Asiatic civilization have 
been discovered. A portion of the North American Indians 
and certain tribes of the Aztecs in Mexico had distinct tradi- 
tions of the flood. 

THE MOUND-BUILDERS. 

Of all the vanished races of antiquity the Mound-builders 
are among the most mysterious and interesting. Their 
mounds are to be found principally in the West, and are nu- 
merous in the Mississippi Valley. A mound until recently 
was to be seen on the plain of Cahokia, Illinois, nearly oppo- 
site the city of St. Louis, Missouri, that was seven hundred 
feet long, five hundred feet broad, ninety feet high, and that 
covered more tht^n eight acres of ground. Some of these 



20 



Young Folks History of America. 



mounds in Wisconsin and Iowa are in the shape of huge ani- 
mals ; and there is one near Brush Creek, Adams County^ 




MOUNDS NEAR NEWARK, OHIO. 



Ohio, that is in the form of a serpent, and that is more than 
one thousand feet in length. The mouth of this strange 
figure is open, as in the act of swallowing or ejecting an oval 



The Motmd-Builders. 



21 



substance, which is also curiously made of earth-works. This 
oval mound is thought to represent an ^gg. 

At Marietta, Ohio, are ancient works that cover an area 
about three-fourths of a mile long, and half a mile broad. 
" There are two irregular squares, one containing fifty acres, 
and the other twenty-seven acres, together with the crowning 
work standing apart, which is a mound thirty feet high, ellip- 
tical in form, and enclosed by a circular embankment." 

But the most intricate, and perhaps the most extensive, of 
the works of the Mound-builders are those in the Licking 
Valley, near Newark, Ohio, extending over an area of two 
square miles. Why they were built we may not even con- 
jecture, but that they were constructed with almost infinite 
toil by a superior race of people, under skilled direction and 
for some definite purpose, no one can deny who examines 
them. 

Many of these mounds 
have been found to con- 
tain skeletons ; and the 
appearance of the bones 
would seem to point to 
an antiquity of two thou- 
sand or more years. Curi- 
ous pottery, known as the 
" coil-made," has been 
found in the mounds and 
caves, and at the ruined 
pueblos in Utah. Ves- 
sels of various forms and sizes were made, without the pot- 
ter's wheel, by coiling bands of clay upon themselves. On 
the outside the projecting edges of these coils often formed 
bands or ridges, which were cut into diamond-shaped figures, 
marked with the thumb-nail, or otherwise ornamented, as 
shown in the engraving of the coil-made jar. 




FRAGMENT OF ANCIENT PUEBLO POTTERY. 



22 Yo2ing Folks History of America. ■ 

The ancient Mexican pyramids, teocailis, or temples of the 
sun, were still more remarkable. Two of the most ancient 
of these, near the city of Mexico, were each nearly two hun- 
dred feet high, and the larger of these two covers an area of 
eleven acres, which is nearly equal to that of the Pyramid of 
Cheops, in Egypt. The ancient city of Mexico contained 
nearly two thousand temples and structures, and it is believed 
that there were some forty thousand in the whole empire. 

Who built these mounds in the Mississippi Valley, and these 
pyramids in Mexico ? Not the Indians who were found in 
America when the country was discovered. They are the 
productions of greater skill and culture than these tribes pos- 
sessed. They are doubtless the monuments of a vanished 
people, whose coming and going and splendid history must 
ever remain to a great extent a mystery. 

Antiquaries have furnished many theories to answer this 
question which arises in the mind of every student of history. 
Some have maintained that the Mound-builders and the mys- 
terious people who preceded the Aztecs in Mexico were the 
descendants of crews from Japan, whose ships had been ac- 
cidentally driven across the Pacific. 

A more reasonable solution is that these people migrated 
from Asia. 

Take your map : look at the Isthmus of Suez ; cross Cen- 
tral Asia to Siberia ; carefully examine Behring Strait ; run 
your eye down the western coast and the Mississippi Valley, 
thence to Mexico, thence across the Isthmus of Panama to 
Peru. You have now passed over the supposed track of an 
Asiatic race, possibly the Shepherd Kings. 

Who were the Shepherd Kings ? 

They cam« down to Egypt from Central India, driving 
vheir flocks before them, about the time of the building of the 
Tower of Babel. They conquered Egypt, built the pyramids, 
but were at last overcome by the ancient inhabitants, and 




TOLTEC RUINS, YUCATAN. 



The Motmd- Builders. 



25 



driven away from the Nile. They wandered back into Cen- 
tral Asia. In Siberia, it would seem, they erected mounds 
like those in the Mississippi Valley. They are then supposed 
to have journeyed north, crossed Behring Strait, which was 
then very narrow, passed through Alaska to the temperate 
zone, and pushed south to Mexico, Central America, and Peru. 




THE SIBERIAN ELEPHANT AND MASTODON RESTORED. 

We do not say that this theory is proven to be true : it has 
many things to support it. It is so interesting and it makes 
the ancient Egyptians seem so neighborly, we could wish it to 
be true. 

That access from Asia to America was easy centuries ago, 
possibly by land connection, is evident from the discovery in 
Siberia and on the Pacific coast, in Alaska, of the remains of 
the Siberian elephant. 



26 Yotnig Folks History of America. 



THE INDIANS. 

The Indians do not seem to have sprung from the Mound- 
builders or the founders of the ancient Mexican Empire. 
They may have been the descendants of Mongohan emigrants 
who crossed at different times the Strait of Behring. 

Nearly all the Indian tribes that inhabited the continent at 
the time of its discovery are gone. They have vanished, 
like the forests they inhabited, and the beasts of prey they 
hunted. New England was once the home of the Narragan- 
setts, the Pequots, the Mohegans, but nothing but the names 
of these tribes remain ; the Iroquois dwelt by the great lakes 
of Erie and Huron, and the Algonquin nations inhabited the 
centre of the continent. Beyond the Algonquin' territory 
lived the Dacotahs, on the prairies of the west, while on 
the south were the Tuscaroras, the Catawbas, the Creeks, 
and the Seminoles. With the exception of the Seminoles 
and the Dacotahs, hardly a remnant of these tribes remains ; 
the church-spires rise and the school-bells ring where their 
wigwams clustered,, and the locomotives roll through the fair 
valleys where they once smoked the pipe of peace, and 
under the pine-plumed hills against which their war-cry was 
raised. 

They were a race of tall, powerful men — copper-colored, 
with hazel eye, high cheek-bone, and coarse black hair. In 
manner they were grave, and not without a measure of dig- 
nity. They had courage, but it was of that kind which is 
greater in suffering than in doing. They were true to their 
friends, but to their enemies they were cunning, treacherous, 
and cruel. Civilization could lay no hold upon them. They 
quickly learned to use the white man's musket. They never 
learned tc use the tools of the white man's industry. They 
developed a love for intoxicating drink, passionate and irre- 
sistible beyond all example. The first settlers of New Eng- 



The Indians. 



27 



land intended to treat them as Christian men should. They 
took no land from them. What land they required they 
bought and paid for. Nearly all of New England's soil was 




INDIANS IN COUNCIL. 



come by with scrupulous honesty. The friendship of the 
Indians was anxiously cultivated, — sometimes from fear, 
oftener from pity. But nothing could stay their progress 
towards extinction. Inordinate drunkenness and the gradual 



28 



Young Folks History of America. 



limitation of their hunting-grounds told fatally on their num- 
bers And occasionally the English were forced to march 
against some tribe which refused to be at peace, and to 
inflict a defeat which left few survivors. 




COIL-MADE JAR FROM SOUTHERN UTAH. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE GREAT DISCOVERY, A. D. 1492. 

It was late in the history of the world before Europe and 
America became known to each other. During the first fif 
teen centuries of the Christian era Europe was unaware of the 
vast continent which lay beyond the sea. 

Men had been slow to establish completely their dommion 
over the sea. They learned very early to build ships. They 
availed themselves very early of the surprising power which 
the helm exerts over the movements of a ship. But, during 
many ages, they found no surer guidance upon the pathless 
sea than that which the position of the sun and the stars af- 
forded. When clouds intervened to deprive them of these 
uncertain guides, they were helpless. They were thus obliged 
to keep the land in view, and content themselves with creep- 
ing timidly along the coast. 

At length there was discovered a stone which the wise 
Creator had endowed with strange properties. It was ob- 
served that a needle brought once into contact with that stone 
pointed ever afterwards steadfastly to tlie nortli. Men saw 
that with a needle thus influenced they could guide them- 
selves at sea as surely as on land. The mariners' compass 
untied the bond which held sailors to the coast, and gave 
them liberty to push out upon the sea. 

Just when sailors were slowly learning to put confidence in 
the mariners' compass, there arose in Europe a vehement 
desire for the discovery of unknown countries. A sudden 
interest sprang up in all that was distant and unexplored. 



30 Young Folks History of AiJ^tcrica. 

The strange fables told by travellers were greedily received. 
The human mind was beginning to cast off the torpor of the 
Middle Ages. As intelligence increased, men becafne in- 
creasingly eager to ascertain the form and extent of the world 
in which they dwelt, and to acquaint themselves with those 
unknown races who were their fellow-inhabitants. 

Portugal and Spain, looking out upon the boundless sea, 
were powerfully stirred by the new impulse. The courts of 
Lisbon and Madrid swarmed with adventurers who had made 
discoveries, or who wished the means to make them. Con- 
spicuous among these was an enthusiast, who during eighteen 
years had not ceased to importune incredulous monarchs for 
ships and men that he might open up the secrets of the sea. 
He was a tall man, of grave and gentle manners, and noble 
though saddened look. His eye was gray, " apt to enkindle " 
when he spoke of those discoveries in the making of which 
he felt himself to be Heaven's chosen agent. He had known 
hardship and sorrow in his youth, and at thirty his hair was 
white. His name was Christopher Columbus. In him the 
universal passion for discovery rose to the dignity of an in- 
spiration. 

THE STORY OF COLUMBUS. 

Christopher Columbus, or Columbo, was born at Genoa, 
Italy, about the year 1436 (Irving). He was of a humble 
family, and one of his early employments was feeding swine, 
But he had a high spirit and a restless religious zeal, and he 
engaged in the life of a mariner at the age of fourteen. He 
thirsted for knowledge, and studied geometry, astronomy, ge- 
ography, navigation, and the Latin language, at the University 
of Pavia. From this time he stored his mind with knowledge, 
and it was this studiousness that put it in his power to so in- 
terest a good Spanish prior in his schemes for exploration as 
to lead to his successful introduction to the court of Spain. 



1492. 



The Story of Columbus. 



31 



For, one day, hungry and weary and discouraged that no 
one would favor his enterprises, he stopped to rest in the 
shadow of an old Spanish convent. It was high noon, and 
he asked the prior for a cup of water. The monk brought 
him the draught, and stopped to talk with him while he rested. 
He was astonished at the schemes, visions, and learning of 
the weary Genoese, and he promised to use his influence in 
his behalf with the 
Spanish court ; and 
in that chance hour 
the destiny of the 
Western World, then 
unknown, was in ef- 
fect changed, and a 
new continent was 
added to the dia- 
dems of Aragon 
and Castile. Had 
his mind been less 
stored with the ac- 
quirements of his 
well - spent youth, 
when he stopped to 

rest in the shadow of the convent, the map of the world 
might have been different to-day. The incident affords a 
telling lesson to the young, and aptly illustrates the value of 
a well-stored mind. 

Columbus was convinced by his studies that the world 
must be spherical in form, and that there was probably 
land on the western side to counterbalance that on the 
east. He thought this land would prove to be a continu- 
ance of Asia. Lisbon was famous for the exploits of her 
mariners. Columbus went to Lisbon, and there mar- 
ried the daughter of a famous navigator, whose charts and 




SPANISH PRIOR. 



32 Young Folks' history of America. 

journals filled his mind with an unquenchable desire for 
discovery. 

He applied to the senate of his native city for ships, but 
in vain. He next sought the patronage of the king of Portu- 
gal, but was disappointed. In 1484 he turned to Spain, and 
procured an interview with Ferdinand, king of Aragon. The 
cautious monarch heard his story, and referred his theory to 
the learned men of the University of Salamanca. Some of 
these wise men concluded that if there were indeed land on 
the other side of the globe the people there must be obliged 
to walk about with heads downward, as their feet would be 
pointed upward ; and as this would not be an agreeable 
country to explore, they dismissed the subject. 

But, at last, Columbus obtained a hearing of a more sus- 
ceptible auditor at the Spanish court. Queen Isabella heard 
his story and favored his cause. She is said to have parted 
with some of her jewels to procure ships for the enthusiastic 
adventurer. To one woman, his wife, Columbus owed the 
fostering of his inspiration, and to another, the Spanish queen, 
the means of carrying forward his plans and fulfilling his 
dreams. 

No sailor of our time would cross the Atlantic in such 
ships as were given to Columbus. In size they resembled 
the smaller of our river and coasting vessels. Only one of 
them was decked. The others were open, save at the prow 
and stern, where cabins were built for the crew. The sailors 
went unwillingly and in much fear, compelled by an order 
from the king. 

And now the feeble squadron of three ships is on the sea, 
and the prows are turned toward the waste of waters, in whose 
mysterious distances the sun -seemed to set. It is Friday, 
Aug. 2» 1492- On Sunday, September 9, the timid crews 
passed the farthest known island. Out on the unknown 
sea, the mariners' compass no longer pointed directly north, 




COLUMBUS WATCHIXG FOR LAND. 



1492. The Story of Columbus. 35 

and awe and terror seized the sailors, as the distance be- 
tween them and the land grew wider and wider. 

The ships moved on under serene skies. Trade winds 
blew from east to west. The air at last grew balmy, and fields 
of sea-weed began to appear. Land birds ht upon the spars. 

One evening, just at sunset, — it was September 25, — 
Martin Alonzo Pinzon mounted the stern of the Pinta, and 
peered into the far distance. A reward had been offered to 
the person who should first discover land. Pinzon descried 
a shadowy appearance far over the western sea, and cried out 
in great excitement, — 

" Land ! land ! I claim the promised reward, Senor. 
Land ! " 

Columbus threw himself upon his knees and led the crews 
in singing Gloria in excelsis. 

In the morning after the supposed discovery nothing but 
the wide waters appeared. The supposed island was but a 
cloud. 

For a fortnight more the ships drifted on over the quiet 
waters. The seamen lost heart again and again in this awful 
unexplored space. They mutinied, but the lofty spirit of 
their leader disarmed them. At last, birds came singing 
again ; a branch of thorn with berries floated by the ships. A 
vesper hymn to the Virgin was sung in the evening that these 
indications of land were discovered. 

" We shall see land in the morning," said Columbus. 

He stood upon the deck all that night peering into the dim 
starlit spaces. At midnight he beheld a light. The morning 
came. Beautifully v/ooded shores rose in view. Birds of 
gorgeous plumage hovered around them. The crews set off 
from the ships in small boats. Columbus first stepped upon 
the shore. 

The crews knelt on the strand and kissed the earth. They 
wept and chanted hymns of praise. 



36 Young Folks History of America, 

Then Columbus unfurled the banner of Spain, and claimed 
the land in the name of the Spanish sovereigns. The triumph 
was a realization of all the navigator's visions and dreams. 

Columbus knew not the magnitude of his discovery. He 
died in the belief that he had merely discovered a shorter 
route to India. He never enjoyed that which would have 
been the best recompense for all his toil, — the knowledge 
that he had added a vast continent to the ^possessions of civi- 
lized men. 

The revelation by Columbus of the amazing fact that there 
were lands beyond the great ocean, inhabited by strange races 
of human beings, roused to a passionate eagerness the thirst 
for fresh discoveries. The splendors of the newly found 
world were indeed difficult to be resisted. Wealth beyond 
the wildest dreams of avarice could be had, it was said, for the 
gathering. The sands of every river sparkled with gold. 
The very color of the ground showed that gold was profusely 
abundant. The meanest of the Indians ornamented himself 
with gold and jewels. The walls of the houses glittered with 
pearls. There was a fountain, if one might but find it, whose 
waters bestowed perpetual youth upon the bather. The wild- 
est romances were greedily received, and the Old World, with 
its familiar and painful realities, seemed mean and hateful 
beside the fabled glories of the New. 

The men of the nations of Europe whose trade was fighting 
turned gladly to the world where boundless wealth was to be 
wrung from the grasp of unwarlike barbarians. England and 
France had missed the splendid prize which Columbus had 
won for Spain. They hastened now to secure what they could. 

A merchant of Bristol, John Cabot, obtained permission 
from the king of England to make discoveries in the northern 
parts of America. Cabot was to bear all expenses, and the 
king was to receive one-fifth of the gains of the adventure. 
Taking with him his son Sebastian, John Cabot sailed straight 



1497- 



Voyage of JoJin Cabot. 



37 



westward across the Atlantic. He reached the North Ameri- 
can continent, of which he was the undoubted discoverer 
(1497). The result to him was disappointing. He landed 
on the coast of Labrador. Being in the same latitude as 
England, he reasoned that he should find the same genial 
climate. To his astonishment he came upon a region of 
intolerable cold, dreary with ice and snow. John Cabot had 
not heard of the Gulf 
Stream and its marvellous 
influences. He did not 
know that the western 
shores of Northern Europe 
are rescued from perpetual 
winter, and warmed up to 
the enjoyable temperature 
which they possess, by an 
enormous river of warm 
water flowing between 
banks of cold water east- 
ward from the Gulf of 
Mexico. The Cabots made 
many voyages afterwards, 
and explored the Ameri- 
can coast from extreme 
north to extreme south. 

The French turned their 
attention to the northern 
parts of the New World. The rich fisheries of Newfoundland 
attracted them. A Frenchman sailed up the great St. Law- 
rence River. After some failures a French settlement was 
established there, and for a century and a half the French 
peopled Canada. 

Spanish adventurers never rested from their eager search 
after the treasures of the new continent. An aged warrior 




DREARY WITH ICE AND SNOW." 



38 



Young Folks History of America. 



called Ponce de Leon fitted out an expedition at his own cost. 
He had heard of the marvellous fountain whose waters would 
restore to him the years of his wasted youth. He searched 
in vain. The fountain would not reveal itself to the foolish 
old man, and he had to bear without relief the burden of his 
profidess years. But he found a country hitherto unseen by 




PONCE DE LEON IN THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER. 

Europeans, which was clothed with magnificent forests, and 
seemed to bloom with perpetual flowers. He called it 
Florida. He attempted to found a colony in the paradise 
he had discovered. But the natives attacked him, slew many 
of his men, and drove the rest to their ships, carrying with 
them their chief, wounded by the poisoned arrow of an 
Indian. 



1539- De Sotds Expedition. 41 

Ferdinand de Soto had been with Pizarro, who had made 
an expedition to Peru, and returned to Spain enriched with 
plunder. He did not doubt that in the north were cities as 
rich and barbarians as confiding. An expedition to discover 
new regions, and plunder their inhabitants, was fitted out 
under his command. No one doubted that success equal to 
that of Cortes and Pizarro would attend this new adventure. 
The youth of Spain were eager to be permitted to go, and 
they sold their houses and lands to buy the needful equip- 
ment. Six hundred men, in the prime of life, were chosen 
from the crowd of applicants, and the expedition sailed, high 
in courage, splendid in aspect, boundless in expectation. 
They landed on the coast of Florida, and began their march 
into the wilderness. They had fetters for the Indians whom 
they meant to take captive. They had bloodhounds, lest 
these captives should escape. The camp swarmed with 
priests, and as they marched the festivals and processions 
enjoined by the Church were devoutly observed. 

From the outset it was a toilsome and perilous enterprise ; 
but to the Spaniard of that time danger was a joy. The 
Indians were warlike, and generally hostile. De Soto had 
pitched battles to fight and heavy losses to bear. Always he 
was victorious, but he could ill afford the cost of many such 
victories. The captive Indians amused him with tales of 
regions where gold abounded. They had learned that igno- 
rance on that subject was very hazardous. De Soto had 
stimulated their knowledge by burning to death some who 
denied the existence of gold in that country. The Spaniards 
wandered slowly northwards. They looked eagerly for some 
great city, the plunder of whose palaces and temples would 
enrich them all. They found nothing better than occasion- 
ally an Indian town, composed of a few miserable huts. It 
was all they could do to get needful food. At length they 
came to a magnificent river. European eyes had seen no 



42 Yoimg Folks History of America. 

such river till now. It was about a mile in breadth, and its 
mass of water swept downward to the sea with a current of 
amazing strength. It was the Mississippi. The Spaniards 
built vessels and ferried themselves to the western bank. 

There they resumed their wanderings. De Soto would not 
yet admit that he had failed. He still hoped that the plun- 
der of a rich city would reward his toils. For many months 
the Spaniards strayed among the swamps and dense forests 
of that dreary region. The natives showed at first some 
disposition to be helpful. But the Spaniards, in their disap- 
pointment, were pitiless and savage. They amused them- 
selves by inflicting pain upon the prisoners. They cut off their 
hands ; they hunted them with bloodhounds ; they burned 
them at the stake. The Indians became dangerous. De 
Soto hoped to awe them by claiming to be one of the gods, 
but the imposture was too palpable. 

" How can a man be God when he cannot get bread to 
eat? " asked a sagacious savage. 

It was now three years since De Soto had landed in 
America. The utter failure of the expedition could no 
longer be concealed, and the men wished to return home. 
Broken in spirit and in frame, De Soto caught a fever and 
died. His soldiers felled a tree and scooped room within 
its trunk for the body of the ill-fated adventurer. They 
could not bury their chief on land, lest the Indians should 
dishonor his remains. 

In the silence of midnight the rude coffin was sunk in the 
Mississippi, and the discoverer of the great river slept beneath 
its waters. 

The Spaniards promptly resolved now to make their waj 
to Cuba. They had tools, and wood was abundant. They 
slew their horses for flesh ; they plundered the Indians for 
bread ; they struck the fetters from their prisoners to rein- 
force their scanty supply of iron. They built ships enough 



1497- The Story of Americas Name. 45 

to float them down the Mississippi. Three hundred ragged 
and disheartened men were all that remained of the brilliant 
company whose hopes had been so high, whose good fortune 
had been so much envied. 

The courage and endurance of the early voyagers excite 
our wonder. Few of them sailed in ships so large as a hun- 
dred tons' burden. The merchant ships of that time were 
very small. The royal navies of Europe contained large ves- 
sels, but commerce was too poor to employ any but the 
smallest. The commerce of imperial Rome employed ships 
which even now would be deemed large. St. Paul was 
wrecked in a ship of over five hundred tons' burden. Jo- 
sephus sailed in a ship of nearly one thousand tons. Europe 
contented herself, as yet, with vessels of a very different' class. 
A ship of forty or fifty tons was deemed sufficient by the 
daring adventurers who sought to reach the Land of Promise 
beyond the great sea. 

THE STORY OF AMERICA'S NAME. 

The honor of discovering America is curiously divided. 
Columbus, who first found the West India Islands (and six 
years later saw the mainland), is always called \\\^ discoverer, 
and Americus Vespucius, who first saw the continent, was 
lucky enough to leave the land his name. 

This first voyage Vespucius carefully described, noting 
down a great many interesting and a great many whimsical 
things. When he landed on the coast of Venezuela, in the 
summer of 1497, the first thing he saw was a queer little 
village built over the water, hke Venice. " There were about 
forty-four houses, shaped like bells, built upon very large 
piles, having entrances by means of drawbridges." 

The natives proved suspicious and hostile here, and as the 
Spaniards stood looking at them, they drew up all their 
bridges, and appeared to shut themselves into their houses. 



46 



Young Folks' History of America. 



Immediately after twenty-two canoe-loads of savages came 
ro::nd by sea and advanced on the boats of Vespucius. A 
fight ensued, the natives displaying much art and treachery, 
but fleeing finally in dismay at the roar and smoke of the 

Spanish guns. 




HOME OF THE ALLIGATOR. 



At his next landing-place, farther south, the navigator 
found a gentler tribe, though, like the first, all naked savages. 
They retreated before him and his men, and left their wig- 
wams, which he stopped to inspect. Fires were burning, 
and the Indians had just been cooking young alligators, num- 




TROPICAL FOREST. 



47 



1497- The Story of Americas Name. 49 

bers of which lay about, some dead, some aHve, some roast- 
ing on the coals. Vespucius did not know what they were, 
and describes them as '^serpents about the size of a kid, with 
hard, filthy skins, dog snouts, and long, coarse feet armed 
with large nails." 

At length the natives grew less timid, and finally welcomed 
the discoverer, and treated him so hospitably that he re- 
mained nearly a fortnight, visiting their inland villages and 
picking up all the information he could. When he returned, 
hundreds of the people followed him to the shore, and even 
insisted upon going aboard his ship. 

As they climbed over the gunwales and swarmed about the 
decks, suddenly Vespucius gave the signal to have the cannon 
fired. The artillery thundered forth its smoke, and in a sec- 
ond every one of the red-skinned crowd dived into the water 
like frogs off a log. Reassuring them, at length, by explana- 
tions, the admiral completely won the confidence of this 
peaceful tribe, and when parting-time came, they exchanged 
presents with him. From this place he sailed north-west, 
exploring the coast, and finally put into the bay of Cumana, 
Venezuela, where he remained thirty-seven days, making in- 
land journeys and getting acquainted with the natives. 

These entertained prodigious notions of the white man's 
power and prowess, and, when Vespucius began to talk of 
going away, begged him as a favor to punish their enemies, 
who lived, they said, on an island in the sea, and every year 
came and killed and ate a great many of their tribe. The 
navigator promised to avenge their wrongs, at which they 
were much pleased, and offered to accompany him on the 
expedition, but he refused to take more than seven of them. 

When Vespucius arrived at the island, the warhke canni- 
bals came down to the shore in battle array, carrying bows, 
arrows, lances, and clubs, and were painted and feathered in 
true Indian style. A severe fight followed. At first the 

4 



50 Young Folks History of America. 

Spaniards got no advantage, for the savages pressed them so 
closely that they could not use their swords. At last the edge 
of Castilian steel sent the naked foe scampering back to the 
woods and mountains. 

Vespucius tried to make friends with these cannibals, but 
that was out of the question now. Their voice was still for 
war, and the admiral finally determined to give them enough 
of it. He fought them two days, took two hundred and 
fifty of them prisoners, burned their town, and sailed away. 

On the 15th of October, 1498, Vespucius was back in 
Cadiz, whence he started. His two hundred and fifty 
cannibal prisoners he sold for slaves, justifying the act, ac- 
cording to the morality of his times, on the ground that they 
were enemies taken in war. 

This is the voyage in which the discovery of America was 
made which gave it its name. 



CHAPTER III 



SEEKING HOMES IN THE NEW LAND. 

In comparison with the great empires of the East, x\meri- 
ca's history begins at a very recent date. Yet if we note the 
events of that history in connection with English history, we seem 
to be carried far back into the past. It was during the reign 
of Henry VII. of England that America was discovered, that 
Acadia was first seen 
by the Cabots, that 
Americus Vespucius 
made the famous 
voyage that gave to 
the western world its 
name. It was during 
the reign of Henry 
Vni. that Florida 
was visited by Ponce 
de Leon (15 12), that 
the Pacific Ocean was 
discovered by Balboa 
(15 13), that Cortez 
beheld the shining 
cities of the Aztecs 
and captured Monte- 
zuma (15 21), that Cartier gazed on the St. Lawrence, and De 
Soto on the Mississippi. It was during the reign of Elizabeth 
that Sir Walter Raleigh made his expeditions, that Gosnold 
discovered Cape Cod (1602), that Quebec was founded by 




HENRY VIII. 



52 



Yoinig Folks History of America. 



the French under Champlain (1608), and that Hendrick 
Hudson explored the Hudson River. All these things took 
place before the reigns of the Jameses, the Charleses, and the 
Georges. It seems a long time to look back to the reigns 
of the Henries. 



'4: 



£J\0NJ 




CHAMPLAIN. 



It was not a pleasant world which the men and women of 
Europe had to live in during the sixteenth century. Fighting 
was the constant occupation of the kings of that time. A 
year of peace was a rare and somewhat wearisome exception. 




QUEBEC ITsT 1608. 



53 



I 



i6o4. James I. and Parliament. 55 

Kings habitually, at their own unquestioned pleasure, gath- 
ered their subjects together, and marched them off to slay and 
plunder their neighbors. Civil wars were frequent. In these 
confused strifes men slew their acquaintances and friends as 
the only method they knew of deciding who was to fill the 
throne. Feeble Commerce was crushed under the iron heel 
of War. No such thing as security for life or property was 
expected. The fields of the husbandman were trodden down 
by the march of armies. Disbanded or deserted soldiers 
wandered as " masterless men " over the country, and robbed 
and murdered at their will. Highwaymen abounded, al- 
though highw^ays could scarcely be said to exist. Epidemic 
diseases of strange type, the result of insufficient feeding and 
the poisonous air of undrained lands and filthy streets, deso- 
lated all European countries. Under what hardships and 
miseries the men of the sixteenth century passed their days, 
it is scarcely possible for us now to conceive. 

The English Parliament once reminded James I. of certain 
"undoubted rights" which they possessed. The king told 
them, in reply, that he " did not like this style of talking, but 
would rather hear them say that all their privileges were de- 
rived by the grace and permission of the sovereign." Europe, 
during the sixteenth century, had no better understanding of 
the matter than James had. It was not supposed that the 
king was made for the people. It seemed rather to be 
thought that the people were made for the king. Here and 
there some man wiser than ordinary perceived the truth, so 
familiar to us, that a king is merely a great officer allowed 
by the people to do certain v/ork for them. There was a 
Glasgow professor who taught in those dark days that the 
authority of the king was derived from the people, and ought 
to be used for their good. Two of his pupils w^ere John Knox 
the reformer, and George Buchanan the historian, by whom 
this doctrine, so great and yet so simple, was clearly perceived 



56 



Yotmg Folks' History of America. 



and firmly maintained. But to the great mass of mankind 
it seemed that the king had divine authority to dispose of his 
subjects and their property according to his pleasure. Poor 
patient humanity still bowed in lowly reverence before its 
kings, and bore, without wondering or murmuring, all that 

it pleased them 
to inflict. No 
stranger supersti- 
tion has ever 
possessed the hu- 
man mind than 
this boundless 
mediaeval venera- 
tion for the king, 
— a veneration 
which follies the 
most abject, vices 
the most enor- 
mous, were not 
able to quench. 

But as this un- 
happy century 
draws towards its 
close, the ele- 
ments of a most 
benign change 
are plainly seen 
at work. The 
Bible has been 
largely read. The Bible is the book of all ages and of 
all circumstances. But never, surely, since its first gift to 
man, was it more needful to any age than to that which now 
welcomed its restoration with wonder and delight. It took 
deep hold on the minds of men. It exercised a silent influ- 




CHAINED BIBLE, TIME OF JAMES I. 



1534- Jacques Cartier and Ca7iada. 59 

ence which gi-adually changed the aspect of society. The 
narrative portions of Scripture were especially acceptable to 
the untutored intellect of that time ; and thus the Old Testa- 
ment was preferred to the New. This preference led to some 
mistakes. Rules which had been given to an ancient Asiatic 
people were applied in circumstances for which they were 
never intended or fitted. It is easy to smile at these mis- 
takes. But it is impossible to overestimate the social and 
political good which we now enjoy as a result of this incessant 
reading of the Bible by the people of the sixteenth century. 

In nearly all European countries the king claimed to regu- 
late the religious belief of his subjects. Even in England 
that power was still claimed. The people were beginning to 
suspect that they were entitled to think for themselves, — a 
suspicion which grew into an indignant certainty, and widened 
and deepened till it swept from the throne the unhappy 
House of Stuart. 



JACQUES CARTIER AND CANADA. 

Jacques Cartier, who may be called the founder of Canada, 
was born at Saint Malo, France, in 1494. He had a resolute 
spirit, and the news of the wonderful lands that were being 
discovered and explored beyond the sea filled him with a 
desire for maritime adventure. He was intrusted by Francis I. 
with the command of- an expedition to explore the Western 
Hemisphere. He sailed from the beautiful port of Saint Malo 
in April, 1534, with two ships and one hundred and twenty 
men, and in tAventy days reached the coast of Newfoundland. 
He next sailed north, entered the Strait of Belle Isle, and 
planting the cross on Labrador took possession of the land 
in the name of his king. He deceived the natives by telling 
them with signs that the cross was only set up as a beacon. 
He explored the Bay of Chaleur, which he thus describes : 



6o 



Young Folks History of America. 



" The country is hotter than the country of Spain, and the 
fairest that can possibly be found, altogether smooth and 
level. There is no place, be it never so little, but it hath 
some trees, yea, albeit it be sandy ; or else is full of wild 
corn, that hath an ear like unto rye. The corn is like oats, 
and small peas, as thick as if they had been sown and 
ploughed, white and red gooseberries, strawberries, black- 
berries, white and red 
roses, with many other 
flowers of very sweet 
and pleasant smell. 
There be also many 
goodly meadows full 
of grass, and lakes 
where plenty of sal- 
mons be. We named 
it the bay of heat 
(Chaleur)." On the 
shores of the Bay of 
Gasp 6 he again planted 
the cross. He ap- 
proached the Indians 
whom he met on these 
explorations in a most 
friendly manner. He 
so won their confidence that one of the chiefs allowed him to 
take his two sons back to Saint Malo on condition that he would 
return with them in the following year. He doubled the east 
point of Anticosti, and entered the St. Lawrence as far as Mount 
Joly. In September he returned to France in triumph, and 
his name and fame filled the nation and inspired the young 
and chivalrous to seek like romantic exploits. 

The French king fitted out a new expedition for this bold 
and able commander, and the young nobility of France 




FRANCIS 1. 




THE RUINED SETTLEMENT. 



^535- Jacques Cartier and Canada. 63 

favored it, and some of them joined it. This expedition 
sailed in May, 1535. The mariners assembled in the cathe- 
dral, on Whit-Sunday before the sailing, where solemn mass 
was celebrated, and the bishop imparted his blessing. 

In July these ships entered the St. Lawrence, and sailed on 
its broad waters amid scenery which realized their glowing 
expectations and dreams. On September i they came to 
the mouth of the wonderful river Saguenay, and on the 14th 
arrived at the entrance of a river at Quebec, now known as 
the St. Charles. 

Cartier was here visited by Donnacona, the so-called king 
of Canada. The two Indians whom he had taken the year 
before from Gaspe acted as interpreters on this occasion. 
Cartier continued to explore this wonderful and beautiful 
region. In a small boat he sailed from the Lake St. Peter to 
an Indian settlement called Hochelaga, where he arrived 
October 2. This place he named Mount Royal. It is now 
the magnificent city of Montreal. 

The Canadian winter dampened the ardor of the adven- 
turers and depleted their number. In the spring Cartier 
again sailed for France, taking with him the king of Canada 
and nine Indian chiefs. 

Cartier was now appointed viceroy of the territories he 
had discovered, and made a new expedition to them in 1541. 
He made a fourth voyage in 1543. He died about the year 

1555- 

On his return in 1541 he was met by savages, who asked 
for their king. " Donnacona is dead," Cartier replied ; and 
he told them that the other chiefs had married in France, 
— a falsehood the Indians pretended to believe. 

In the spring of 1542 Cartier broke up his colony and 
returned to France ; but Robermal arrived about the same 
time, and established a settlement which had but a brief 
existence. 



64 



Yoiino; Folks History of America. 



THE STORY OF VIRGINIA. 



Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh, who was 
one of the most 
learned Eng- 
lishmen of his 
age, and was at 
one time a fa- 
vorite of Queen 
Elizabeth, spent 
a large fortune 
in attempting to 
colonize Vir- 
ginia. He suc- 
ceeded in di- 
recting the at- 
tention of his 
countrymen to 
the region w^hich 
had kindled his 
own enthusiasm. 
But his colonies never prospered. Sometimes the colonists 
returned home disgusted by the hardships of the wilderness. 
Once they were massacred by the Indians. When help came 
from England the infant settlement was in ruins. The bones 
of unburied men lay about the fields ; wild deer strayed 
among the untenanted houses. One colony wholly disap- 
peared. To this day its fate is unknown. 

In 1606 a charter from the king established a company 
whose function was to colonize, whose privilege was to 
trade. Tlie company sent out an expedition to Virginia, 
which sailed in three small vessels. It consisted of one 




SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 




THE SETTLERS AT JAMESTOWN. 



1607. The Story of Virginia. 6"/ 

hundred and five men. Of these one-half were gentlemen 
of broken fortune ; some were tradesmen ; others were foot- 
men. Only a very few were farmers, or mechanics, or 
persons in any way fitted for the life they sought. 

But, happily for Virginia, there sailed with these founders 
of a new empire a man whom Providence had highly gifted 
with fitness to govern his fellow-men. His name was John 
Smith. No writer of romance would have given his hero 
this name. But, in spite of his name, the man was truly 
heroic. He was still under thirty, a strong-limbed, deep- 
chested, massively built man. 

From boyhood he had been a soldier, roaming over the 
world in search of adventures, wherever hard blows were 
being exchanged. He was mighty in single combat. Once, 
while opposing armies looked on, he vanquished three Turks, 
and like David, cut off their heads, and bore them to his 
tent. Returning to England when the passion for colonizing 
was at its height, he felt at once the prevaiHng impulse. 
He joined the Virginian expedition. Ultimately he became 
its chief. His fitness was so manifest that no reluctance on 
his own part, no jealousies on that of his companions, could 
bar him from the highest place. Men became kings of old 
by the same process which now made Smith a chief. 

The emigrants sailed up the James River. Landing there, 
they proceeded to construct a little town, which they named 
Jamestown, in honor of the king. This was the first colony 
which struck its roots in American soil. The colonists were 
charmed with the climate and with the luxuriant beauty of 
the wilderness on whose confines they had settled. But as 
yet it was only a wilderness. The forest had to be cleared 
that food might be grown. 

The exiled gentlemen labored manfully, but under griev- 
ous discouragements. " The axes so oft blistered their ten- 
der fingers, that many times every third blow had a loud oath 



68 



Young- Folks' History of America. 



to drown the echo." Smith was a man upon whose soul 
there lay a becoming reverence for sacred things. He de- 




CLEARING THE FOREST. 



vised how to have every man's oaths numbered; "and at 
night, for every oath, to have a can of water poured down his 
sleeve." Under this treatment the evil assuaged. 




JOHN SMITH A CAPTIVE AMONG THE INDIANS. 69 



i6o8. Smith a Priso7ier. J\ 

The emigrants had landed in early spring. Summer came 
with its burning heat. Supplies of food ran low. " Had we 
been as free from all sins as from gluttony and drunkenness," 
Smith wrote, "we might have been canonized as saints." 
The colonists sickened and died. Before autumn every sec- 
ond man had died. But the hot Virginian sun, which proved 
so deadly to the settlers, ripened the wheat they had sowed 
in the spring, and freed the survivors from the pressure of 
want. \Mnter brought them a healthier temperature and 
abundant supplies of wild-fowl and game. 

When the welfare of the colony was in some measure 
secured. Smith set forth with a few companions to explore 
the interior of the country. He and his followers were cap- 
tured by the Indians. The followers were summarily butch- 
ered. Smith's composure did not fail him in the worst 
extremity. He produced his pocket-compass, and interested 
the savages by explaining its properties. He wrote a letter 
in their sight, to their infinite wonder. They spared him, 
and made a show of him in all the settlements. He was 
to them an unfathomable mystery. He was plainly super- 
human. Whether his power would bring to them good 
or evil, they were not able to determine. After much hesita- 
tion they chose the course which prudence seemed to counsel. 
They resolved to extinguish powers so formidable, regarding 
whose use they could obtain no guarantee. So they con- 
demned him to death. 

The chief, by whose order Smith was to be slain, was 
named Powhatan. The manner of execution was to be one 
of the most barbarous. Smith was bound and stretched upon 
the earth, his head resting upon a great stone. The mighty 
club was uplifted to dash out his brains. But Smith was a 
man who won golden opinions of all. • The Indian chief had 
a daughter, Pocahontas, a child of ten or twelve years. She 
could not bear to see the pleasing Englishman destroyed. 



'J 2 Yotiug Folks Histojy of America. 

As Smith lay waiting the fatal stroke, she caught him in her 
arms and interposed herself between him and the club. Her 
intercession prevailed, and Smith was set free. 

Five years later, " an honest and discreet " young English- 
man, called John Rolfe, loved this young Indian girl. He had 
a sore mental struggle about uniting himself with " one of 
barbarous breeding and of a cursed race." But love tri- 
umphed. He labored for her conversion, and had the happi- 
ness of seeing her baptized in the little church of Jamestown. 
Then he married her. 

When Smith returned from captivity the colony was on the 
verge of extinction. Only thirty-eight persons were left, and 
they were preparing to depart. With Smith, hope returned 
to the despairing settlers. They resumed their work, confident 
in the resources of their chief. Fresh arrivals from England 
cheered them. The character of these reinforcements had 
not as yet improved. " Vagabond gentlemen " formed still a 
large majority of the settlers, — many of them, we are told, 
"packed off to escape worse destinies at home." The colony, 
thus composed, had already gained a very bad reputation ; 
so bad that some, rather than be sent there, " chose to be 
hanged, and were.'' Over these most undesirable subjects 
Smith ruled with an authority which no m.an dared or desired 
to question. But he was severely injured by an accidental 
explosion of gunpowder. Surgical aid was not in the colony. 
Smith required to go to England, and once more ruin settled 
down upon Virginia. In six months the five hundred men 
whom Smith had left dwindled to sixty. These were already 
embarked and departing, when they were met by Lord Dela- 
ware, the new governor. Once more the colony was saved. 

Years of quiet growth succeeded. Emigrants — not largely 
now of the dissolute sort — flowed steadily in. Bad people 
bore rule in England during most of the seventeenth century, 
and they sold the good people to be slaves in Virginia. Tlie 



i688. The Story of Virginia. 75 

victims of the brutal Judge Jeffreys — the Scotch Covenant- 
ers taken at Bothvvell Bridge — were shipped off to this profit- 
able market. In 1688 the population of Virginia had increased 
to fifty thousand. The little capital grew. Other little towns 
estabhshed themselves. Deep in the unfathomed wilderness 
rose the huts of adventurous settlers, in secluded nooks, by 
the banks of nameless Virginian streams. A semblance of 
roads connected the youthful communities. The Indians 
were relentlessly suppressed. The Virginians bought no land. 
They took what they required, slaying or expelling the for- 
mer occupants. Perhaps there were faults on both sides. 
Once the Indians planned a massacre so cunningly that over 
three hundred Englishmen perished before the bloody hand of 
the savages could be stayed. 

The early explorers of Virginia found tobacco in extensive 
use among the Indians. It was the chief medicine of the 
savages. Its virtues — otherwise unaccountable — were sup- 
posed to proceed from a spiritual presence whose home was 
in the plant. Tobacco was quickly introduced into Eng- 
land. It rose rapidly into favor. Men who had hereto- 
fore smoked hemp eagerly sought tobacco. King James 
wrote vehemently against it. He issued a proclamation 
against trading in an article which was corrupting to mind 
and body. He taxed it heavily when he could not exclude 
it. The Pope excommunicated all who smoked in churches. 
But, in defiance of law and reason, the demand for tobacco 
continued to increase. 

The Virginians found their most profitable occupation in 
supplying this demand. So eager were they that tobacco was 
grown in the squares and streets of Jamestown. In the 
absence of money, tobacco became the Virginian currency. 
Accounts were kept in tobacco. The salaries of members of 
Assembly, the stipends of clergymen, were paid in tobacco. 
Offences were punished by fines expressed in tobacco. Ab- 



'J 6 Yoiuig Folks History of America. 

sence from church cost the delinquent fifty pounds ; refusing 
to have his child baptized, t\vo thousand pounds ; entertaining 
a Quaker, five thousand pounds. When the stock of tobacco 
was unduly large, the currency was debased, and much incon- 
venience resulted. The Virginians corrected this evil in their 
monetary system by compelling every planter to burn a cer- 
tain proportion of his stock. 

Within a few )'ears of the settlement the A^irginians had a 
written Constitution, according to which they were ruled. 
They had a parliament chosen by the burghs, and a gov- 
ernor sent them from England. The Episcopal Church was 
established among them, and the colony divided into parishes. 
A college was erected for the use, not only of the English, 
but also of the most promising young Indians. In this col- 
ony the first white child was born. She was baptized under 
the name of Virginia Dare. 



THE STORV OF LADY POCAHONTAS. 

Pocahontas was baptized under the name of Rebecca. 
After her marriage with John Rolfe she went with her 
husband to England, where, being a chief's daughter, she 
was known as Lady Pocahontas. She was eighteen years old 
at her baptism, was very graceful and beautiful, and had 
learned much refinem.ent from her intercourse with English 
society. 

Her admiration for Captain John Smith seems to have been 
her ruling passion as long as that brave man remained in the 
colony. He treated her with the kindness of a father, he 
delighted in makmg her little presents that were surprises, and 
his courage made him appear to her as something more than 
human. 

The Indians again and again sought the life of Smith. The 
brother of' Powhatan once surrounded him with a body ol 



I6I3. 



The Story of Lady Pocahontas, 



79 



hostile Indians. Smith ignored the Indians, and dared Ope- 
chancanough to a single combat. This so frightened and 
disconcerted the Indian that he had not the courage to order 




CAPTAIN SMITH AND THE CHIEF OF PASPAHEGH. 



his arrest. The chief of Paspahegh, a tribe near Jamestown, 
once attempted to surprise and shoot Smith. But the latter 
seized him before he could use his weapons. The chief was 
a very strong man, and he pushed his antagonist towards the 



8o Young Folks History of America. 

river, and, suddenly forcing him over the bank, attempted to 
drown him. But Smith was too nimble for him. He seized 
him by the throat, and, quickly drawing his sword, would 
have killed him had he not begun to beg and cry out for 
mercy. He led him a prisoner to Jamestown, and made war 
on the tribe and reduced them to submission. 

Pocahontas twice saved the life of Smith at the risk of her 
own, and she is said to have loved him. She never visited 
Jamestown after he went away. They told her that he was 
dead. 

Smith heard of the arrival of Pocahontas in England ; he 
remembered her devotion with gratitude ; he called on her and 
then sent an eloquent petition to the queen, asking that royal 
favor be shown her. 

He said : — 

" Being in Virginia and taken prisoner by Powhatan, I re- 
ceived from this savage great courtesy, and from his son 
Nantaquans, and his sister Pocahontas, the king's most dear 
and well-beloved daughter, being but a child of twelve or thir- 
teen years of age, whose compassionate, pitiful heart of my des- 
perate estate gave me much cause to respect her. I being the 
first Christian this proud king and his grim attendants ever saw, 
and thus enthralled in their barbarous power, I cannot say I felt 
the least occasion of want that was in the power of those my 
mortal foes to prevent, notwithstanding all their threats. After 
some six weeks' fatting amongst these savage countries, at the 
minute of my execution she hazarded the beating out of her own 
brains to save mine ; and not only that, but so prevailed with 
her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown. . . . 

" Such was the weakness of this poor commonwealth, as, had 
not the savages fed us, we directly had starved. And this relief, 
most gracious Queen, was commonly brought us by this lady, 
Pocahontas ; notwithstanding all these passages when uncon- 
stant fortune turned our peace to war, this tender virgin would 
still not spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jars have been 




MARRIAGE OF JOHN ROLFE AXD POCAHOXTAS 



i6i6. The Story of Lady Pocahontas. 83 

oft appeased, and our wants supplied. Were it the policy of 
her father thus to employ her, or the ordinance of God thus to 
make her his instrument, or her extraordinary affection for our 
nation, I know not ; but of this I am sure, when her father, with 
the utmost of his policy and power, sought to surprise me, hav- 
ing but eighteen with me, the dark night could not affright her 
from coming through the irksome woods, and, with watered 
eyes, give me intelligence, with her best advice to escape his 
fury, which had he known he had surely slain her. 

"Jamestown, with her wild train she as freely frequented as 
her father's habitation ; and during the time of two or three years, 
she, next under God, was still the instrument to preserve this 
colony from death, famine, and utter confusion. . . . 

" As yet I never begged any thing of the state, and it is my 
want of ability and her exceeding desert; your birth, means, and 
authority; her birth, virtue, want, and simphcity, doth make me 
thus bold humbly to beseech your majesty to take this knowl- 
edge of her, though it be from one so unworthy to be the re- 
porter as myself, her husband's estate not being able to make 
her fit to attend your majesty." 

The English court received Pocahontas with delight. She 
was invited to the great receptions of the nobility, and enjoyed 
the splendors of civihzation as much as she had delighted in 
the barbaric pomp of her father's lodges. 

The first meeting of Pocahontas and Smith in England was 
very touching. She started on seeing him, and gazed at him 
in silence. Then she buried her face in her hands and wept. 
She seemed to feel deeply injured. She said : — 

" I showed you great kindness in my own country. You 
promised my father that what was yours should be his. You 
called Powhatan your father when yoii were in a land of stran- 
gers, and now that I am in a land of strangers you must allow 
me to do the same." 

Smith said that as she was a king's daughter, it would not 
be allowable in court for her to call him " father." 



84 



Young Folks History of Amei'ica. 



'' I must call you father," she said, " and you must call me 
child. I will be your countrywoman for ever. They told me 
you were dead." 

After remaining in England a year, Rolfe determined to 
return to America. Pocahontas did not wish to leave Eng- 
land. A child had been born to her, and in England the 
world looked beautiful, and the future bright and fair. She 
became very sad ; she seemed to feel some evil was approach- 
ing. She died at Gravesend, March, 1617, just as she was 
about to sail. Some of the noblest families of Virginia are 
descended from the infant son which she left in her sorrow 
and youth, when life seemed to lie so fair before her. 




MEADOWS STRETCHED TO THE EASTWARD.' 



THE STORY OF ACADIA. 



Every intelligent reader is familiar with Longfellow's beau- 
tiful story of "Evangeline." Few poems so haunt the imagi- 
nation. Amid the pressure of care, the disappointments of 



i6io. TJie Story of Acadia. 85 

ambition, and under a sense of the hollowness of society, the 
fancy flits to Acadia ; and whoever has gone into that land 
with the poet is sure to return to it again in dreams. 

" In the Acadian land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas, 
Distant, secluded, still, the little village of Grand-Pre 
Lay in the fruitful valley. Vast meadows stretched to the eastward, 
Giving the village its name, and pasture to flocks without number. 
Dikes, that the hands of the farmers had raised with labor incessant, 
Shut out the turbulent tides ; but at stated seasons the flood-gates 
Opened, and welcomed the sea to wander at will o'er the meadows. 
West and south there were fields of flax, and orchards and cornfields 
Spreading afar and unfenced o'er the plain ; and away to the north- 
ward 
Klomidon rose, and the forests old, .and aloft on the mountains 
Sea-fogs pitched their tents, and mists from the mighty Atlantic 
Looked on the happy valley, but ne'er from their station descended. 
There, in the midst of its farms, reposed the Acadian village. 
Strongly built were the houses, with frames of oak and of hemlock. 
Such as the peasants of Normandy built in the reign of the Henries. 
Thatched were the roofs, with dormer-windows ; and gables projecting 
Over the basement below protected and shaded the doorway. 
There in the tranquil evenings of summer, when brightly the sunset 
Lighted the village street, and gilded the vanes on the chimneys, 
Matrons and maidens sat m snow-white caps and in kirtles 
Scarlet and blue and green, with distaffs spinning the golden 
Flax for the gossiping looms, whose noisy shuttles within doors 
Mingled their sound with the whir of the wheels and the songs of the 

maidens. 
Solemnly down the street came the parish priest, and the children 
Paused in their play to kiss the hand he extended to bless them. 
Reverend walked he among them ; and up rose matrons and maidens, 
Mailing his slow approach with words of affectionate welcome. 
Then came the laborers home from the field, and serenely the sun sank 
Down to his rest, and twilight prevailed. Anon from the belfry 
Softly the Angelus sounded, and over the roofs of the village 
Columns of pale blue smoke, like clouds of incense ascending, 
Rose from a hundred hearths, the homes of peace and contentment 
Thus dwelt together in love these simple Acadian farmers, — 
Dwelt in the love of God and of man. Alike were they free from 



S6 Yotmg Folks History of America. 

Fear, that reigns with the tyrant, and envy, the vice of republics. 
Neither locks had they to their doors, nor bars to their windows ; 
But their dwellings were open as day and the hearts of the owners; 
There the richest was poor, and the poorest lived in abundance." 

Acadia — now Nova Scotia — is itself a dream. Port Royal 
is gone ; the maps do not contain it. Grand Pre is still to 
be seen, but it is no more the Norman town of the Golden 
Age. 

Take the map. On the Bay of Fundy you will find the 
town of Annapolis, in Nova Scotia. It is situated near a 
pleasant bay called Annapolis, or Annapolis Harbor. It is 
nearly surrounded with picturesque hills. This harbor was 
visited in 1604 by De Monts, a French explorer. One of the 
noblemen who accompanied him was Baron de Poutrincourt 
He saw the harbor and green hills in summer time, and he 
desired to settle there. He obtained from De Monts a grant 
of the region about the enchanting harbor, and he called the 
place Port Royal. De Monts formed a settlement at the 
mouth of St. Croix River, which was not successful. 

Poutrincourt went to France and returned after a time to 
Port Royal with an ideal colony. He caused an immense 
banqueting hall to be erected, which was well supplied with 
deer, moose, bear, and all kinds of wild fowl. He made 
friends of the Indians and entertained the chiefs at sumptu- 
ous feasts. 

The daily noonday meal was usually the scene of much 
vivacity. Champlain, the explorer, who discovered Lake 
Champlain and gave to it its name, was there ; Lescarbot, 
the chronicler and troubadour ; soldiers, artisans, and servants. 
With Poutrincourt, the feudal lord, often sat an Indian chief 
who was more than one hundred years old. One of the diver- 
sions at the table was to toss tidbits of French cookery to 
Indian children, who crawled like dogs about the floor. It is 
told that an aged Indian in dying once seriously inquired if 




PINNER AMUSEMENTS AT PORT ROYAL. 



s? 



1 6 10 The Story of Acadia. 89 

the pies in Paradise would be as good as those at Port Royal. 
At night, by the blazing pine logs, Champlain would relate the 
stories of his wonderful adventures. What stories they must 
have been ! 

Sad news came to the colony after these happy and never- 
to-be-forgotten days. The monopoly granted to De Monts 
was rescinded by the home powers, and the colony was 
obliged to return to France. 

The Indians loved this French colony, and were greatly 
disappointed at its departure. They bade their benefactors 
farewell with tears and lamentations, and stood on the shore 
as if heart-broken, as the boats sailed away to the ship on the 
lovely bay. Poutrincourt promised them that he would re- 
turn again. 

He kept the promise. He returned in 16 10. The In- 
dians had awaited his coming, and protected the houses of the 
French while he was gone. He found his favorite Port Royal 
as he had left it, and as faithful hearts to welcome him back 
again. 

A new colony was founded, and its efforts were largely 
directed to converting the Indians to Christianity. The aged 
chief we have mentioned was one of the first converts and 
the first to be baptized. Indians came to Port Royal from 
all the country around for baptism. There were bitter con- 
tests of words and plots between the Jesuits and the liberal 
Catholic priests, but with this exception, Acadia was hke a 
dream-land again. The ladies of the French court favored the 
mission, and astonishing tidings of great numbers of converts 
were yearly carried to them across the sea. Other colonists 
followed, and the French setdement grew. Peace and content- 
ment prevailed. The Jesuits left the settlement to loving 
and benevolent cur^s, — 

"And the children 
Paused in their play to kiss the hand he extended to bless them." 



90 Young Folks History of Ameidca. 

By the fortunes of war this colony was transferred to Eng- 
land ; but its heart was still with France. The Enghsh dis- 
trusted its loyalty and sent an armed force to surprise and 
attack it, and to carry away the once happy people, and scat- 
ter them throughout their American domains. The Acadians 
were crowded into transports, their families were separated, 
their friendships and attachments blighted, and they were 
exiled among strangers never to see each other again. The 
name of Acadia was blotted out. The story of " Evange- 
line " is almost the only memorial of this most romantic and 
ideal settlement that remains. 

Acadia has one lesson in history that we ought not to for- 
get. Love wins love, even from a savage's heart. The French 
from the first were kind and generous to the Indians ; not 
only just, as the Puritans of New England tried to be, but 
magnanimous and noble. Among the best citizens of the 
American Acadia were these Indians, faithful and grateful to 
those who were ever true to them. 



NEW ENGLAND. 

A litde more than two centuries ago New England was one 
vast forest. Here and there a httle space was cleared, a little 
corn was raised, a few Indian families made their temporary 
abode. The savage occupants of the land spent their profit- 
less lives to no better purpose than in hunting and fighting. 
The rivers which now give life to so much cheerful industry 
flowed uselessly to the sea. Providence had prepared a home 
which a great people might fitly inhabit. Let us see whence 
and how the men were brought who were the destined pos- 
sessors of its opulence. 

The Reformation had taught that every man is entitled to 
read his Bible for himself, and guide his life by the light he 
obtains from it. But the lesson was too high to be soon 




I 



James I. 



93 



learned. Protestant princes no more than Popish could per- 
mit their subjects to think for themselves. James I. had just 
ascended the English throne. His was the head of a fool 



He would allow no man to separ- 



and the heart of a tyrant. 
ate himself from the 
Established Church. 
He would " harry 
out of the land " all 
who attempted such 
a thing. And he 
was as good as his 
word. Men would 
separate from the 
church, and the king 
stretched out his 
pitiless hand to 
crush them. 

On the northern 
borders of Notting- 
hamshire stands the 
(ittle town of Scroo- 
by. Here there were 
some grave and well-reputed persons, to whom the ceremonies 
of the Established Church were an offence. They met in 
secret at the house of one of their number, a gentleman 
named Brewster. They were ministered to in all scriptural 
simplicity by the pastor of their choice, — Mr. Robinson, a 
wise and good man. But their secret meetings were betrayed 
to the authorities, and their lives were made bitter by the 
persecutions that fell upon them. They resolved to leave 
their own land and seek among strangers that freedom which 
was denied them at home. 

They embarked with all their goods for Holland. But 
when the ship was about to sail, soldiers came upon them, 




JAMES I. 



94 Yotmg Folks History of America. 

plundered thsm, and drove them on shore. They were 
marched to the pubhc square of Boston, and there the Fa- 
thers of New England endured such indignities as an unbe- 
lieving rabble could inflict. After some weeks in prison they 
were suffered to return home. 

Next spring they tried again to escape. This time a good 
many were on board, and the others were waiting for the 
return of the boat which would carry them to the ship. Sud- 
denly dragoons were seen spurring across the sands. The 
shipmaster pulled up his anchor and pushed out to sea with 
those of his passengers whom he had. The rest were con- 
ducted to prison. After a time they were set at liberty. In 
little groups they made their way to Holland. Mr. Robinson 
and his congregation were reunited, and the first stage of the 
weary pilgrimage from the Old England to the New was at 
length accomphshed. 

Eleven quiet and not unprosperous years were spent in 
Holland. The Pilgrims worked with patient industry at their 
various handicrafts. They quickly gained the reputation of 
doing honestly and effectively whatever they professed to do, 
and thus they found abundant employment. Mr. Brewster 
established a printing-press, and printed books about liberty, 
which, as he had the satisfaction of knowing, greatly enraged 
the foolish King James. The little colony received additions 
from time to time, as oppression in England became mor^ 
intolerable. 

The instinct of separation was strong within the Pilgrim 
heart. They could not bear the thought that their little 
colony was to mingle with the Dutchmen and lose its inde- 
pendent existence. But already their sons and daughters 
were forming alliances which threatened this result. The 
fathers considered long and anxiously how the danger was to 
be averted. They determined again to go on pilgrimage. 
They would seek a home beyond the Atlantic, where they 




THE MAYFLOWER AT SEA 



l620. 



Pilgruns at DelftJiaven. 



97 



could dwell apart, and found a State in which they should be 
free to think. 

On a sunny morning in July the Pilgrims kneel upon the 
seashore at Delfthaven, while the pastor prays for the success 
of their journey. Out upon the gleaming sea a little ship lies 
waiting. Money has not been found to transplant the whole 
colony, and only a hundred have been sent. The remainder 
will follow when they 
can. These hundred 
depart amid tears and 
prayers and fond fare- 
wells. Mr. Robinson 
dismissed them with 
counsels which breathed 
a pure and high-toned 
wisdom. 

Sixty-eight years later, 
another famous depart- 
ure from the coast of 
Holland took place. It 
was that of William, 
Prince of Orange, com- 
ing to deliver England from tyranny, and give a new course 
to English history. A powerful fleet and army sailed with 
the Prince. The chief men of the country accompanied 
him to his ships. Public prayers for his safety were offered 
up in all the churches. Insignificant beside this seems at 
first sight the unregarded departure of a hundred working 
men and women. It was in truth, however, not less but even 
more memorable. For these poor people went forth to 
found a great empire, destined to leave as deep and as en- 
during a mark upon the world's history as Rome or even as 
England has done. 

The Mayflower, in which the Pilgrims made their voyage, 

7 




WILLIAM, PRINCE OF ORANGE. 



98 Yo2ing Folks History of America. 

was a ship of one hundred and sixty tons. The weather 
proved stormy and cold ; the voyage unexpectedly long. It 
was early in September when they sailed. It was not till the 
nth November that the Mayflower dropped her anchor in 
the waters of Cape Cod Bay. 

It was a bleak-looking and discouraging coast which lay 
before them. Nothing met the eye but low sand-hills, cov- 
ered with ill-grown wood down to the margin of the sea. 
The Pilgrims had now to choose a place for their settlement. 
About this they hesitated so long that the captain threatened 
to put them all on shore and leave them. Little expeditions 
were sent to explore. At first no suitable locality could be 
found. The men had great hardships to endure. The cold 
was so excessive that the spray froze upon their clothes, and 
they resembled men cased in armor. At length a spot was 
fixed upon. The soil appeared to be good, and abounded 
in "delicate springs" of water. On the 22d December the 
Pilgrims landed, — stepping ashore upon a huge bowlder of 
granite, which is still reverently preser\^ed by their descend- 
ants. Here they resolved to found their settlement, which 
they agreed to call New Plymouth, 

The winter was severe, and the infant colony was brought 
very near to extinction. They had been badly fed on board 
the Mayflower, and for some time after going on shore there 
was very imperfect shelter from the weather. Sickness fell 
heavily on the worn-out Pilgrims. Every second day a grave 
had to be dug in the frozen gi-ound. By the time spring 
came there were only fifty survivors, and these sadly enfee- 
bled and dispirited. 

But all through this dismal winter the Pilgrims labored at 
their heavy task. The care of the sick, the burying of the 
dead, sadly hindered their work. But the building of their 
little town went on. They found that nineteen houses would 
contain their diminished numbers. These they built. Then 



1 62 1. * The Story of Massasoit. 99 

they surrounded them with a palisade. Upon an eminence 
beside their town they erected a structure which served a 
double purpose. Above, it was a fort, on which they mounted 
six cannon ; below, it was their church. Hitherto the In- 
dians had been a cause of anxiety, but had done them no 
harm ; now they felt safe. 

The Pilgrims had been careful to provide for themselves a 
government. They had drawn up and signed, in the cabin 
of the Mayflower, a document forming themselves into a 
body politic, and promising obedience to all laws framed for 
the general good. Under this constitution they appointed 
John Carver to be their Governor. They dutifully acknowl- 
edged King James, but they left no very large place for his 
authority. They were essentially a self-governing people. 
They knew what despotism was, and they were very sure 
that democracy could by no possibility be so bad. 

The welcome spring came at length, and " the birds sang 
in the woods most pleasantly." The health of the colony 
began somewhat to improve. 

Early in the spring a very pleasing episode happened in 
the history of the colony. Let us tell you 

THE STORY OF MASSASOIT. 

The great benefactor of the Pilgrims at Plymouth was an 
Indian chief. For more than forty years, when the colony 
was weak and defenceless, encountering sickness, famine, and 
peril on every hand, he was its defender and protector. His 
influence saved it from destruction by the Narragansetts. If 
any hero deserves a noble monument in New England, it is 
Massasoit. 

This great and good chief dwelt at Sowamset, now Warren, 
Rhode Island. Massasoit's spring is still to be seen near one 
of the wharves of that town. Another of his favorite residen- 



lOO Young Folks History of America. 

ces was Mount Hope, a lovely hill overlooking the Narragan- 
sett Bay, where was the principal burying-ground of his race. ' 

Morton in his " Memorial " describes Massasoit as a portly 
man, grave of countenance and spare of speech. He loved 
peace and friendship, and had a great veneration for the wis- 
dom of the Pilgrims. 

His tribe and most of the New England tribes had been 
depleted by a great plague which had prevailed in New 
England a few years before the landing of the Pilgrims. We 
are told that the " savages died in heaps," that their bodies 
turned yellow after death, and that their unburied bones were 
often seen in depopulated villages by the first setders in their 
explorations. But for this destruction of once powerful tribes 
the colonists must have been early overpowered in the Indian 
wars. 

On Thursday, March 22, 1621, one hundred and one days 
after the landing of the Pilgrims, Massasoit, accompanied by 
his brother and sixty warriors, came to Plymouth to make a 
league of friendship with the colony. He had sent word of 
his coming, but on that day he suddenly made his appear- 
ance on Watson's Hill, which overlooked the settlement, and 
drew up his braves in a most imposing array. The latter 
were painted and fantastically dressed. The Pilgrims desired 
to receive the chief with due honor, but the distressing winter 
had rendered half their number unfit for such service. But 
Edward Winslow approached Massasoit with a present, and 
remained with the warriors as a hostage, while the good chief 
and a body of unarmed men went down the hill to the settle- 
ment. Captain Miles Standish, who had mustered a military 
company of six musketeers, met him. 

It must have been much like an exploit of Baron Steuben, 
— that March day's reception on the wild Plymouth hill- 
side. The Captain gave his orders in deep tones, and the 
men faced, and wheeled, and saluted their guest. A drum 



1623. Sickness of Massasoit. 103 

was beaten, and a trumpet sounded ; then came Governor 
Carver to the sachem and kissed his hand, and the two sat 
down on a rug and made a treaty of peace which protected 
the colony for nearly a half century. 

Edward Winslow returned the visit of Massasoit during the 
following summer. In March, 1623, news came to Plymouth 
that the chief was dangerously sick. Mr. Winslow was sent 
by the colonists to visit him. He was accompanied by Mr. 
Hamden, and by Hobomok, an Indian interpreter. 

Hobomok greatly loved his chief. On the way to Sowam- 
set in Pokonoket, the residence of Massasoit, he would break 
out into exclamations of grief : — 

" My loving sachem ! O my loving sachem ! many have I 
known, but never any like thee. Whilst I live I shall never 
see his like among Indians ! " 

Mr. Winslow in his journal has left a most interesting ac- 
count of this visit to Massasoit. He says : — 

" When we came to the house we found it so full of men 
that we could scarcely get in, though they used their best 
endeavors to make way for. us. We found the Indians in the 
midst of their charms for him, making such a noise as greatly 
affected those of us who were well, and therefore was not 
likely to benefit him who was sick. About him were six or 
eight women, who chafed his limbs to keep heat in him. 

" When they had made an end of their charming, one told 
him that his friends, the English, were come to see him. 
Having understanding left, though his sight was wholly gone, 
he asked who was come. They told him, Winslow. 

" He desired to speak with me. When I came to him, he 
put forth his hand and I took it. He then inquired : — 

" ' Keen Winslow ? ' which is to say, ' Art thou W^inslow ? ' 

" I answered, ' Ahhe ; ' that is, 'Yes.' 

" Then he said, ' Matta 7ieen woiickanet nainen, Winslow ; ' 
that is to say, ' W^inslow, I shall never see thee again-' 



/04 Yuung Folks History of America. 

" I then called Hobomok, and desired him to tell Massa 
soit that the Governor, hearing of his sickness, was sorry; 
and though, by reason of much business, he could not come 
himself, yet he sent me with such things as he thought most 
likely to do him good in his extremity, and that if he would 
like to partake of it I would give it to him. He desired that 
I would. I then took some conserve on the point of my 
knife, and gave it to him, but could scarce get it through his 
teeth. When it had dissolved in his mouth, he swallowed 
the juice of it. When those who were about him saw this 
they rejoiced greatly, saying that he had not swallowed any 
thing for two days before. His mouth was exceedingly 
furred, and his tongue much swollen. I washed his mouth 
and scraped his tongue, after which I gave him more of the 
conserve, which he swallowed with more readiness. He then 
desired to drink. I dissolved some of the conserve in water, 
and gave it to him. 

" Within half an hour there was a visible change in him. 
Presently his sight began to come. I gave him more, and 
told him of an accident we had met with in breaking a bottle 
of drink the Governor had sent him, assuring him that if he 
would send any of his men to Patuxet (Plymouth), I would 
send for more. I also told him that I would send for chick- 
ens to make him some broth, and for other things which I 
knew were good for him, and that I would stay till the mes- 
senger returned, if he desired. This he received very kindly, 
and appointed some who were ready to go by two o'clock 
in the morning, against which time I made ready a letter. 

" He requested that the day following I would take my gun 
and kill him some fowl, and make him some pottage, such as 
he had eaten at Plymouth, which I promised to do. His 
appetite returning before morning, he desired me to make 
him some broth without fowl before I went out to hunt. I was 
now quite at a loss what to do. I, however, caused a Avoman 



1623- 



The Story of Massasoit. 



loq 



to pound some corn, put it into some water, and place it over 
the fire. AMien the day broke, we went out to seek herbs ; but 
it being early in the season, we could find none except straw- 
berry lea\'es. I gathered a handfiil of them, with some sassa- 
ft-as root, and put them into the porridge. It being boiled, I 
strained it through my handkerchief, and gave him at least a 
pint, which he hked very well. After this his sight mended 

more and more, and he took some 

rest. We now felt constrained to 
thank God for giving his blessing 
to such raw and ignorant mean'5. !tp^~ 
It now appeared evident that he 
would recover, and all of them 
acknowledged us as the instru- 
ments of his preser-vation. 

" That morning he caused me 
to spend in going from one i 
another of those who were sick r 
in town, requesting me to wash 
their mouths also, and to give to 
each of them some of the same 
that I gave him. This pains 1 
willingly took. 

" The messengers who had 
been sent to Plymouth had by 

this time returned ; but ^lassasoit, finding himself so much 
better, would not have tlie chickens killed, but kept them that 
they might produce more. Many, whilst we were there, came 
to see him ; some of them, according to their account, came 
not less than a hundred miles. Upon his recovery, he said : — 

." ' Now I see that the Enghsh are my friends, and love me, 
and whilst I live I will never forget this kindness which 
they have shown me.' 

"As we were about to come awav he called Hobomok 




MANY VISITORS. 



ic6 



Young Folks Histoiy of America. 



to him and revealed to him a plot the Massachusetts had 
formed to destroy the English. He told him that several 
other tribes were confederate with them; that he, in his 
sickness, had been earnestly solicited to join them, but had 
refused, and that he had not suffered any of his people to 
unite with them." 

Massasoit died, as is supposed, in the autumn of 1661, 
forty-one years after the landing of the Pilgrims. In 1662, 
his two sons, Wamsetta and Metacom, came to Plymouth to 
renew the treaty of peace he had made, and desired that Eng- 
lish names should be given them. The court named them 
after the two heroes of Macedon, Alexander and Philip. 

The years which followed the coming of the Pilgrims were 
years through which good men in England found it bitter 

to live. Charles I. 
was upon the 
throne. Laud was 
Archbishop of 
Canterbury. Big- 
otry as blind and 
almost as cruel as 
England had ever 




seen thus sat in 
her high places. A 
change was near. 
John Hampden 
was farming his 
lands in Bucking- 
hamshire. A great- 
er than he — his 
cousin, Oliver 
Cromwell — was leading his quiet rural life at Huntingdon, 
not without many anxious and indignant thoughts about the 
evils of his time. John Milton was peacefully writing his 



OLIVER CROMWELL. 



[630. 



PerseaUioii of the Puritans. 



109 



minor poems, and filling his mind with the learning of the 
ancients. The men had come, and the hour was at hand. 
But as yet King 
Charles and Arch- 
bishop Laud gov- 
erned in their own 
way. They fined 
and imprisoned 
every man who 
ventured to think 
otherwise than 

they wished him 
to think : they slit 
his nose, they cut 
off his ears, they 
gave him weary 
hours in the pil- 
lory. They or- 
dered that men 

should not leave the kingdom without the king's permission. 
Eight ships lay in the Thames, with their passengers on 
board, when that order was given forth. The soldiers cleared 
the ships, and the poor emigrants were driven back, in pov- 
erty and despair, to endure the misery from which they were 
so eager to escape. 

New England was the refuge to which the wearied victims 
of this senseless tyranny looked. The Pilgrims wrote to their 
friends at home, and every letter was regarded with the 
interest due to a " sacred script." They had hardships to 
tell of at first ; then they had prosperity and comfort ; always 
they had liberty. New England seemed a paradise to men 
who were denied permission to worship God according to 
the manner which they deemed right. Every summer a few 
ships were freighted for the settlements. Many of the silenced 




CHARLES I. 



no Young Folks'^ History of America. 

ministers came. Many of their congregations came, glad to 
be free, at whatever sacrifice, from the tyranny which dis- 
graced their native land. 

The region around New Plymouth became too narrow for 
the population. From time to time a little party would go 
forth, with a minister at its head. With wives and children 
and baggage they crept slowly through the swampy forest. 
By a week or two of tedious journeying they reached some 
point which pleased their fancy, or to which they judged that 
Providence had sent them. There they built their little town, 
with its wooden huts, its pahsade, its fort, on which one or 
two guns were ultimately mounted. Thus were founded 
many of the cities of New England. 

For some years the difficulties which the colonists encoun- 
tered were almost overwhelming. There seemed at times 
even to be danger that death by starvation would end the 
whole enterprise. At one time the amount of food was lim- 
ited to five kernels of corn to each person for one day. But 
they were a stout-hearted, patient, industrious people, and 
labor gradually brought comfort. The virgin soil began to 
yield them abundant harvests. They fished with such suc- 
cess that they manured their fields with the harvest of the 
sea. They spun and they wove. They felled the timber 
of their boundless forests. They built ships, and sent away 
to foreign countries the timber, the fish, the furs which were 
not required at home. Ere many years a ship built in Mas- 
sachusetts sailed for London, followed by " many prayers of 
the churches." Their infant commerce was not without its 
troubles. They had little or no coin. Indian corn was made 
a legal tender. Bullets were legalized in room of the far- 
things which, with their other coins, had vanished to pay for 
foreign goods. But no difficulty could long resist their steady, 
undismayed labor. 

They were a noble people who had thus begun to strike 




DEALING OUT THE FIVE KERNELS OF CORN. Ill 



t635- Harvard College Founded-. i 13 

their roots in the great forests of New England. Their pecu- 
harities may indeed amuse us. The Old Testament was their 
statute-book, and they deemed that the institutions of Moses 
were the best model for those of New England. . They made 
attendance on public worship compulsory. They christened 
their children by Old Testament names. They regulated 
female attire by law. They considered long hair unscriptural, 
and preached against veils and wigs. 

The least wise among us can smile at the mistakes into 
which the Puritan Fathers of New England fell ; but the 
most wise of all ages will most profoundly reverence the 
purity, the earnestness, the marvellous enlightenment of these 
men. From their incessant study of the Bible they drew a 
love of human liberty unsurpassed in depth and fervor. Com- 
ing from under despotic rule, they established at once a gov- 
ernment absolutely free. 

The Pilgrims bore with them across the sea a deep persua- 
sion that their infant state could not thrive without education. 
Three years after the landing, it was reported of them among 
the friends they left in London, that " their children were not 
catechised, nor taught to read." The colonists felt keenly 
this reproach. They utterly denied its justice. They owned, 
indeed, that they had not yet attained to a school, much as 
they desired it. But all parents did their best, each in the 
education of his own children. In a very few years schools 
began to appear. Such endowment as could be afforded was 
freely given. Some tolerably qualified brother was fixed upon, 
and " entreated to become schoolmaster." And thus gradu- 
ually the foundations were laid of the noble school system of 
New England. Soon a law was passed that every town con- 
taining fifty householders must have a common school ; every 
town of a hundred householders must have a grammar school. 
Harvard College was established within fifteen years of the 
landing. 



114 Yoiiiig Folks History of America. 

The founders of New England were men who had known 
at home the value of letters. Brewster carried with him a 
library of two hundred and seventy-five volumes, and his was 
not the largest collection in the colony. The love of knowl- 
edge was deep and universal. New England has nevei 
swerved from her early loyalty to the cause of education. 

Twenty-three years after the landing of the Pilgrims the 
population of New England had grown to twenty-four thou- 
sand. Forty-nine little wooden towns, with their wooden 
churches, wooden forts, and wooden ramparts, were dotted 
here and there over the land. There were four separate colo- 
nies, which hitherto had maintained separate governments. 
They were Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New 
Haven. There appeared at first a disposition in the Pilgrim 
mind to scatter widely, and remain apart in small self-govern- 
ing communities. For some years every little band which 
pushed deeper into the wilderness settled itself into an inde- 
pendent State, having no political relations with its neighbors. 
But this isolation could not continue. The wilderness had 
other inhabitants, whose presence was a standing menace. 
Within "striking distance" there were Indians enough to 
trample out the solitary little English communities. On their 
frontiers were Frenchmen and Dutchmen, — natural enemies, 
as all men in that time were to each other. For mutual 
defence and encouragement, the four colonies joined them- 
selves into the United Colonies of New England. This was 
the first confederation in a land where confederations of un- 
precedented magnitude were hereafter to be established. 



'CHAPTER IV. 

KING PHILIPS WAR. 

Early in the history of New England, efforts were made to ■ 
win the Indians to the Christian faith. The Governor of 
Massachusetts appointed ministers to carry the gospel to the 
savages. Mr. John Eliot, the apostle of the Indians, was a 
minister at Roxbury. Moved by the pitiful condition of the 
natives, he acquired the language of some of the tribes in his 
neighborhood. He went and preached to them in their own 
tongue. He used to make a missionary tour every fort- 
night, and he visited all the Indians in the Massachusetts and 
Plymouth Colonies. His zeal led him into great dangers. 
" I have not been dry night or day," he once wrote, " from 
the third day of the week unto the sixth ; but so travel, and 
at night pull off my boots, wring my stockings, and so con- 
tinue." He printed books for the Indians. Many of them 
listened to his sermons in tears. Many professed faith in 
Christ, and were gathered into congregations. He gave them 
a simple code of laws. It was even attempted to establish a 
college for training native teachers. But this had to be aban- 
doned. The slothfulness of the Indian youth, and their de- 
vouring passion for strong liquors, unfitted most of them for 
the ministry. No persuasion could induce them to labor. 
They could be taught to rest on the Sabbath ; they could not 
be taught to work on the other six days. These were grave 
hinderances ; but, in spite of them, Christianity made consid- 
erable progress among them. The hold which it then gained 
was never altogeth ^r lost. And it was observed that in all the 



ii8 Young Folks History of America, 

misunderstandings which arose between the English and the 
natives, the converts steadfastly adhered to their new friends. 
A few of the Indians became preachers ; among the most 
noted at a later period was Samuel Occum, who visited Eng- 
land, composed poetry, and was called the Indian White- 
field. 

Several hymns composed by Indians were used in the 
churches. The best known is that beginning, — 

*' When shall we three meet again ? " 

It was composed by three Indians at the planting of a memo- 
rial pine on leaving Dartmouth College, where they had been 
receiving a Christian education. The stanzas which follow 
are particularly fine : — 

" Though in distant lands we sigh, 
Parched beneath a burning sky, 
Though the deep between us rolls, 
Friendship shall unite our souls; 
And in fancy's wide domain, 
There we three shall meet again. 

" When the dreams of life are fled, 
When its wasted lamps are dead, 
When in cold oblivion's shade 
Beauty, health, and strength are laid, — 
Where immortal spirits reign, 
There we three shall meet again." 

These Indians, it is said, afterwards met in the same place 
and composed another hymn, which is as beautiful and touch- 
ing. It begins : — 

" Parted many a toil-spent year, 
Pledged in youth to memory dear, 
Still to friendship's magnet true, 
We our social joys renew ; 
Bound by love's unsevered chain, 
Here on earth we meet again." 



16; 5- King PJnlip's War. 1 19 

But we must leave this pleasant glance at the work of 
Eliot and his successors, and take up the most painful events 
in the colonial history of New England. 

The story of King Philip, and of the short, but bitter and 
heroic war that he waged against the colonists, is very 
romantic and affecting. 

King Philip himself was a hero, to whom even his enemies 
could not refuse their respect and admiration. He was the 
younger son of that noble old chieftain, Massasoit, who had 
welcomed the Pilgrims to the soil of the New World, and had 
lived and died their faithful and powerful friend. Massasoit 
had two sons, and they were named by Governor Winslow, 
as we have already told you, Alexander and Philip. Alexan- 
der succeeded Massasoit, but died suddenly, on his way 
home from a visit to the colony of Plymouth, and the rank 
and authority of Massasoit passed from Alexander to Philip. 

Philip was a noble-hearted Indian, full of patriotism, cour- 
age, and good sense. He was a statesman as well as a 
warrior, and governed his tribe, the Wampanoags, with rare 
judgment. 

At first he was friendly to the Puritans, as his father had 
been before him. He often exchanged presents with them, 
and sent envoys to them, and was their ally in their troubles 
with other tribes. As he grew older, however, he began to 
perceive the dangers which menaced his people. Year by 
year the whites encroached more and more upon the Indian 
hunting-grounds and forests. The Indians, he saw, were 
constantly receding before the new-comers ; they were being 
crowded into the narrow peninsulas and remote corners of 
New England, and the villages of the whites were starting up 
everywhere, on the spots where once the red-skins dwelt in 
peace. 

Still, Phihp faithfully observed the treaties which old Mas- 
sasoit had made with the Plymouth and other colonies, and 



I20 Young Folks' History of America. 

which he hmiself had accepted ; he even received insults 
from the whites without resenting them ; and contented him- 
self with holding long and grave councils with his warriors, at 
his beautiful and picturesque seat on Mount Hope, in Rhode 
Island. 

At last, however, an event occurred which exhausted 
Phihp's patience, and kindled the flame of hatred and ven- 
geance in the breasts of his Indian subjects. 

It happened that one of Philip's tribe, converted by the 
pious and devoted missionary, Eliot, had studied at Cam- 
bridge, and was then employed as a teacher. In conse- 
quence of some misconduct, however, he fled, and sought 
protection from Philip. After a while he returned again to 
the colony, and accused Philip of treachery towards it. It 
was not long before some of the Wampanoags waylaid and 
killed him. Three of the Indians were taken by the Puritans, 
charged with the murder, hastily tried, and hung. 

Philip and his tribe could not bear this. At first the chief 
hesitated. But his scruples were soon overcome by the 
fierce young warriors, and so, of a sudden, the war burst 
forth. Several whites were killed near Swanzey ; and it is 
said that Philip wept when he heard that the first blood had 
been shed. The signal was only needed to arouse most of 
the tribes throughout New England to rise against the white 
intruders. Some Indians remained on the side of the col- 
onies, and Philip saw that the war would be a desperate one, 
and that the chances were greatly against him. 

The English had guns and forts and sure supplies of 
food ; Philip and his Indians were badly armed with old 
muskets and bows, and they must trust to luck for provisions, 
while they had no houses to shelter them. The war spread 
rapidly through New England. The two colonies of Ply- 
mouth and Massachusetts Bay were prompt in meeting the 
defiance of the red-skins. Within a week after the first 



i675- 



'King Philip's War. 



123 



bloodshed, the white troops had driven Phihp and his war^ 
riors from Mount Hope. Not long after, Philip was a fugi- 
tive, and sped from tribe to tribe, rousing them to vengeance. 
It seemed as if the war was over ; it had really but just 
begun. Now occurred many terrible and never-to-be-forgot- 
ten scenes. The In- 
dians, avoiding the 
white troops, dodg- 
ing them, and never 
meeting them face to 
face in the open field, 
carried on the contest 
in their savage way 
of massacring the 
helpless, and burning 
villages. Many a fair 
and quiet settlement 
was made desolate. 
The new houses of 

the settlers were suddenly laid waste. Women and children 
were ruthlessly murdered, and burned in the houses. Whole 
villages disappeared by fire. No one could feel safe ; fire 
and death menaced the colonists in the fields, in their beds, 
in their churches, at the home porch. Out of the one 
hundred towns which, at that time, the New England col- 
onies contained, twelve were entirely destroyed, and more 
than forty were more or less injured. 

The Indians suffered, perhaps, not less terribly than the 
whites. The great tribe of the Narragansetts joined in the 
war, and it was their chief, Canonchet, who said, — 

" We will fight to the last man before we will become ser- 
vants to the English ! " 

The fort of this tribe, which, built of palisades, stood where 
the town of South Kingston, Rhode Island, now stands, was 




THE ALARM. 



124 



Young Folks History of Ajnerica. 



the hiding-place and rendezvous of many of the Indians who 
had been defeated. This fort the Plymouth colonists resolved 
to destroy. 

In December, 1675, when the snow lay deep on the dreary 
forest roads, Josiah Winslow set out for Fort Narragansett, at 
the head of a thousand resolute and well-armed men. It was 
a long march to this rude fortification ; but on reaching it 




DEATH IN THE FIELD, 



they soon destroyed it. The fort and its cabins were set 
on fire ; the winter stores of the Indians, their food and cloth- 
ing, worse still, their old men, women, and children, were 
consumed in the flames. 

The chief Canonchet was soon after taken prisoner. 
Offered his life if he would submit and agree to make peace, 
he proudly refused ; and then, being condemned to death, he 
said, — 

" I like it well ; I shall die before I speak any thing unwor- 
thy of myself." 

There were still terrible ravages and sufferings among the 
colonies; but by the end of 1675 ^^^^ force of the Indians 




DKATH OF KING PHILIP 



1 677- Death of Philip. 127 

was broken, and their hope of ridding the soil of the white 
intruders was gone. Philip, wandering from tribe to tribe, 
saw with grief that his efforts had been in vain. Many tribes 
deserted his cause, and hastened to make peace with the 
colonies. Most of his own brave warriors had fallen by the 
bullet or by disease. Troops of Indians fled for safety into 
Canada ; Philip appealed in vain to the powerful Mohawks 
to come to his aid. 

The heroic chief at last yielded to despair. He became a 
fugitive, flying and hiding from the pursuit of his enemies. 
He lay. in swamps ; he crouched in caves and forests; and 
at last crept with difficulty back towards Mount Hope, his 
beloved old home, the scene of his glory, and that -of Iris 
fathers. On his way, his wife and young" son, idols of his 
heart, were taken prisoners, and in his anguish he exclaimed, 
" My heart breaks. Now I am ready to die." 

He was pursued by the brave and gallant Captain Church, 
who had now completely broken the power of the Indians in 
Massachusetts ; and as Philip was on the eve of being cap- 
tured at last, a traitor Indian shot him in a swamp where he 
lay concealed. Church, in accordance with the custom at 
that time, ordered the head of the dead chieftain to be 
severed from the body and carried to Plymouth, where it was 
set up on a pole, and remained in public view for sev^eral 
years. The body was quartered and hung upon trees. Thus 
did our less enlightened ancestors retahate upon Philip for 
kindling the war. 

Of the great tribe of the Narragansetts, scarcely one hundred 
men survived the war. 

The young son of Phihp, the last remaining sachem of the 
once happy and powerful tribe of the Wampanoags, and the 
last of the family of Massasoit, was sold into slavery in Ber- 
muda. 

One romantic incident of this famous struggle of the In- 



128 



Young Folks' History of America. 



dians, on the one hand^ for their ancient domain, and of the 
colonies, on the other, for the existence of white settlements 
in New England, is worth relating. 

Equal in bravery and heroism to Philip was Weetamo, the 
queen of Pocasset. She was a proud and active woman, and 
ruled resolutely over one of the principal tribes. The seat of 
her domain was just across Narragansett Bay, opposite the 
promontory occupied by the Wampanoags. She was friendly 
to the Puritans. Shortly before the war she had wedded Alex- 
_ ander, Philip's elder 

3^_ ' ^^ brother ; but as we 

have seen, Alexaiider 
'~', -,.~ suddenly died on his 

return from a visit to 
Plymouth. 

When the war 
broke out, Weetamo 
resolved to join the 
whites against her 
own nation. But 
Philip sought a coun- 
cil with her, and elo- 
quently urged her to 
reverse her decision. 
He told her that Al- 
exander had been foully dealt with; that he had been 
poisoned by the English. He persuaded her of this, and she 
then resolved to lead her tribe into the contest as Philip's 
ally. 

Weetamo had many adventures, accompanied her warriors, 
and inspired them with her presence. But the fate of war 
went against her, as against the rest, and she, like Philip, was 
forced to fly. 

At last she was driven to the banks of the bay. There 




WEETAMO ON A RAFT, 




PHILIP S HEAD BROUGHT TO PLYMOUTH 



1 677- Death of Wcetamo. 131 

were no canoes ; if she remained where she was she would 
surely be taken. She was resolved, however, to reach Po- 
casset, and jumping upon a hastily constructed raft, she 
attempted to cross the bay. But on the way over she was 
drowned. Her body was recovered by the English ; the head 
was cut off and exposed to view on the green at Taunton, 
whereupon the friendly Indians who were there set up a 
dismal howl. 

It is rarely that characters more heroic than Philip and 
Weetamo appear amid the contests of even highly civilized 
nations ; and although their misfortunes resulted in the preser- 
vation of what was destined to be our great nation, we can 
afford to respect their patriotism, and admire their bravery. 

THE STORY OF THE CAPTURE OF ANNAWON. 

On that memorable August morning that Captain Benjamin 
Church and his party surprised and killed Philip, sachem of 
the Wampanoags, at the foot of Mount Hope in Rhode Island, 
a voice was heard in the woods calling out lustily : — 

"Gootashf Gootashr' 

"Who is that? " asked Captain Church, of his Indian in- 
terpreter. 

" That is old Annawon, Philip's great captain. He is call- 
ing on his soldiers to fight bravely." 

As soon as Annawon knew that Philip had fallen, and that 
he could render him no further service, he fled. With a sor- 
rowful heart he turned away from the green declivities over- 
looking the beautiful inland seas, the ancestral seat of the old 
Indian sachems, and the general burying-ground of the braves 
of the race. 

He turned to the north, taking with him the poor, wretched, 
despairing remnant of the once powerful tribe of the Wam- 
panoags. 



132 Young Folks History of America. 

Immediately after the death of Philip, Captain Church went 
to Plymouth, hoping to find rest in retirement after his long 
struggle with the Wampanoags and the Narragansetts. He 
had been here but a short time when a post came from Reho- 
both to inform the officers of the colonial government that 
Annawon and his company were ranging about the woods of 
Rehoboth and Swanzey, causing a feeling of insecurity in 
those exposed frontier towns. Captain Church was at once 
despatched to disarm and disperse the party of Annawon. 

After many interesting adventures, he came to a place in 
the vicinity of Rehoboth, where he captured a number of 
Indian fugitives. Among these was a young woman. 

"What company did you come from last? " asked Captain 
Church, of the young captive. 

'•' From Annawon 's." 

" How many were in his company when you left him? " 

" About fifty or sixty." 

" How far is it to the place where you left Annawon ? " 

" It is a long distance." 

Captain Church was separated from his company at this 
time. There were with him six men, — one Englishman and 
five friendly Indians. He saw the necessity of immediate ac- 
tion. Annawon would soon learn of the approach of the Eng- 
lish and elude his pursuers. Captain Church knew that he 
could surprise him that night, if he pressed forward without 
delay, and he resolved to do this with the little force then at 
hand, though the enterprise would be one of unusual perik 
He unfolded his purpose to the company, and asked them if 
they were willing to go. The Indians were at first startled by 
the proposal of so daring an exploit. They told him that 
they were always ready to obey his commands. " But," they 
added, " Annawon is a great soldier. He was one of the val- 
iant captains under Massasoit, and he has been a principal 
leader during the present war. He has with him now some of 



l6^^. The Capture of Annawon. 133 

Philip's most resolute men. It would be a pity, after the 
great deeds you have done, for you to throw away your life 
in the end. Nevertheless, if you give the command we will 
follow you." 

The brave party set out on the hazardous expedition. It 
was a dreamy afternoon, late in summer, and they arrived at 
the outskirts of the wood in which the great Indian warrior 
was concealing himself, just as the sun was declining. As the 
shadows deepened and the stars came out over the wide for- 
est, the party cautiously entered the still wood, led by a captive 
Indian, who acted as a guide. They soon reached the place 
where the old warrior and his braves were taking their rest. 
This retreat was protected by high rocks, partly covered with 
low bushes, moss, and fern. Captain Church crept to the 
shelf of one of these rocks, and, looking over, beheld the great 
Annawon lying by the bright camp-fire. A part of the Indians 
were reposing beside him, and a part were preparing an even- 
ing meal. He discovered the arms of the party stacked at a 
distance, and partly covered to protect them from the dew. 
Captain Church surveyed the encampment for a moment, 
then made his resolution. It was to seize the arms, and to 
make Annawon a prisoner in his own camp. 

Captain Church ordered two Indian captives to go down 
the declivity before him, and to lead the way to the place 
where Annawon was lying. An old squaw below was pound- 
ing corn in a mortar. When she pounded, the adventurers 
descended, and when she rested, they lay still. Captain 
Church presently found himself in the encampment, concealed 
from view by the captives who went before. He first came 
to young Annawon, the son of the great warrior. He stepped 
over him very quietly, but the young man, opening his eyes 
and discovering at a glance the situation, whipped his blanket 
over his head, and, shrinking up in a heap, lay perfectly mo- 
tionless, evidently expecting to be killed. Captain Church now 



134 You Jig Folks' History of America. 

stood at the feet of Annawon. The old warrior started, his 
eyes flashing, and his face wearing an expression of surprise, 
horror, and despair. He uttered the single word ^^ HowohT' 
then remained staring and silent. The great moon was now 
rising, silvering the forest ; the camp-fires were lighting up 
the shadows of the rocks, and in the dim light, amid the 
perfect silence of the encampment, stood the bold English 
captain, hatchet in hand, beside the prostrate body of his 
terror-struck foe. 

The arms of the Indians having been secured by Captain 
Church's men, the camp was alarmed and Annawon's war- 
riors were informed that their chieftain had been made a cap- 
tive. The Indians, not knowing how small a force had thus 
boldly surprised them, promised to surrender on the condi- 
tion that their lives should be spared. 

"Annawon," said Captain Church at last, "what had you 
for supper to-night? " 

" Taubut,'" answered the astonished warrior in a deep 
voice. 

" I have come to sup with you," said Captain Church. 

"Will you have cow-beef or horse-beef?" 

" I will have cow-beef." 

"Women," said the warrior sadly but generously, "pre- 
pare the English a supper." 

It was a bright, moonlight night, and Captain Church kept 
watch by the fading camp-fires. Towards morning, he saw 
Annawon, who supposed that he was asleep, arise and step 
aside from the company. He presently returned, bringing in 
his hand some glittering treasure, and, falling upon his knees, 
said in a half- confident, half-pitiable voice, " Great captain, 
you have killed Philip ; you have conquered his country ; 
you have now captured the last Indian warriors. The war is 
now ended by your means, and these things now belong to 
you." 



[677. 



Death of Annawoti. 



135 



He opened the pack, and took out King Philip's girdle of 
wampum, nine inches broad, riciily embellished with figures 
of birds, beasts, and flowers. He put this around Captain 
Church's neck, and it hung down to his feet. He then put 
upon the captain's arm the other ornaments that had once 
been used on occasions of state by the fallen roytelet, and 
presented him with a beautiful wampum crown, never more 
to adorn the brow of a Wampanoag chieftain. 

Annawon was executed in Boston, — a deed of cruelty and 
wickedness for which there can be offered no proper apology 
or excuse. 




CHAPTER V. 

THE GROWING EMPIRE. 

NEW YORK. 

During the first forty years of its existence, the great city 
which we call New York was a Dutch settlement, known 
among men as New Amsterdam. That region had been 
discovered for the Dutch East India Company by Henry 
Hudson, who was still in search, as Columbus had been, of 
a shorter route to the East. He explored the river which is 
called after his name. The Dutch have never displayed any 
great aptitude for colonizing ; but they were unsurpassed in 
mercantile discernment, and they set up trading stations with 
much judgment. 

Three or four years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, 
the Dutch West India; Company determined to enter into 
trading relations with the Indians along the line of the Hud- 
son River. They sent out a few families, who planted them- 
selves at the southern extremity of Manhattan Island. A 
wooden fort was built, around which clustered a few wooden 
houses, just as in Europe the baron's castle arose and the 
huts of the baron's dependants sheltered beside it. The 
Indians sold valuable furs for scanty payment in blankets, 
beads, muskets, and intoxicating drinks. The prudent 
Dutchmen grew rich, and were becoming numerous. But 
a fierce and prolonged war with the Indians broke out. The 
Dutch, having taken offence at something done by the sav- 
ages, expressed their wrath by the massacre of an entire triber 




HENRY HUPSON IN THE NORTH RIVER, I37 



1 645- Dutch Colony at New Amsterdam, 139 

The Indians of that region made common cause against ihe 
dangerous strangers. All the Dutch villages were burned 
down. Long Island became a desert. The Dutchmen were 
driven in to the southern tip of the island on which New 
York stands. They ran a pahsade across the island in the 
line of what is now Wall Street. To-day, Wall Street is the 
scene of the largest monetary transactions ever kno^\^l among 
men. The hot fever of speculation rages there incessantly, 
\\ith an intensity unknown elsewhere. Then, it was the line 
within which a disheartened and diminishing band of colo- 
nists strove to maintain themselves against a savage foe. 

The war came to an end. For twenty years the colony 
continued to flourish under the government of a sagacious 
Dutchman called Peter Stup'esant. Peter had been a 
soldier, and had lost a leg in the wars. He was a brave and 
true-hearted man, but withal despotic. When his subjects 
petitioned for some part in the making of laws, he was 
astonished at their boldness. He took it upon him to in- 
spect the merchants' books. He persecuted the Lutherans 
and "the abominable sect of Quakers." 

It cannot, therefore, be said that his government was fault- 
less. The colony prospered under it, however, and a con- 
tinued emigration from Europe increased its importance. 
But in the twentieth year certain English ships of war sailed 
up the bay, and, without a word of explanation, anchored near 
the settlement. Governor Peter was from home, but they 
sent for him, and he came with speed. He hastened to the 
fort and looked out into the bay. 

There lay the ships, — grim, silent, ominously near. Ap- 
palled by the presence of his unexpected visitors, the Gov- 
ernor sent to ask wherefore they had come. His alarm was 
well founded ; for Charles II. of England had presented to 
his brother James of York a vast stretch of territory, in- 
cluding the region which the Dutch had chosen for their 



i40 



Young Folks History of America. 



settlement. It was not his to give, but that signified nothing 
either to Charles or to James. These ships had come to 
take possession in the Duke of York's name. 

A good many of the colonists were English, and they were 
well pleased to be under their own government. They 

would not fight. 
The Dutch remem- 
bered the Gover- 
nor's tyrannies, and 
they would not fight. 
Governor Peter was 
prepared to fight 
single-handed. He 
had the twenty guns 
of the fort loaded, 
and was resolute to 
fire upon the ships. 
So at least he pro- 
fessed. But the in- 
habitants begged 
him, in mercy to 
them, to forbear ; and he suffered himself to be led by 
two clergymen away from the loaded guns. It was alleged, 
to his disparagement, afterwards, that he had " allowed 
himself to be persuaded by ministers and other chicken- 
hearted persons." Be that as it may, King Charles's errand 
was done. The little town of fifteen hundred inhabitants, 
with all the neighboring settlements, passed quietly under 
English rule. The future Empire City was named New York, 
in honor of one of the meanest t)Tants who ever disgi-aced 
the English throne. With the settlements on the Hudson 
there fell also into the hands of the English those of New 
Jersey, which tlie Dutch had conquered from the Swedes. 




CHARLES II. 



i682. The Land of Pejin. 143 



THE LAND OF PENN. 

The uneventful but quietly prosperous career of Pennsyl- 
vania began in 1682. The Stuarts were again upon the 
throne of England. They had learned nothing from their 
exile ; and now, with the hour of their final rejection at hand, 
they were as wickedly despotic as ever. 

William Penn was the son of an admiral who had gained 
victories for England, and enjoyed the favor of the royal 
family, as well as of the eminent statesmen of his time. The 
highest honors of the State would in due time have come 
within the young man's reach, and the brightest hopes of his 
future were reasonably entertained by his friends. To the 
dismay of all, Penn became a Quaker. It was an unspeak- 
able humiliation to the well-connected admiral. He turned 
his son out of doors, trusting that hunger would subdue his 
intractable spirit. After a time, however, he relented, and 
the youthful heretic was restored to favor. 

Ere long the admiral died, and Penn succeeded to his pos- 
sessions. It deeply grieved him that his brethren in the faith 
should endure such wrongs as were continually inflicted upon 
them. He could do nothing at home to mitigate the severi- 
ties under which they groaned. Therefore he formed the 
great design of leading them forth to a new world. King 
Charles owed to the admiral a sum of ;^i 6,000, and this 
doubtful investment had descended from the father to the son. 
Penn offered to take payment in land, and the king readily 
bestowed upon him a vast region stretching westward from 
the river Delaware. 

Here Penn proposed to found a State, free and self-gov- 
erning. It was his noble ambition " to show men as free and 
as happy as they can be." He came to America. He pro- 
claimed to the people already settled in his new dominions 



44 



Young Folks History of America. 



that they should be governed by laws of their own making. 
"Whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire," he 
told them, " for the security and improvement of their o\vn 
happiness, I shall heartily comply with." He was as good as 
his word. The people appointed representatives, by whom 
a Constitution was framed. Penn confirmed the arrange- 
ments which the people chose to adopt. 




PENX S ARRIVAL IN AMERICA. 



Penn dealt justly and kindly with the Indians, and they 
requited him with a reverential love such as they e\'inced to 
no other Englishman. The neighboring colonies waged 
bloody wars with the Indians who lived around them, now 
inflicting defeats which were almost exterminating, now sus- 
taining hideous massacres. Penn's Indians were his childrep 



J 



-mi 




RUINS IX CENTRAL AMERICA 



i682. Penns Colony Founded. 147 

and most loyal subjects. No Quaker blood was ever shed 
by Indian hand in the Pennsylvanian territory. 

Soon after Penn's arrival, he invited the chief men of the 
Indian tribes to a conference. The meeting took place 
beneath a huge elm-tree. The pathless forest has long given 
way to the houses and streets of Philadelphia, but a marble 
monument points out to strangers the scene of this memora- 
ble interview. Penn, with a few companions, unarmed, and 
dressed according to the simple fashion of their sect, met the 
crowd of formidable savages. They met, he assured them, as 
brothers " on the broad pathway of good faith and good will." 
No advantage was to be taken on either side. All was to be 
" openness and love ; " and Penn meant what he said. 
Strong in the power of truth and kindness, he bent the fierce 
savages of the Delaware to his will. They vowed " to live in 
love with William Penn and his children as long as the moon 
and the sun shall endure." Long years after, they were 
known to recount to strangers, with deep emotion, the words 
which Penn had spoken to them under the old elm-tree. 

The fame of Penn's settlement went abroad in all lands. 
An asylum was opened " for the good and oppressed of 
every nation." Of these there was no lack. Grave and 
God-fearing men from all the Protestant countries sought a 
home where they might live as conscience taught them. The 
new colony grew apace. Its natural advantages were tempt- 
ing. Penn reported it as "a good land, with plentiful 
springs, the air clear and fresh, and an innumerable quantity 
of wild-fowl and fish. During the first year twenty-two 
vessels arrived, bringing two thousand persons. In three 
years Philadelphia was a town of six hundred houses. 

When Penn, after a few years, revisited England, he was able 
truly to relate that " things went on sweetly with the Friends 
in Pennsylvania ; that they increased finely in outward things 
and in wisdom." 



48 



Young Folks History of A 



merica. 



OGLETHORPE AND GEORGIA. 



The thirteen States which composed the original Union 
were Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, 
New Hampshire, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New 
York, New Jersey, North CaroHna, South Carolina, and 

Georgia. 

Of these the latest born 
was Georgia. Onl}^ fifty 
years had passed since 
Penn established the Quak- 
er State on the banks of 
the Delaware. But changes 
gi'eater than centuries ha\'e 
sometimes wrought had 
taken place. The Revolu- 
tion had vindicated the 
liberties of the British peo- 
ple. The era of despotic 
government had closed. 
The real governing power 
was no longer the king, but 
the Parliament. 

Among the members of 
Parlianient during the rule 
of Sir Robert AA'alj^ole was 
one almost unkno^\ai to us 
now, but deserving of honor beyond most men of his time. 
His name was James Oglethorpe. He was a soldier, and had 
fought against the Turks and in the gTeat INIarlborough wars 
against Louis XIV. In advanced life he became the friend 
of Samuel Johnson. Dr. Johnson urged him to \nt\\.q some 
account of his adventures. " I know no one," he said, 




DR. JOHNSON. 



1732. 



Oglethorpe and Georgia. 



151 



" whose life would be more interesting ; if I were furnished 
with materials I should be very glad to write it." Edmund 
Burke considered him " a more extraordinary person than any 
he had ever read of." John Wesley "blessed God that ever 
he was born." Oglethorpe attained the great age of ninety- 
six, and died in the year 1785. The year before his death 
he attended the sale of Dr. Johnson's books, and was there 
met by Samuel Rogers, the poet. " Even then," says 
Rogers, " he was the finest figure of a man you e\'er saw, 
but very, very old ; the flesh of his face like parchment." 

In Oglethorpe's time it was in the power of a creditor to 
imprison, according to his pleasure, the man who owed him 
money and was not able to pay it. It was a common circum- 
stance that a man should be imprisoned during a long series 
of years for a trifling 
debt. Oglethorpe 
had a friend upon 
whom this hard fate 
had fallen. His at- 
tention was thus 
painfully called to the 
cruelties which were 
inflicted upon the 
unfortunate and help- 
less. He appealed to 
Parliament, and after 
inquiry a partial rem- 
edy was obtained. 
The benevolent exer- 
tions of Oglethorpe 
procured hberty for 

multitudes who but for him might have ended their lives in 
captivity. 

This however did not content him. Liberty was an incom- 




GEORGE II. 



152 Young Folks History of Amei'ica. 

plete gift to men who had lost, or perhaps had scarcely ever 
possessed, the faculty of earning tlieir own maintenance. 
Oglethorpe devised how he might carry these unfortunate men 
to a place where, under happier auspices, they might open 
a fresh career. He obtained from King George II. a charter 
by which the country between the Savannah and the Altamaha, 
and stretching westward to the Pacific, was erected into the 
province of Georgia. It was to be a refuge for the deserving 
poor, and next to them for Protestants suffering persecution. 
Parliament voted ;£"i 0,000 in aid of the humane enterprise, 
and many benevolent persons v^^ere liberal with their gifts. In 
November the first exodus of the insolvent took place. Ogle- 
thorpe sailed with one hundred and twenty emigrants, mainly 
selected from the prisons, — penniless, but of good repute. 
He surveyed the coasts of Georgia, and chose a site for the 
capital of his new State. He pitched his tent where Savan- 
nah now stands, and at once proceeded to mark out the line 
of streets and squares. The Indians welcomed him with 
surprise and delight, and he was equally astonished and 
pleased at some of the fantastic ceremonies with which they 
first approached him. One of the Indian chiefs presented 
him with a buffalo skin adorned with the feathers of an eagle. 
" The feathers," he said, " signify love ; the buffalo skin means 
protection : love and protect our families." 

Next year the colony was joined by about a hundred Ger- 
man Protestants, who were then under persecution for their 
beliefs. The colonists received this addition to their numbers 
with joy. A place of residence had been chosen for them, 
which the devout and thankful strangers named Ebenezer. 
They were charmed with their new abode. The river and 
the hills, they said, reminded them of home. They applied 
themselves with steady industry to the cultivation of indigo 
and silk, and they prospered. 

The fame of Oglethorpe's enterprise spread over Europe. 




OGLETHORPE AND THE INDIANS. 



1736. The Wesleys in Georgia. .' 155 

All struggling men, against whom the battle of life went hard, 
looked to Georgia as a land of promise. They were the 
men who most urgently required to emigrate ; but they were 
not always the men best fitted to conquer the difficulties of 
the emigrant's life. The progress of the colony was slow. 
The poor persons of whom it was originally composed were 
honest but ineffective, and could not in Georgia more than in 
England find out the way to become self-supporting. Encour- 
agements were given which drew from Germany, from Switz- 
erland, and from the highlands of Scotland, men of firmer 
texture of mind, better fitted to subdue the wilderness and 
bring forth its treasures. 

With Oglethorpe there went out, on his second expedition 
to Georgia, the two brothers, John and Charles Wesley. 
Charles went as secretary to the Governor. John was even 
then, although a very young man, a preacher of unusual 
promise. He burned to spread the gospel among the set- 
tlers and their Indian neighbors. He spent two years in 
Georgia, and these were unsuccessful. His character was 
unformed ; his zeal out of proportion to his discretion. 
The people felt that he preached "personal satires " at them. 
He returned to begin his great career in England, with the 
feeling that his residence in Georgia had been of much value 
to himself, but of very little to the people whom he sought 
to benefit. But the church that he founded is to-day the 
largest Christian body in America, and is especially powerful, 
in the South. 

Just as Wesley reached England, his fellow-laborer George 
Whitefield sailed for Georgia. There were now little settle- 
ments spreading inland, and Whitefield visited these, bearing 
to them the word of life. He founded an Orphan-House at 
Savannah, and supported it by contributions, obtained easily 
from men under the power of his unequalled eloquence. 
He visited Georgia very frequently, and his love for that 
colony remained with him to the last. 



156 Yo7ing Folks History of America. 

Slavery was, at the outset, forbidden in Georgia. It was 
opposed to the gospel, Oglethorpe said, and therefore not to 
be allowed. He foresaw, besides, what has been so bitterly 
experienced since, that slavery must degrade the poor white 
laborer. But soon a desire sprang up among the less scru- 
pulous of the settlers to have the use of slaves. Within seven 
years from the first landing, slave-ships were discharging their 
cargoes at Savannah. 



CHAPTER VI. 

WITCHCRAFT IN NEW ENGLAND. 

When the Pilgrims left their native land, the belief in witch- 
craft was universal. England, in much fear, busied herself 
with the slaughter of friendless old women who were sus- 
pected of an alliance with Satan. King James had published 
his book on Demonology a few years before, in which he 
maintained that to forbear from putting witches to death 
was an " odious treason against God." England was no 
wiser than her king. During James's life, and long after his 
decease, the yearly average of executions for witchcraft was 
somewhere about five hundred. 

There were times when the excitement concerning witches 
was so violent in England that almost any old woman whom 
disease or infirmities had rendered unsightly was liable to 
fall under the suspicion of witchcraft. Then, after a trial as 
senseless and as ridiculous as the charge, she was hustled off 
to suffer a most painful death. 

The Evil One, according to an old English superstition, used 
to set his mark on all true witches, and that part of the body 
where the stigma was placed was insensible to pain. Hence 
a true witch might be discovered by pricking her with pins. 

Pricking became a profession in Scotland during the ear- 
lier part of the seventeenth century, and a class of execrable 
fellows called prickers filled their slender purses by going 
from place to place, and sticking pins into helpless old 
women. 



158 Young Folks History of America. 

The supposed witches often lost their fortitude under the 
torture, and confessed themselves guilty of whatever they 
were accused of. Being condemned by their own words, it 
only remained to put them to death. 

A vile monster by the name of Hopkins, who became rich 
by going from town to town and pretending to detect witches, 
used to bind suspected persons hand and foot, and cast them 
into the river. He said that true witches renounced their 
baptism, and therefore water would reject them, and they 
would float. Hence, when the accused floated, as commonly 
was the case, she was adjudged guilty, and was taken from 
the water to be hung. 

This \wetch, after a notorious career, fell into disrepute, 
the people reasoning that he himself must be in the confi- 
dence of bad spirits, else he would not know so readily who 
were witches and who were not. 

They resolved to measure him by his own standard, by 
casting him into the river in order to see if his body would 
sink or swim. The result was that he floated, and being 
found a wizard by his own test, his miserable end was made 
to verify the Scripture : "In such measure as ye mete, it shall 
be measured to you again." 

The following trustworthy story, the outlines of which we 
gather from Sir Walter Scott, presents a fair picture of witch- 
craft in England, not long before the Commonwealth : — 

About the year 1634 a boy by the name of Edmund Rob- 
inson, the son of an ignorant and superstitious man living in 
Pendle Forest, began to make a great stir in the vicinity of 
the place where he lived, by relating some very remarkable 
occurrences which he claimed to have seen. 

He said that he wandered forth into the woods one day to 
gather wild fruit, when he chanced to meet in a retired glade 
two greyhounds. Thinking to have a bit of sport, he started 
a hare from a thicket, and tried to induce the greyhounds 



i6S8. Witchcraft in Nciv England. 159 

to give chase ; but, contrary to the instincts of such animals, 
they allowed the hare to escape without any attempt to 
molest it. 

He was very angry, and, seizing a stick, was about to beat 
one of the hounds, when suddenly the animal started up 
before him in the form of a woman, whom he presently 
recognized as a certain Dame Dickenson, the wife of a neigh- 
bor. The other hound as suddenly changed into a little 
boy. 

Dame Dickenson seemed much chagrined at the discov- 
ery, and told young Robinson that she would give him a sum 
of money if he would promise not to disclose what he had 
seen. He replied, — 

" Nay, thou art a witch." 

The dame, without further parley, took a bridle from her 
pocket, and shaking it over the head of the little boy by her 
side, changed him into a horse. She seized young Robinson, 
and, mounting the steed, galloped away. 

They came to an obscure building in the forest, and, on 
entering with the dame, Robinson beheld an assemblage of 
witches making frightful faces^ and performing mysterious 
incantations. They would take hold of a halter, make hide- 
ous faces, and give a pull, when there would suddenly appear 
before them roast meat, porringers of milk, and other rustic 
dainties. 

One would suppose that a story so ridiculous in itself 
would have passed for a myth, even though rendered some- 
what remarkable by the youth and simplicity of the narrator. 
Not so ; the superstitious took alarm, busybodies put the 
wonderful tale in rapid circulation, and the fever of excite- 
ment spread. The boy obtained great celebrity as a " witch 
finder," but at last acknowledged that his marvellous story 
was an imposture. 

The Pilgrims carried with them across the Atlantic the uni- 



i6o Young Folks History of America. 

versal delusion. Their way of life was fitted to strengthen 
it. They lived on the verge of vast and gloomy forests. The 
howl of the wolf and the scream of the panther sounded 
nightly around their cabins. Treacherous savages lurked in 
the woods, watching the time to plunder and to slay. Every 
circumstance was fitted to increase the susceptibility of the 
mind to gloomy and superstitious impressions. But for the 
first quarter of a century, while every ship brought news of 
witch-killing at home, no satanic outbreak disturbed the set- 
tlers. The sense of brotherhood was yet too strong among 
them. Men who have braved great dangers and endure^ 
great hardships together do not readily come to look upon 
each other as the allies and agents of the Evil One. 

In the State of Massachusetts there was a little town, now 
a fine city, called Salem, sitting pleasantly between two riv- 
ers ; and in this town there dwelt at that time a minister 
whose name was Parris. The daughter and niece of Mr. 
Parris became ill of a strange nervous disease. It was a dark 
time for Massachusetts ; for the colony was at war with the 
French and Indians, and was suffering cruelly from their 
ravages. The doctors sat in solemn conclave on the afflicted 
girls, and pronounced them bewitched. Mr. Parris, not 
doubting that it was even so, bestirred himself to find the 
offenders. He fastened suspicion upon three old women, 
who were at once arrested. Then, with marvellous rapidity, 
the mania spread through the town. The rage and fear of 
the distracted community rose high. Every one suspected 
his neighbor. Children accused their parents. Parents ac- 
cused their children. The prisons could scarcely contain the 
suspected. The town of Falmouth handed its minister, a 
man of intelligence and worth. Some near relations of the 
Governor were denounced. Witches were believed to ride 
in the air at night. Even the beasts were not safe. A dog 
was solemnly put to death for the part he had taken in some 
satanic festivity. 



1 688. ' Witchcraft in New England. 163 

For more than twelve months this mad panic raged. It is 
just to say that the hideous cruelties which were practised in 
Europe were not commonly resorted to in the prosecution 
of American witches. Torture was seldom inflicted to wring 
confession from the victim. The American test was more 
humane, and not more foolish, than the European. Those 
suspected persons who denied their guilt were judged guilty 
and hanged. Those who confessed were, for the most part, 
set free. Many hundreds of innocent persons, who scorned to 
purchase life by falsehood, perished miserably under the fury 
of an excited people. Giles Corey was pressed to death in 
Salem for refusing to confess that he was a wizard. 

The so-called Salem witchcraft seems to have in reality be- 
gun in Boston in 1688. The children of Mr. John Goodwin 
began to behave in a very strange manner : we are told that 
they " barked like dogs, mewed like cats, and flew through 
the air like geese." Geese often touch their feet to the 
ground when flying, and we presume the Goodwin children 
flew in this way. Cotton Mather, the minister at Boston, 
pronounced these children to be bewitched. A weak old 
woman, who was a Papist, was accused of the witchcraft, and 
was executed. 

The delusion spread, principally among the children, unti/ 
the Massachusetts Bay Colony was filled with terror anci 
suspicion. Gallows Hill at Salem, now a tanyard, was the 
scene of those awful tragedies which have so darkened the 
fair pages of colonial history. 

The fire had been kindled in a moment ; it was extin- 
guished as suddenly. The Governor of Massachusetts only 
gave emphasis to the reaction which had occurred in the pub- 
lic mind, when he abruptly stopped all prosecutions against 
witches, dismissed all the suspected, pardoned all the con- 
demned. The House of Assembly proclaimed a fast, en- 
treating rhat God would pardon the errors of his people 



164 Young Folks' History of America. 

'•'in the late tragedy raised by Satan and his instruments." 
One of the judges stood up in church in Boston, with bowed- 
down head and sorrowful countenance, while a paper was 
read, in which he begged the prayers of the congregation, 
that the innocent blood which he had erringly shed might 
not be visited on the country or on him. The Salem jury 
asked forgiveness of God and the community for what they 
had done under the power of " a strong and general delusion." 
Poor Mr. Parris was now at a sad discount. Pie made pub- 
lic acknowledgment of his error. But at his door lay the 
origin of all this slaughter of the unoffending. His part in 
the tragedy could not be forgiven. The people would no 
longer endure his ministry, and demanded his removal. Mr. 
Parris resigned his charge, and went forth from Salem a 
broken man. 

If the error of New England was great and most lament- 
able, her repentance was prompt and deep. Five-and-twenty 
years after she had clothed herself in sackcloth, old women 
were still burned to death for witchcraft in Great Britain. The 
year of blood was never repeated in America. 



CHAPTER VII. 

PERSECUTION AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 

The Puritans left their native England and came to the 
'' outside of the world," as they called it, that they might en- 
joy liberty to worship God according to the way which they 
deemed right. They had discovered that they themselves 
were entitled to toleration. They felt that the restraints 
laid upon them were very unjust and very grievous. But 
their light as yet led them no further. They had not dis- 
covered that people who differed from them were as well 
, entitled to be tolerated as they themselves were. Simple as 
it seems, men have not all found out even yet that every 
one of them is fully entitled to think for himself. 

Thus it happened that, before the Pilgrims had enjoyed for 
many years the cheerful liberty of their new home, doctrines 
raised their heads among them which they felt themselves 
bound to suppress. One February day there stepped ashore 
at Boston a young man upon whose coming great issues 
depended. His name was Roger Williams. He was a 
clergyman, "godly and zealous," — a man of rare virtue and 
power. Cromwell admitted him, in later years, to a consid- 
erable measure of intimacy. He was the friend of John 
Milton in the bright days of the poet's youth, ere yet " the 
ever-during dark " surrounded him. From him Milton ac- 
quired his knowledge of the Dutch language. He carried 
with him to the New World certain strange opinions. 
Long thought had satisfied him that in regard to religious 



1 66 Young Folks' History of America. 

belief and worship man is responsible to God alone. No 
man, said Williams, is entitled to lay compulsion upon an- 
other man in regard to religion. The civil power has to 
do only with the "bodies and goods and outward estates" 
of men. In the domain of conscience God is the only 
ruler. 

New England was not able to receive these sentiments. 
Williams became minister at Salem, where he was held in 
high esteem. In time his opinions drew down upon him 
the unfavorable notice of the authorities. The General 
Court of Massachusetts brought him to trial for the errors of 
his belief. His townsmen and congregation deserted him. 
His wife reproached him bitterly with the evil he was bringing 
upon his family. Mr. Williams could do no otherwise. He 
must testify with his latest breath, if need be, against the 
"soul oppression" which he saw around him. The court 
heard him, discovered error in his opinions, declared him 
guilty, and pronounced upon him sentence of banishment. 

All honor to this good and brave, if somewhat eccentric, 
man ! He of all the men of his time saw most clearly the 
beauty of absolute freedom in matters of conscience. He 
went forth from Salem. 

He lived during a part of one winter with the sachem 
Massasoit at Mount Hope. He obtained a grant of land 
from the Indians, and he founded the State of Rhode Island. 
Landing one day from a boat in which he explored his 
new possessions, he climbed a gentle slope, and rested with 
his companions beside a spring. It seemed to him that the 
capital of his infant State ought to be here. 

He laid the foundations of his city, which he named Prov- 
idence, in grateful recognition of the power which had guided 
his uncertain steps. 

It is to-day one of the most beautiful and thrifty cities in 
the Union. His settlement was to be " a shelter for persons 




WHIPPING QUAKERS AT THE CART's TAIL IX BOSTOX. 167 



1636. Perseaition and Religions Liberty. 169 

distressed for conscience." Most notably has it been so. 
Rhode Island has no taint of persecution in her- statute-book 
or in her history. Massachusetts continued to drive out her 
heretics. Rhode Island took them in. They might en" in 
their interpretation of Scripture. Pity for themselves if they 
did so. But while they obeyed the laws, they might interpret 
Scripture according to the light they had. Many years after, 
Mr. Williams became President of the colony which he had 
founded. The neighboring States were at that time sharply 
chastising the Quakers with lash, branding-iron, and imprison- 
ment. Rhode Island was invited to join in the persecution. 
Mr. Williams replied that he had no law whereby to punish any 
for their belief "as to salvation and an eternal condition." 
He dissented from the doctrines of the Quakers. In his 
seventy-third year he rowed thirty miles in an open boat to 
wage a public debate with some of the advocates of the sys- 
tem. Thus and thus only could he resist the progress of 
opinions which he deemed pernicious. In beautiful consist- 
ency and completeness stands out to the latest hour of his 
long life this good man's loyalty to the absolute liberty of the 
human conscience. 

He cherished a very forgiving spirit towards those who 
sent him into exile. Learning that the Pequot Indians had 
arranged a meeting Avith the Narragansetts, for the purpose of 
destroying the Massachusetts Colony, he suddenly surprised 
the council, and dissuaded them from their purpose. In this 
deed he put his life in peril for his enemies. 

Thus, too, it happened that when seven or eight men 
began to deny that infants should be baptized. New England 
never doubted that she did right in forcibly* trampling out 
their heresy. The heretics had started a meeting of their 
own, where they might worship God apart from those who 
baptized their infants. One Sabbath morning the constable 
invaded their w )rship and forcibly bore them away to church. 



170 Yoimg Folks' History of America. 

Their deportment there was not unsuitable to the manner 
of their inbfinging. They audaciously clapped on their hats 
while the minister prayed, and made no secret that they 
deemed it sin to join in the services of those who practised 
infant baptism. For this "separation of themselves from 
God's people " they were put on trial. They were fined, and 
some of the more obdurate among them were ordered to be 
" well whipped." We have no reason to doubt that this order 
was executed in spirit as well as in letter. Then a law went 
forth that every man who openly condemned the baptizing of 
infants should suifer banishment. Thus resolute were the 
good men of New England that the right which they had 
come so far to enjoy should not be enjoyed by any one who 
saw a different meaning from theirs in any portion of the 
Divine Word. 

When Massachusetts had reason to apprehend the coming 
of certain followers of the Quaker persuasion from England, 
she was smitten with a great fear. A fast-day was proclaimed, 
that the alarmed people might "seek the face of God in 
reference to the abounding of errors, especially those of the 
Ranters and Quakers." As they fasted, a ship was nearing 
their shores with certain Quaker women on board. These 
unwelcome visitors were promptly seized and lodged in 
prison ; their books were burned by the hangman ; they 
themselves were sent away home by the ships which brought 
them. All shipmasters were strictly forbidden to bring 
Quakers to the colony. A poor woman, the wife of a Lon- 
don tailor, left her husband and her children, to bring, as she 
said, a message from the Lord to New England. Her trouble 
was but poorty bestowed ; for they to whom her message 
came requited her with twenty stripes and instant banish- 
ment. 

The banished Quakers took the earliest opportunity of 
finding their way back. Laws were passed dooming to death 




ROGER WILLIAMS IN PERIL FOR HIS ENEMIES. 

171 



i66i. 



The Kings Letter. 



173 



all who ventured to return. A poor fanatic was following his 
plough in distant Yorkshire, when he thought the word of the 
Lord came to him, saying, " Go to Boston." He went, and 
the ungrateful men of Boston hanged him. Four persons in 
all suffered death. Many were whipped. Some had their 
ears cut off. But pubhc opinion, which has always been 
singularly humane in America, began to condemn these fool- 
ish cruelties. The Quakers had friends at home, friends who 
had access to the court. There came a letter in the king's 
name directing that the authorities of New England should 
" forbear to proceed further against the Quakers." That 
letter came by the hands of a Quaker who was under sen- 
tence of death if he dared to return. The authorities could 
not but receive it, could not but give effect to it. The 
persecution ceased ; 
and with it may be 
said to close, in 
America, all forcible 
interference with the 
right of men to think 
for themselves. 

The Quakers, as 
they are known to us, 
are of all sects the 
least offensive. A 
persecution of this 
serene, thoughtful, 
self-restrained people 
may well surprise us. 
But, in justice to 
New England, it must 

be told that the first generation of Quakers differed ex- 
tremely from succeeding generations. They were a fanatical 
people, — extravagant, intemperate in speech, rejectors of 



- 




I 

1 


\ 


fij^l 


" Mi 






Mm 







GEORGE FOX. 



1/4 Young Folks History of America. 

lawful authority. They believed themselves guided by an 
'' inner light/' which habitually placed them at variance with 
the laws and customs of the country in which they lived. 
George Fox declared that " the Lord forbade him to put off 
his hat to any man." His followers were provokingly aggres- 
sive. They invaded public worship. They openly expressed 
their contempt for the religion of their neighbors. They 
perpetually came with " messages from the Lord," which 
it was not pleasant to listen to. They appeared in pubhc 
places very imperfectly attired, thus symbolically to express 
and to. rebuke the spiritual nakedness of the time. The 
second generation of New England Quakers were people 
of beautiful lives, spiritual-minded, hospitable, and just. 
When their zeal alHed itself with discretion, they became a 
most valuable element in American society. They have 
firmly resisted all social evils. But we can scarcely wonder 
that they created alarm at first. The men of New England 
took a very simple view of the subject. They had bought 
and paid for every acre of soil which they occupied. Their 
country was a homestead from which they might exclude 
whom they chose. They would not receive men whose 
object seemed to be to overthrow their customs, civil and 
religious. It was a mistake, but a most natural mistake. 
Long afterwards, when New England saw her error, she made 
what amends she could, by giving compensation to the rep- 
resentatives of those Quakers who had suffered in the evil 
times. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

GROWTH AND GOVERNMENT OF THE COLONIES. 

There was at the outset considerable diversity of pattern 
among the governments of the colonies. As time wore on, 
the diversity lessened, and one great type became visible in 
all. There was a governor appointed by the king. There 
was a Parliament chosen by the people. Parliament held 
the purse-strings. The governor applied for what moneys 
the pubHc service seemed to him to require. Parliament, as a 
rule, granted his demands, but not without consideration, and 
a distinct assertion of its right to refuse should cause appear. 
As the Revolution, drew near, the function of the governor 
became gradually circumscribed by the pressure of the assem- 
blies. When the governor, as representing the king, fell 
into variance with the popular will, the representatives of the 
people assumed the whole business of government. The 
most loyal of the colonies resolutely defied the encroach- 
ments of the king or his governor. They had a pleasure and 
a pride in their connection with Engkpd ; but they were, at 
the same time, essentially a self-governing people. From the 
government which existed before the Revolution it was easy 
for them to step into a federal union. The colonists had all 
their interests and all their grievances in common. It w^as 
natural for them, when trouble arose, to appoint representa- 
tives who should deliberate regarding their affairs. These 
representatives required an executive to give practical effect 
to their resolutions. The officer who was appointed for that 
purpose was called, not king, but President ; and was chosen, 



178 



Yoinig Folks History of America. 



not for life, but for four years. By this simple and natural 
process arose the American government. 

At first Virginia was governed by two councils, one of which 
was English, and the otlier colonial. Both were entirely 
under the king's control. In a very few years the representa- 
tive system was introduced, and a popular assembly, over 
whose proceedings the governor retained the right of veto, 
regulated the affairs of the colony. Virginia maintained her 
loyalty to the Stuarts. Charles II. ruled her in his exile, and 
was crowned in a robe of Virginian silk, presented by the 
devoted colonists. The baffled Cavaliers sought refuge in 
Virginia from the hateful triumph of Republicanism. Vir- 
ginia refused to ac- 
knowledge the Com- 
monwealth, and had 
to be subjected by 
force. When the 
exiled house was re- 
stored, her joy knew 
no bounds. 

The New Eng- 
land States were of 
different temper and 
different govern- 
ment. While yet 
on board the May- 
flower, the Pilgrims, 
as we have seen, 
formed themselves into a body politic, elected their governor, 
and bound themselves to submit to his authority, " confiding 
in his prudence that he would not adventure upon any matter 
of moment without consent of the rest." Every church mem- 
ber was an elector. For sixty years this democratic form of 
government was continued, till the despotic James 11. over- 




JAMES II. 



I740- George WasJiingtori. 179 

turned it in the closing years of his unhappy reign. The 
Pilgrims carried with them from England a bitter feeling of 
the wrongs which kings had inflicted on them, and they 
arrived in America a people fully disposed to govern them- 
selves. They cordially supported Cromwell. Cromwell, on 
his part, so highly esteemed the people of New England 
that he invited them to return to Europe, and offered them 
settlements in Ireland. They delayed for two years to pro- 
claim Charles II. when he was restored to the English throne. 
They sheltered the regicides who fled from the king's ven- 
geance. They hailed the Revolution, by which the Stuarts 
were expelled and constitutional monarchy set up in Eng- 
land. Of all the American colonies, those of New England 
were the most democratic and the most intolerant of royal 
interference with their Hberties. 

New York was bestowed upon the Duke of York, wno for 
a time appointed the governor. Pennsylvania was a grant 
to Penn, who exercised the same authority. Ultimately, 
however, in all cases, the appointment of governor rested 
with the king, while the representatives were chosen by the 
people. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

In the year 1 740 there broke out a great European war. 
There was some doubt who should fill the Austrian throne. 
The emperor had just died, leaving no son or brother to 
inherit his dignities. His daughter, Maria Theresa, stepped 
into her father's place, and soon made it apparent that she 
was strong enough to maintain what she had done. Two 
or three kings thought they had a better right than she to 
the throne. The other kings ranged themselves on this side 
or on that. The idea of looking on while foolish neighbors 
destroyed themselves by senseless war, had not yet been sug- 
gested. Every king took part in a great war, and sent his 



1 80 Young Folks History of America. 

people forth to slay and be slain, quite as a matter of course. 
So they raised great armies, fought great battles, burned 
cities, wasted countries, inflicted and endured unutterable 
miseries, all to settle the question about this lady's throne. 
But the lady was of an heroic spirit, well worthy to govern, 
and she held her own, and lived and died an empress. 

During these busy years a Virginian mother, widowed in 
early life, was training up her eldest son in the fear of God, 
all unaware, as she infused the love of goodness and duty 
into his mind, that she was giving a color to the history of 
her country throughout all its coming ages. That boy's name 
was George Washington. 

He was born in 1732. His father, a gentleman of good 
fortune, with a pedigree which can be traced beyond the 
Norman conquest, died when his son was eleven years of 
age. Upon George's mother devolved the care of his early 
educadon. She was a devout woman, of excellent sense and 
deep affections ; but a strict disciplinarian, and of a temper 
which could brook no shadow of insubordination. Under 
her rule — gentle, and yet strong — George learned obedi- 
ence and self-control. In boyhood he gave remarkable 
promise of those excellences which distinguished his mature 
years. His schoolmates recognized the calm, judicial charac- 
ter of his mind, and he became in all their disputes the arbi- 
ter from whose decision there Avas no appeal. He inherited 
his mother's love of command, happily tempered by a lofty 
disinterestedness and a love of justice, which seemed to ren- 
der it impossible that he should do or permit aught that was 
unfair. His person was large and powerful. His face 
expressed the thoughtfulness and serene strength of his char- 
acter. He excelled in all athletic exercises. His youthful 
delight in such pursuits developed his physical capabilities to 
the utmost, and gave him endurance to bear the hardships 
which lay before him, 



1743- 



George Washington. 



l8l 



Young gentlemen of Virginia were not educated then so 
liberally as they have been since. It was presumed that 
Washington would be a mere Virginian proprietor and farmer, 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



as his father had been ; and his education was no higher than 
that position then demanded. He never learned any lan- 
guage but his own. The teacher of his early years was also 



1 82 Young Folks History of America. 

the sexton of the parish. Even when he was taken to a 
more advanced institution, he attempted no higher study 
than the keeping of accounts and the copying of legal and 
mercantile papers. A few years later, it was thought he 
might enter the civil or military service of his country ; and 
he was put to the study of mathematics and land-surveying. 

George Washington did nothing by halves. In youth, as in 
manhood, he did thoroughly what he had to do. His school 
exercise books are models of neatness and accuracy. His 
plans and measurements made while he studied land survey- 
ing were as scrupulously exact as if great pecuniary interests 
depended upon them. In his eighteenth year he was em- 
ployed by Government as surveyor of public lands. Many of 
his surveys were recorded in the county offices, and remain 
to this day. Long experience has established their unvarying 
accuracy. In all disputes to which they have any relevancy, 
their evidence is accepted as decisive. During the years 
which preceded the Revolution he managed his estates, 
packed and shipped his own tobacco and flour, kept his own 
books, conducted his own correspondence. His books may 
still be seen. Perhaps no clearer or more accurate record of 
business transactions has been kept in America since the 
Father of American Independence rested from book-keeping. 
The flour which he shipped to foreign ports came to be 
known as his, and the Washington brand was habitually 
exempted from inspection. A most reliable man, his words 
and his deeds, his professions and his practice, are ever found 
in most perfect harmony. By some he has been regarded as 
a stolid, prosaic person, wanting in those features of character 
which captivate the minds of men. Not so. In an earHer 
age George Washington would have been a true knight-errant, 
with an insatiable thirst for adventure and a passionate love of 
battle. He had in a high degree those qualities which make 
ancient knighthood picturesque. But higher qualities than 



I740. Benjamin Frank li?t. 183 

these bore rule within him. He had wisdom beyond most, 
giving him deep insight into the wants of his time. He had 
clear perceptions of the duty which lay to his hand. What he 
saw to be right, the strongest impulses of his soul constrained 
him to do. A massive intellect and an iron strength of will 
were given to him, with a gentle, loving heart, with dauntless 
courage, with purity and loftiness of aim. He had a work of 
extraordinary difficulty to perform. History rejoices to recog- 
nize in him a revolutionary leader against whom no question- 
able transaction has ever been alleged. 

The history of America presents, in one important feature, 
a very striking contrast to the history of nearly all older 
countries. In the old countries, history gathers round some 
one grand central figure, — some judge or priest or king, — 
whose biography tells all that has to be told concerning the 
time in which he lived. That one predominating person — 
David, Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon — is among his people 
what the sun is in the planetary system. All movement 
originates and terminates in him, and the history of the peo- 
ple is merely a record of what he has chosen to do or caused 
to be done. In America it has not been so. The American 
system leaves no room for predominating persons. It affords 
none of .those exhibitions of solitary, all-absorbing grandeur 
which are so picturesque, and have been so pernicious. Her 
history is a history of her people, and of no conspicuous 
individuals. Once only in her career is it otherwise. During 
the lifetime of George Washington her history clings very 
closely to him ; and the biography of her great chief becomes 
in a very unusual degree the history of the country. 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

While Washington's boyhood was being passed on the 
banks of the Potomac, a young man, destined to help him in 



84 



Yoiuig Folks History of America. 



gaining the independence of the country, was toiling hard in 
the city of Philadelphia to earn an honest livelihood. His 
name was Benjamin Franklin. He kept a small stationer's 
shop. He edited a newspaper. He was a bookbinder. He 
made ink. He sold rags, soap, and coffee. He was also a 
printer, employing a journeyman and an apprentice to aid 




him in his labors. He was a thriving man ; but he was not 
ashamed to convey along the streets, in a wheelbarrow, the 
paper which he bought for the purposes of his trade. As a 
boy he had been studious and thoughtful. As a man he was 
prudent, sagacious, trustworthy. 

When he had earned a moderate competency he ceased to 
labor at his business. Henceforth he labored to serve liis 



1752- 



Benjamiu Franklin. 



185 



fellow-men. Philadelphia owes to Franklin her university, 
her hospital, her first and greatest library. 

He earned renown as a man of science. It had long been 
his thought that lightning and electricity were the same ; but 




he found no way to prove the truth of his theory. At length 
he made a kite fitted suitably for his experiment. He stole 
away from his house during a thunder-storm, having told no 
one but his son, who accompanied him. The kite was sent 



1 86 Young Folks History of America. 

up among the stormy clouds, and the anxious philosopher 
waited. For a time no response to his eager questioning was 
granted, and Franklin's countenance fell. But at length he 
felt the welcome shock, and his heart thrilled with the high 
consciousness that he had added to the sum of human knowl- 
edge. 

When the troubles arose in connection with the Stamp Act, 
Franklin was sent to England to defend the rights of the 
colonists. The vigor of his intellect, the matured wisdom 
of his opinions, gained for him a wonderful supremacy over 
the men with whom he was brought into contact. He was 
examined before Parliament. Edmund Burke said that the 
scene reminded him of a master examined by a parcel of 
school-boys, so conspicuously was the witness superior to his 
interrogators. 

Franklin was an early advocate of the independence of the 
colonies, and aided in preparing the famous Declaration. In 
all the councils of that eventful time he bore a leading part. 
He was the first American ambassador to France ; and the 
good sense and vivacity of the old printer gained for him 
high favor in the fashionable world of Paris. He lived to 
aid in framing the Constitution under which America has 
enjoyed so great prosperity. He died soon after. A few 
months before his death he wrote to Washington : "I am 
now finishing my eighty-fourth year, and probably with it my 
career in this life ; but in whatever state of existence I am 
placed hereafter, if I retain any memory of what has passed 
here, I shall with it retain the esteem, respect, and affection 
with which I have long regarded you." 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE FRENCH COLONIES. 

The French to the greater extent were the occupants of 
Canada. Montreal and Quebec were French cities. Eng- 
land and France were often at variance, and as often their 
hostility affected the peace of the colonies. 

The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which gave a brief repose to 
Europe, left unsettled the contending claims of France and 
England upon American territory. France had possessions 
in Canada and also in Eouisiana, at the extreme South, many 
hundreds of miles away. She claimed the entire line of the 
Mississippi River, with its tributaries ; and she had given 
effect to her pretensions by erecting forts at intervals to con- 
nect her settlements in the North with those in the South- 
Her claim included the valley of the Ohio. This was a vast 
and fertile region, whose value had just been discovered by 
the English. It was yet unpeopled ; but its vegetation gave 
evidence of wealth unknown to the colonists in the eastern 
settlements. The French, to establish their claim, sent three 
hundred soldiers into the valley, and nailed upon the trees 
leaden plates which bore the royal arms of France. They 
strove by gifts and persuasion to gain over the natives, and 
expelled the English traders who had made their adventurous 
way into those recesses. 

The English, on their part, were not idle. A great trading 
company was formed, which, in return for certain grants of 
land, became bound to colonize the valley, to establish trading 



1 88 Young Folks History of America. 

relations with the Indians, and to maintain a competent mili- 
tary force. This was in the year 1749. In that age there 
was but one solution of such difficulties. Governments had 
not learned to reason. They could only fight. Early in 
I 75 1 both parties were actively preparing for war. That war 
went ill with France. When the sword was sheathed in 1 759, 
she had lost not only Ohio, but the whole of Canada. 

When the fighting began, it was conducted on the English 
side wholly by the colonists. Virginia raised a little army. 
Washington, then a lad of twenty-one, was offered the com- 
mand, so great was the confidence already felt in his capacity. 
It was war in miniature as yet. The object of Washington in 
the campaign was to reach a certain fort on the Ohio, and 
hold it as a barrier against French encroachment. He had 
his artillery to carry with him, and to render that possible he 
had to make a road through the wilderness. He struggled 
heroically with the difficulties of his position. But he could 
not advance at any better speed than two miles a day ; and 
he was not destined to reach the fort on the Ohio. After 
toiling on as he best might for six weeks, he learned that the 
French were seeking him with a force far outnumbering his. 
He halted, and hastily constructed a rude intrenchment, which 
he called Fort Necessity, because his men had nearly starved 
while they worked at it. He had three hundred Virginians 
with him, and some Indians. The Indians deserted so soon 
as occasion arose for their services. The French attack was 
not long withheld. Early one summer morning a sentinel 
came in bleeding from a French bullet. All that day the 
fight lasted. At night the French summoned Washington to 
surrender. The garrison were to march out with flag and 
drum, leaving only their artillery. Washington could do no 
better, and he surrendered. 

Thus ended the first campaign in the war which was to 
drive France from Ohio and Canada. Thus opened the 



1755- General Braddock's Campaign. 189 

military career of the man who was to drive England from 
the noblest of her colonial possessions. 

But now the English Government awoke to the necessity 
of vigorous measures to rescue the endangered valley of the 
Ohio. A campaign was planned which was to expel the 
French from Ohio, and wrest from them some portions of 
their Canadian territory. The execution of this great design 
was intrusted to General Braddock, with a force which it was 
deemed would overbear all resistance. Braddock was a vet- 
eran who had seen the wars of forty years. Among the fields 
on which he had gained his knowledge of war was Culloden, 
where he had borne a part in trampling out the rebelUon of 
the Scotch. He was a brave and experienced soldier, and a 
likely man, it was thought, to do the work assigned to him. 
But that proved a sad miscalculation. Braddock had learned 
the rules of war ; but he had no capacity to comprehend its 
principles. In the pathless forests of America he could do 
nothing better than strive to give literal effect to those maxims 
which he had found applicable in the well-trodden battle- 
grounds of Europe. 

The failure of Washington in his first campaign had not 
deprived him of public confidence. Braddock heard such 
accounts of his efficiency that he invited him to join his staff. 
Washington, eager to efface the memory of his defeat, gladly 
accepted the offer. 

The troops disembarked at Alexandria. The colonists, 
little used to the presence of regular soldiers, were greatly 
emboldened by their splendid aspect and faultless discipline, 
and felt that the hour of final triumph was at hand. After 
some delay, the army, with such reinforcements as the prov- 
ince aftbrded, began its march. Braddock's object was to 
reach Fort Duquesne, the great centre of French influence 
on the Ohio. It was this same fort of which Washington had 
endeavored so manfully to possess himself in his disastrous 
campaign of the previous year. 



1 90 Young Folks History of America. 

Fort Duquesne had been built by the EngUsh, and taken 
from them by the French. It stood at the confluence of the 
Alleghany and Monongahela ; which rivers, by their union at 
this point, form the Ohio. It was a rude piece of fortifica- 
tion, but the circumstances admitted of no better. The fort 
was built of the trunks of trees. Wooden huts for the soldiers 
surrounded it. A httle^space had been cleared in the forest, 
and a few patches of wheat and Indian corn grew luxuriantly 
in that rich soil. The unbroken forest stretched all around. 
Three years later the little fort was retaken by the English, 
and named Fort Pitt. Then in time it grew to be a town, 
and was called Pittsburg; and men found in its neighbor- 
hood boundless wealth of iron and of coal. To-day a great 
and fast-growing city stands Avhere, a century ago, the rug- 
ged fort and its cluster of huts were the sole occupants. 
The rivers, then so lonely, are ploughed by innumerable 
keels ; and the air is dark with the smoke of innumerable 
furnaces. The judgment of the sagacious EngUshmen who 
deemed this a locality which they would do well to get hold 
of has been amply borne out by the experience of posterity. 

Braddock had no doubt that the fort would yield to him 
directly he showed himself before it. Benjamin Frankhn 
looked at the project with his shrewd, cynical eye. He 
told Braddock that he would assuredly take the fort if he 
could only reach it ; but that the long slender line which his 
army must form in its march '^ would be cut like thread 
into several pieces " by the hostile Indians. Braddock 
" smiled at his ignorance." Benjamin offered no further 
opinion. It was his duty to collect horses and carriages for 
the use of the expedition, and he did what w^as required of 
him in silence. 

The expedition crept slowly forward, never achieving more 
than three or four miles in a day ; stopping, as Washington 
said, " to level every mole-hill, to erect a bridge over every 




DEATH OF GENERAL BRADDOCK. 



1755- Death of Braddock. 193 

brook." It left Alexandria on the 20th April. On the 9th July 
Braddock, with half his army, was near the fort. There was 
as yet no evidence that resistance was intended. No enemy 
had been seen. The troops marched on as to assured vic- 
tory. So confident was their chief, that he refused to employ 
scouts, and did not deign to inquire what enemy might be 
lurking near. 

The march was along a road twelve feet wide, in a ravine, 
with high ground in front and on both sides. Suddenly the 
Indian war-whoop burst from the woods. A murderous fire 
smote down the troops. The provincials, not unused to this 
description of warfare, sheltered themselves behind trees and 
fought with steady courage. Braddock, clinging to his old 
rules, strove to maintain his order of batde on the open 
ground. A carnage, most grim and lamentable, was the 
result. His undefended soldiers were shot down by an un- 
seen foe. For three hours the struggle lasted. Then the men 
broke and fled in utter rout and panic. Braddock, vainly 
fighting, fell mortally wounded. He was carried off the field 
by some of his soldiers. The poor pedantic man never got 
over his astonishment at a defeat so inconsistent with the 
established rules of war. 

"Who would have thought it?" he murmured, as they 
bore him from the field. 

He scarcely spoke again, and died in two or three days. 
Nearly eight hundred men, killed and wounded, were lost in 
this disastrous encounter, — about one-half of the entire force 
engaged. 

All the while England and France were nominally at peace. 
But now war was declared. The other European powers fell 
into their accustomed places in the strife, and the flames of 
war spread far and wide. On land and on sea the European 
people strove to shed blood and destroy property, and thus 
produce human misery to the largest possible extent. At the 



194 Young Folks History of Amej'ica. 

outset every fight brought defeat and shame to England. Eng- 
lish armies under incapable leaders were sent out to America 
and ignominiously routed by the French. On the continent 
of Europe the uniform course of disaster was scarcely broken 
by a single victory. Even at sea, England seemed to have 
fallen from her high estate, and her fleets were turned back 
from the presence of an enemy. 

The rage of the people knew no bounds. The admiral who 
had not fought the enemy when he should have done so was 
hanged. The Prime Minister began to tremble for his neck. 
One or two disasters more, and the public indignation might 
demand a greater victim than an unfortunate admiral. The 
Ministry resigned, and William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chat- 
ham, came into power. 

Then, all at once, the scene changed, and there began 
a career of triumph more brilliant than even England had 
ever known. The French fleets were destroyed. French 
possessions all over the world were seized. French armies 
were defeated. Every post brought news of victory. For 
once the English people, greedy as they are of military glory, 
were satisfied. 

One of the most splendid successes of Pitt's administra- 
tion was gained in America. The colonists had begun to 
lose respect for the English army and the English govern- 
ment. But Pitt quickly regained their confidence. They 
raised an army of 50,000 men to help his schemes for the ex- 
tinction of French power. A strong English force was sent 
out, and a formidable invasion of Canada was organized. 

Most prominent among the strong points held by the 
French was the city of Quebec. Thither in the month of 
June came a powerful English fleet, with an army under the 
command of General Wolfe. Captain James Cook, the famous 
navigator, who discovered so many of the sunny islands 
of the Pacific, was master of one of the ships. Quebec stands 




FRENCH AND ENGLISH NAVAL CONFLICT. I95 



1759- J^J^e Death of Wolfe. 197 

upon a peninsula formed by the junction of the St. Charles 
and the St. Lawrence Rivers. The lower town was upon the 
beach. The upper was on the cliffs, which at that point rise 
precipitously to a height of two hundred feet. Wolfe tried 
the effect of a bombardment. He laid the lower town in 
ruins very easily, but the upper town was too remote from his 
batteries to sustain much injury. It seemed as if the enter- 
prise would prove too much for the English, and the sensitive 
Wolfe was thrown by disappointment and anxiety into a vio- 
lent fever. But he was not the man to be baffled. The 
shore for miles above the town was carefully searched. An 
opening was found whence a path wound up the cliff. Here 
Wolfe would land his men, and lead them to the Heights of 
Abraham. Once there, they would defeat the French and take 
Quebec, or die where they stood. 

On a starlight night in September the soldiers were em- 
barked in boats which dropped down the river to the chosen 
landing-place. As the boat which carried Wolfe floated 
silently down, he recited to his officers Gray's '•' Eleg}^ in a 
Country Churchyard," then newly received from England ; 
and he exclaimed at its close, " I would rather be the author 
of that poem than take Quebec to-morrow." He was a 
man of feeble bodily frame, but he wielded the power which 
genius in its higher forms confers. Amid the excitements 
of impending battle he could walk, with the old dehght, 
in the quiet paths of literature. 

The soldiers landed, and clambered as they best might up the 
rugged pathway. All through the night armed men stepped 
silentl}- from the boats and silently scaled those formidable 
cHffs. The sailors contrived to drag up a few guns. When 
morning came, the whole army stood upon the Heights of 
Abraham ready for the battle. 

^Montcalm, the French commander, was so utterly taken by 
surprise that he refused at first to beheve the presence of the 



198 



You Jig Folks History of America. 



English army. He lost no time in marching forth to meet 
his unexpected assailants. The conflict was fierce but not 
prolonged. The French were soon defeated and put to fliglit. 
Quebec surrendered. But Montcalm did not make that sur- 










MONTCALM. 



render, nor did Wolfe receive it. Both generals fell in the 
batde. Wolfe died happy that the victory was gained. In his 
last moments he heard the cry, — 

" They fly ! they fly ! " 

"Who fly?" he asked. 




DEATH OF WOLFE 



1759- T^^^ Death of Wolfe. 201 

'*The French," was the answer. 

**Then I die content." 

This battle had a most important bearing on the destiny 
of America. By it the English rule was established in 
America, and Canada became an English possession. 

France did not quietly accept her defeat. Next year 
she made an attempt to regain Quebec. It was all in vain. 
In due time the success of the English resulted in a treaty 
of peace, under which France ceded to England all her 
claims upon Canada. Spain at the same time relinquished 
Florida. England had now undisputed possession of the 
Western Continent, from the region of perpetual winter to 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

The vision of Robinson is now fulfilling. "New light 
is breaking forth from the Word." The birthright of 
man to freedom of conscience has been won ; the liberty 
of the colonies to govern themselves by a free vote is the 
next step. Samuel Adams is the new prophet, he who 
said to the agent of General Gage, who offered him titles 
and emolument, and told him that the time had come for 
him to submit to the King : "I have long ago made my 
peace with the King of Kings, and no power on earth 
shall make me recreant to my duties to my country ! ' ' 



CHAPTER X. 

THE EVE OF REVOLUTION. 

A CENTURY and a half had now passed since the first 
colony had been planted on American soil. The colonists 
were fast ripening into fitness for independence. They had 
increased with marvellous rapidity. Europe never ceased 
to send forth her superfluous and needy thousands. Amer- 
ica opened wide her hospitable doors, and gave assurance 
of liberty and comfort to all who came. The thirteen colo- 
nies now contained a population of about three millions. 

Up to the year 1764, the Americans cherished a deep 
reverence and affection for the mother country. They were 
proud of her great place among the nations. They gloried 
in the splendor of her military achievements. They copied 
her manners and her fashions. She was in all things their 
model. They always spoke of England as " home." To 
be an Old England man was to be a person of rank and 
importance among them. They yielded a loving obedience 
to her laws. They were governed, as Benjamin Franklin 
stated it, at the expense of simple pen and ink. When 
money was asked from their Assemblies, it was given with- 
out grudge. "They were led by a thread," such was their 
love for the land which gave them birth. 

Ten or twelve years passed. A marvellous change 
came over the temper of the American people. They 
bound themselves by great oaths to use no article of 
English manufacture, to engage in no transaction which 



^ 



1764. The Eve of Revolution. 203 

would put a shilling into any English pocket. They formed 
"the inconvenient habit of carting," that is, of tarring and 
feathering and dragging through the streets, such persons 
as 'avowed friendship for the English government. They 
burned the Acts of the English Parliament by the hands 
of the common hangman. They killed the king's soldiers. 
They refused every amicable proposal. They cast from 
them for ever the king's authority. They engendered a 
dislike to the English name, of which some traces lingered 
among them for generations. 

By what unhallowed magic was this change wrought 
so swiftly ? By what process, in so few years, were three 
millions of people taught to abhor the country they so 
loved .'* 

The ignorance and iolly of the English government 
wrought this evil. But there is little cause for regret. 
Under the fuller knowledge of our modern time, colonies 
are allowed to discontinue their connection with the mother 
country when it is their wish to do so. Better had America 
gone in peace. But better to go, even in wrath and blood- 
shed, than continue in paralyzing dependence upon England. 

For many years England had governed her American 
colonies harshly, and in a spirit of undisguised selfishness. 
America was ruled, not for her own good, but for the good 
of English commerce. She was not allowed to export her 
products except to England. No foreign ship might enter 
her ports. Woollen goods were not allowed to be sent 
from one colony to another. At one time the manufacture 
of hats was forbidden. In a liberal mood Parliament re- 
moved that prohibition, but decreed that no maker of hats 
should employ any negro Vv^orkman, or any larger number 
of apprentices than two. Iron-works were forbidden. Up 
to the latest hour of English rule the Bible was not allowed 
to be printed in America. 



204 Young Folks History of America. 

The Americans had long. borne the cost of their own 
government and defence. But in that age of small revenue 
and profuse expenditure on unmeaning continental wars, 
it had been often suggested that America should be taxed 
for the purposes of the home government. Some one pro- 
posed that to Sir Robert Walpole in a time of need. The 
wise Sir Robert shook his head. It must be a bolder man 
than he was who would attempt that. A man bolder, be- 
cause less wise, was found in due time. 

The Seven Years' War had ended, and England had 
added a hundred millions to her national debt. The coun- 
try was suffering, as countries always do after great wars, 
and it was no easy matter to fit the new burdens on to the 
national shoulder. The hungry eye of Lord Grenville 
searched where a new tax might be laid. The Americans 
had begun visibly to prosper. Already their growing wealth 
was the theme of envious discourse among English mer- 
chants. The English officers who had fought in America 
spoke in glowing terms of the magnificent hospitality which 
had been extended to them. No more need be said. The 
House of Commons passed a resolution asserting their right 
to tax the Americans. No solitary voice was raised against 
this fatal resolution. Immediately after, an Act was passed 
imposing certain taxes upon silks, coffee, sugar, and other 
articles. The Americans remonstrated. They were willing, 
they said, to vote what moneys the king required of them, 
but they vehemently denied the right of any Assembly in 
which they were not represented to take from them any 
portion of their property. They were the subjects of the 
king, but they owed no obedience to the English Parlia- 
ment. Lord Grenville went on his course. He had been 
told the Americans would complain but submit, and he be- 
lieved it. Next session an Act was passed imposing Stamp 
Duties on America. The measure awakened no interest 



ly^S- The Eve of Revolution. 205 

Edmund Burke said he had never been present at a more 
languid debate. In the House of Lords there was no 
debate at all. With so little trouble was a continent rent 
away from the British empire. 

Benjamin Franklin told the House of Commons that 
America would never submit to the Stamp Act, and that 
no power on earth could enforce it. The Americans made 
it impossible for Government to mistake their sentimicnts. 
Riots, which swelled from day to day into dimensions more 
"enormous and alarming," burst forth in the Xew England 
States. Everywhere the stamp distributors were compelled 
to resign their ofhces. One unfortunate man was led forth 
to Boston Common, and made to sign his resignation in 
presence of a vast crowd. Another, in precarious health, 
was visited in his sick-room, and obliged to pledge that if 
he lived he would resign. A universal resolution was made 
that no English goods would be imported till the Stamp 
Act was repealed. The colonists would " eat nothing, 
drink nothing, wear nothing that comes from England," 
while this great injustice endured. The Act was to come 
into force on the ist of November. That day the bells 
rang out funereal peals, and the colonists wore the aspect 
of men on whom some heavy calamity has fallen. But the 
Act never came into force. Not one of Lord Grenville's 
stamps was ever bought or sold in America. Some of the 
stamped paper was burned by the mob. The rest was hid- 
den away to save it from the same fate. AVithout stamps, 
marriages were' null ; mercantile transactions ceased to be 
binding; suits at law were impossible. Nevertheless, the 
business of human Hfe went on. ]vlen married ; they 
bought ; they sold ; they went to law, — illegall}-, because 
without stamps. But no harm came of it. 

England heard with amazement that America refused to 
obev the law. There were some who demanded that the 



206 



Young Folks' History of America. 



Stamp Act should be enforced by the sword. But it greatly 
moved the English merchants that America should cease 
to import their goods. William Pitt — not yet Earl of Chat- 
ham — denounced the Act, and said he was glad America 
had resisted. Pitt and the merchants triumphed, and the Act 







WILLIAM PITT — EARL OF CHATHAM. 



was repealed. There was illumination in the city that nig\it. 
The city bells rang for joy. The ships in the Thames dis- 
played all their colors. The saddest heart in all London was 
that of poor King George, who never ceased to lament- " the 
fatal repeal of the Stamp Act." 



T766. The Eve of Revolution. 207 

It was during the agitation arising out of the Stamp Act 
that the idea of a General Congress of the States was sug- 
gested. A loud cry for union had arisen. "Join or die," was 
the prevailing sentiment. The Congress met in New York. 
It did litde more than discuss and petidon. It is interesting 
merely as one of the first exhibitions of a tendency towards 
federal union in a country whose destiny, in all coming time, 
this tendency was to fix. 

The repeal of the Stamp Act delayed only for a little the 
fast-coming crisis. A new Ministry was formed, with the Earl 
of Chatham at its head. But soon the great earl lay sick 
and helpless, and the burden of government rested on in- 
capable shoulders. Charles Townshend, a clever, captivat- 
ing, but most indiscreet man, became the virtual Prime 
Minister. The feeling in the public mind had now become 
more unfavorable to America. Townshend proposed to levy 
a variety of taxes from the Americans. The most famous of 
his taxes was one of threepence per pound on tea. All his 
proposals became law. 

This time the more thoughtful Americans began to despair 
of justice. The boldest scarcely ventured yet to suggest 
revolt against England, so powerful and so loved. But the 
grand final refuge of independence was silently brooded over 
by many. The mob fell back on their customary solution. 
Great riots occurred. . To quell these disorders, English troops 
encamped on Boston Common. The town swarmed with red- 
coated men, every one of whom was a humiliation. Their 
drums beat on the Sabbath, and troubled the orderly men of 
Boston even in church. At intervals fresh transports dropped 
in, bearing additional soldiers, till a great force occupied 
the town. The galled citizens could ill brook to be thus 
bridled. The ministers prayed to Heaven for deliverance 
from the presence of the soldiers. The General Court of 
Massachusetts called vehemently on the Governor to remove 



2o8 Yoimg Folks History of America. 

them. The Governor had no powers in that matter. He 
called upon the Court to make suitable provision for the 
king's troops, — a request which it gave the Court infinite 
pleasure to refuse. 

The universal irritation broke forth in frequent brawls 
between soldiers and people. One wintry moonlight night 
in March, when snow and ice lay about the streets of Boston, 
a more than usually determined attack was made upon a 
party of soldiers. The mob thought the soldiers dared not 
fire without the order of a magistrate, and were very bold in 
the strength of that belief. It proved a mistake. The sol- 
diers did fire, and the blood of eleven slain or wounded 
persons stained the frozen streets. This was " the Boston 
Massacre," which greatly inflamed the patriot antipathy to 
the mother country. 

One day ships destined for Boston loaded with taxed tea 
show their tall masts in the bay. The citizens run together 
to hold council. It is Sunday, and the men of Boston are 
strict. But here is an exigency, in presence of which all 
ordinary rules are suspended. The crisis has come at length. 
If that tea is landed it will be sold; it will be used; and 
American liberty will become a b3^word upon the earth. 

Samuel Adams was the true king in Boston at that time. 
He was a man in middle life, of cultivated mind and stainless 
reputation, a powerful speaker and writer, a man in whose 
sagacity and moderation all men trusted. He resembled the 
old Puritans in his stern love of liberty, his reverence for the 
Sabbath, his sincere, if somewhat formal, obsei-vance of all 
religious ordinances. He was among the first to see that 
there was no resting-place in this struggle short of indepen- 
dence. " We are free," he said, " and want no king." The 
men of Boston felt the power of his resolute spirit, and man- 
fully followed where Samuel Adams led. 

It was hoped that the agents of the East India Company 



1773- Destruction of Tea. 21 1 

would have consented to send the ships home. But the 
agents refused. Several days of excitement and. ineffectual 
negotiation ensued. People flocked in from the neighboring 
towns. The time was spent mainly in public meeting. The 
city resounded with impassioned discourse. But meanwhile 
the ships lay peacefully at their moorings, and the tide of 
patriot talk seemed to flow in vain. Other measures were 
visibly necessary. One day a meeting was held, and the ex- 
cited people continued in hot debate till the shades of evening 
fell. No progress was made. At length Samuel Adams 
stood up in the dimly lighted church, and announced, " This 
meeting can do nothing more to save the country." With a 
stern shout the meeting broke up. Fifty men disguised as 
Indians hurried down to the wharf, each man with a hatchet 
in his hand. The crowd followed. The ships were boarded ; 
the chests of tea were brought on deck, broken up, and 
flung into the bay. The approving citizens looked on in 
silence. It was felt by all that the step was grave and event- 
ful in the highest degree. So still was the crowd that no 
sound was heard but the stroke of the hatchet and the splash 
of the shattered chests as they fell into the sea. All ques- 
tions about the disposal of those cargoes of tea at all events 
are now solved. 

This is what America did. It was for England to make 
the next move. Lord North was now at the head of the 
British government. It was his lordship's belief that the 
troubles in America sprang from a small number of ambitious 
persons, and could easily, by proper firmness, be suppressed. 
"The Americans will be lions while we are lambs," said Gen- 
eral Gage. The king believed this. Lord North believed it. 
In this deep ignorance he proceeded to deal with the great 
emergency. He closed Boston as a port for the landing and 
shipping of goods. He imposed a fine to indemnify the East 
India Company for their lost teas. He withdrew the charter 



/ 



212 Young Folks History of America. 

of Massachusetts. He authorized the Governor to send polit- 
ical offenders to England for trial. Great voices were raised 
against these severities. Lord Chatham, old in constitution 
now, if not in years, and near the close of his career, pleaded 
for measures of conciliation. Edmund Burke justified the 
resistance of the Americans. Their opposition was fruitless : 
all Lord North's measures of repression became law; and 
General Gage, with an additional force of soldiers, was sent 
to Boston to carry them into effect. 

Gage was an authority on American affairs. He had fought 
under Braddock. Among blind men the one-eyed man 
is king. Among the profoundly ignorant the man with a 
little knowledge is irresistibly persuasive. " Four regiments 
sent to Boston," said the hopeful Gage, " will prevent any 
disturbance." He was believed; but, unhappily for his own 
comfort, he was sent to Boston to secure the fulfilment of his 
own prophecy. He threw up some fortifications and lay as in 
a hostile city. The Americans appointed a day of fasting and 
humiliation. They did more. They formed themselves into 
military companies. They occupied themselves with drill. 
They laid up stores of ammunition. Most of them had mus- 
kets, and could use them. He who had no musket now got 
one. They hoped that civil war would be averted, but there 
was no harm in being ready. 

While General Gage was throwing up his fortifications at 
Boston, there met at Philadelphia a Congress of delegates, 
sent by the States, to confer in regard to the troubles which 
were thickening round them. Twelve States were represented. 
Georgia as yet paused timidly on the brink of the perilous 
enterprise. They were notable men who met there, and their 
work is held in enduring honor, " For genuine sagacity, for 
singular moderation, for solid wisdom," said the great Earl of 
Chatham, " the Congress of Philadelphia shines unrivalled." 
The low-roofed, quaint old room in which their meetings were 




DESTRUCTION OF TEA, 



213 



1774- Congress at Philadelphia. 215 

held became one of the shrines which Americans deHght to 
visit. George Washington was there, and his massive sense 
and copious knowledge were a supreme guiding power. 
Patrick Henry, then a young man, brought to the council 
a wisdom beyond his years, and a fiery eloquence, which, to 
some of his hearers, seemed almost more than human. He 
had already proved his unfitness for farming and for shop- 
keeping. He was now to prove that he could utter words 
which swept over a continent, thrilling men's hearts like the 
voice of the trumpet, and rousing them to heroic deeds, 
John Routledge from South Carolina aided him with an elo- 
quence little inferior to his own. Richard Henry Lee, with 
his Roman aspect, his bewitching voice, his ripe scholarship, 
his rich stores of historical and political knowledge, would 
have graced the highest assemblies of the Old World. John 
Dickenson, the wise farmer from the banks of the Delaware, 
whose Letters had done so much to form the public senti- 
ment, — his enthusiastic love of England overborne by his 
sense of wrong, — took regretful but resolute part in with- 
standing the tyranny of the Enghsh government. 

We have the assurance of Washington that the members 
of this Congress did not aim at independence. As yet it was 
their wish to have wrongs redressed and to continue British 
subjects. Their proceedings give ample evidence of this 
desire. They drew up a narrative of their wrongs. As a 
means of obtaining redress, they adopted a resolution that all 
commercial intercourse with Britain should cease. They 
addressed the king, imploring his majesty to remove those 
grievances which endangered their relations with him. They 
addressed the people of Great Britain, with whom, they said, 
they deemed a union as their greatest glory and happiness ; 
adding, however, that they would not be hewers of wood and 
drawers of water to any nation in the world. They appealed 
to their brother colonists of Canada for support in their 



2i6 Young Folks History of America. 

peaceful resistance to oppression. But Canada, newly con- 
quered from France, was peopled almost wholly by French- 
men. A Frenchman at that time was contented to enjoy 
such an amount of liberty and property as his king was 
pleased to permit. And so from Canada there came no 
response of sympathy or help. 

Here Congress paused. Some members beheved, with 
Washington, that their remonstrances would be effectual. 
Others, less sanguine, looked for no settlem_ent but that which 
the sword might bring. They adjourned, to meet again in 
May. This was enough for the time. What further steps 
the new events of that coming summer might call for, they 
would be prepared, with God's help, to take. 

England showed no relenting in her treatment of the 
Americans. The king gave no reply to the address of Con- 
gress. The Houses of Lords and of Commons refused even 
to allow that address to be read in their hearing. The king 
announced his firm purpose to reduce the refractory colonists 
to obedience. Parliament gave loyal assurances of support 
to the blinded monarch. All trade with the colonies was 
forbidden. All American ships and cargoes might be seized 
by those who were strong enough to do so. The alternative 
presented to the American choice was without disguise. The 
Americans had to fight for their liberty, or forego it. The 
people of England had, in those days, no control over the 
government of their country. All this was managed for them 
by a few great families. Their allotted part was to toil hard, 
pay their taxes, and be silent. If they had been permitted to 
speak, their voice would have vindicated the men who asserted 
the right of self-government, — a right which Englishmen 
themselves were not to enjoy for many a long year. 

General Gage had learned that considerable stores of am- 
munition were collected at the village of Concord, eighteen 
miles from Boston. He would seize them in the king's 



1775- The Story of Lexington and Concord. 21"/ 

name. Late one April night eight hundred soldiers set out, 
on this errand. They hoped their coming would be unex- 
pected, as care had been taken to prevent the tidings from 
being carried out of Boston. But as they marched, the clang 
of bells and the firing of guns gave warning far and near of 
their approach. In the early morning they reached Lex- 
ington. 

THE STORY OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD. 

A day or two before the eventful 19th of April, 1775, 
General Gage began preparations for a military expedition. 
Boats from a ship-of-war were launched to carry the troops 
across the Charles River, The movement was observed 
by the patriots. Companies of soldiers were massed on 
Boston Common^ under pretence of learning a new mili- 
tary exercise. 

Doctor, afterwards General, Warren, who fell at Bunker 
Hill, at once sent Paul Revere, an energetic patriot of 
Boston, to arouse the country. He was to notify Han- 
cock and Adams, who were at Lexington, and to warn the 
people of Concord that the troops were coming to destroy 
the military stores collected there. Warren had been 
informed of the object of the expedition. 

Revere only waited to ask a friend to hang out two lan- 
terns in the steeple of the North Meeting-house, as a signal 
to notify watchers on the other side of the river when the 
troops were in motion, and then rowed across the stream to 
Charlestown. He was not a moment too soon. General 
Gage heard that his plans were discovered. Orders were 
at once given that no person should be allowed to leave 
Boston. Had these orders been given five minutes sooner, 
the whole course of the Revolution might have been 
changed. As it was. Revere reached the other side in 
safety. He galloped on horseback through the towns, 



2i8 Young Folks History of America. 

calling up the people in every house. He reached Lex- 
ington. Hancock and Adams were warned. Still pressing 
on, he was captured by a party of British officers, but not 




THE SIGNAL LANTERNS. 



before he had communicated his news to a friend, who car- 
ried it on to Concord 

Meanwhile the troops had embarked at the foot of Bos- 




PAUL REVERF.'s RID 



1775- The Battle of Lexington. 221 

ton Common, — which is now solid ground, — crossed 
the Charles, and landed in Cambridge. By marching all 
night, they reached Lexington just as day was breaking. 
The militia of that town had been called out at one o'clock 
in the morning by the ringing of the church bell, and had 
been dismissed until they should be called together again 
by the beat of the drum on the appearance of the British 
troops. 

At length a messenger who had been sent out to watch 
for the coming of the troops galloped back with news of 
their arrival. The drum was quickly beaten. Sixty or sev- 
enty farmers took their places in the ranks, to meet a force 
of more than ten times as many regular soldiers. 

It was a chilly spring morning, just before sunrise, when 
the British force marched upon Lexington Common. The 
act and attitude of the little band of farmers opposed to 
this force made them as grand a type of patriotism and 
bravery as the world has ever witnessed. 

On two points the patriots were determined. They 
were ready to die for their country. Their captain, John 
Parker, had given the strictest orders that they should not 
be the first to fire. Yet the orders were hardly necessary. 
Major Pitcairn rode upon the Common, and shouting with 
an oath to the" villains " and " rebels," as he called them, 
to disperse, almost instantly ordered his soldiers to fire, 
and he set the example. 

It was murder. The captain of the Lexington company 
had determined to disperse his men, and when the firing 
began they retreated quickly. But they left eleven of their 
comrades dead, and nine were wounded, — fully one- 
quarter of all who had rallied at the sound of the drum. 
The British fire was returned by only a few of the wounded 
Americans. No English blood was shed. But the hostil- 
ities had begun. It was no battle, and yet Samuel Adams, 



222 Young Folks History of Amejdca. 

who heard from a distance the firing which announced to 
him the opening of a conflict for which he had long been 
looking, and from which his soul did not flinch, exclaimed, 
" Oh, what a glorious morning this is ! " 

The regulars knew that the whole country was rising in 
arms. They foresaw that if they were to accomplish the 
object of their expedition, — to destroy the stores at Con- 
cord, — they must press on. Accordingly, they only stopped 
to cheer loudly over their easy victory over threescore 
farmers who had not attacked them, and resumed their 
march. Concord is six miles from Lexington, but so quickly 
did the troops move that it was only seven o'clock in the 
morning when they reached the town. 

They were too late, however. The alarm had been 
given hours before. The inhabitants of the town, with 
strong hands and willing hearts, had made the expedi- 
tion fruitless. The military stores had been mostl}^ re- 
moved, scattered, and concealed. Something remained 
for the British to destroy, but by no means enough to 
pay for the hard march and the uselessly shed blood. 

Meantime, the neighboring towns were aroused. Their 
companies of militia and minute-men came pouring in from 
all the country around. Their numbers were still too few 
to attack the troops. Indeed, at that time there was little 
intention of attacking them. They had first assembled 
near the liberty-pole in the village of Concord ; but, when 
they saw that they were outnumbered four to one, they 
withdrew to a hill on the other side of Concord River, 
about a mile from the centre of the town. 

Meanwhile, several parties of British, soldiers were sent 
out to search for the concealed supplies. One went over 
the south bridge, and another over the north bridge. As 
the Provincial soldiers were in full view from the north 
bridge, a half of the latter detachment, about a hundred in 



> 



1775- 



TJie Battle of Cojicoi^d. 



225 



all, were left to guard the bridge while the rest went 
forward. 

The battle was fought by accident. From the hill where 
they watched the regulars, the Concord men saw their 
bridge held against them. Worse yet, smoke could be 
seen rising in the neighborhood of their homes. What 
could they do but march to the rescue of their wives and 
children and property? There was a short consultation. 
Then Colonel Barrett, whose house the north-bridge detach- 
ment had gone to search, gave the order to advance. 




BRITISH AT COLONEL BARRETT'S. 



" I haven't a man that is afraid to go," said Isaac 
Davis, captain of the company from Acton ; and, drawing 
his sword, he called out, " March ! " 

The farmer-soldiers fell into line, and marched bravely 
and confidently down the hill and into the road that led to 
the bridge. The order given at Lexington was repeated 
here. Not a shot was to be fired unless the regulars attacked 

15 



226 



Young Folks Histoiy of America. 



them. The British had heard the command to advance. 
They saw the men marching towards them, and began 




ROADS AND HISTORIC LOCALITIES OF CONCORD, MA6S. 

quickly to tear up the planks of the bridge. On this the 
Americans quickened their steps. Then the British fired, — 



> 



1775- The Battle of Concord. . 229 

at first one or two shots. No one was hurt. Then a few 
more, by which two men were wounded ; then a volley, and 
two of the patriots fell dead. 

" Fire, fellow-soldiers ! For God's sake, fire ! " shouted 
Major John Buttrick, of Concord, leaping in the air, and 
turning round to his men. The American Revolution was 
begun. Two British soldiers were killed, and several more 
were wounded. Again the regulars had fired first. This 
time the fire had been returned. Blood had been shed by 
men in armed rebellion against the mother country of 
Great Britain. 

This was the battle of Concord. It was as short as the 
battle of Lexington, — not more than two minutes from the 
first shot to the last. The Americans had attacked and 
taken the bridge. The guarding party had retreated in 
disorder toward the town. 

When the British forces had been gathered in the town 
once more, their ofiicers were much perplexed. They knew 
they must retreat, and the sooner the better. They were sure 
they would be attacked, and had no means of knowing by 
how many men, or in what way. Delay only increased the 
danger. 

As quickly as possible the march toward Lexington and 
Boston was begun. It was now about noon. The winter 
had been the mildest ever known in New England, and the 
spring the earliest. The day had become intensely hot ; 
the sun poured his rays fiercely down on the alarmed and 
retreating battalion of troops. The Americans had inter- 
cepted the provision train sent out from Boston to supply 
them with food. They had only what they could plunder 
from the people on the road. But this was not the worst 
feature of their situation. 

The minute-men, without orders from their ofiicers, and 
each acting on his own account, had run across the country, 



230 



Young Folks History of America. 



and they lay in ambush behind the trees and the walls along 
the road. They fired at the British from their safe hiding- 
places, and when the column had passed them, they hur- 
ried along by a circuitous route and found other retreats 
from which to wage their terrible and harassing war. As 
some of these men grew tired, others came in from the 
neighboring country to take their places. So the fight 
went on. 

At first the trained soldiery marched in order. Their 




FIGHT AT MERRIAM'S CORNER, 



comrades were falling at their sides, but it was more 
dangerous to stop than to go on. Soon they became so 
exhausted and alarmed, for their ammunition was nearly 
used up, that they began to run in wild disorder. Their 
officers were obliged to threaten the soldiers with death to 
compel them to form the lines again. 

It was about two o'clock in the afternoon. The de- 
moralized troops were within a mile of the place where 
they had murdered the people of Lexington in the morn- 
ing. Here they were met by the flower of the British 



1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act. 231 

army, that had been sent for their succor from Boston. 
These troops were under Lord Percy, and were twelve 
hundred strong, with two field-pieces. They were not a 
moment too soon. Lord Percy formed a hollow square to 
receive the fugitives, who, as a British writer of the time 
said, lay down to rest, " their tongues hanging out of their 
mouths like those of a dog after a chase." 

Even when the regulars were thus reinforced, their posi- 
tion was very perilous. Their enemies were increasing in 
numbers every moment. In a short time the troops would 
certainly be cut off and overwhelmed unless they moved at 
once. The march was resumed, and the fighting began 
again. More men came up to help the patriots, who had 
become weary with their long, irregular march and hard 
work. It was seven o'clock in the evening when the British 
force reached Charlestown. Protected by the guns of the 
ship-of-war in the harbor, they took to their boats and were 
ferried across to Boston. 

The losses of the British were seventy-three killed, one 
hundred and seventy-two wounded, and twenty-six missing ; 
while the Americans lost forty-nine killed, thirty-six 
wounded, and five missing. The loss of the regulars in 
officers was very heavy. 

We will close this long chapter with another story, which 
we give to illustrate the spirit of the colonists during the 
trying times immediately preceding the outbreak of hos- 
tilities. 

THE GERMAN BOY's FUNERAL. 

In the middle of May, 1766, the news of the repeal of 
the Stamp Act was received in Boston. The town then 
numbered some twenty thousand people. The fate of the 
bill for the repeal of the Stamp Act had been for weeks 
almost the only subject of discussion. Upon it, the pa- 
triots felt, rested the destiny of the colonies. 



232 



Young Folks History of America. 



Men scanned the blue line of Boston Harbor, to see the 
white sails rise from the sea, and rushed to the wharves to 
receive the first intelligence from London. At lengthy on 
May 1 6, a lovely vernal day, a brigantine flying the Eng- 
lish flag was seen beyond the green islands of the bay, and 

soon entered the 
inner harbor. 
She was met at 
the wharf by a 
crowd, restless 
and impatient 
with anxiety. 

An hour later 
the bells of the 
town began to 
ring ; the long- 
idle ships in the 
harbor shot their 
ensigns into the 
warm May air ; 
the booming of 
cannon startled 
the people of 
the neighboring 
towns, and, as 
evening came on, 
great bonfires on 
Beacon Hill blazed upon the sea. From lip to lip passed 
the single expression of joy and relief, " The Stamp Act 
is repealed ! " 

A few days later witnessed a more remarkable scene, — 
a public holiday to give expression to the joy. At one 
o'clock in the morning the bell of Doctor Byles's church, 
standing near the Liberty Tree, where the colonists used to 




CHRIST CHURCH, THE OLD NORTH MEETING-HOUSE. 



I770. Ladies Deny Themselves Tea, 233 

meet, gave the signal for the beginning of the festival. It 
was followed by the melodious chimes of Christ Church, 
at the North End, and then by all the bells of the town. 

The first shimmering light and rosy tinges of the May 
morning found Mollis Street steeple fluttering with gay 
banners, and the Liberty Tree displaying among its new 
leaves an unexampled glory of bunting and flags. 

The festivities lasted until midnight. At night an obe- 
lisk which had been erected on the Common in honor of 
the occasion was illuminated with two hundred and eighty 
lamps, and displayed upon its top a revolving wheel of fire, 
as the crowning triumph of pyrotechny. The Hancock 
House was a blaze of light, and Province House was in 
its vice-regal glory. 

But though the Stamp Act was repealed, the British 
Government continued to tax the colonies, and the sudden 
sunshine of joy soon was overcast, and the storm gathered 
again. 

The article upon which the Crown made the most per- 
sistent attempt to raise a revenue was tea. The tax was a 
small matter, of itself; but if the right to tax one article 
was admitted, the right to tax all articles was acknowledged. 

As the excise officers of Great Britain held control of 
the ports, and in some cities were supported by soldiery, 
no tea could be obtained without paying the tax. The 
people therefore resolved that they would neither use, sell, 
nor buy an ounce of tea upon which this unjust tax had 
been paid. 

In February, 1770, the mistresses of three hundred fam- 
ilies in Boston signed their names to a league, by which 
they bound themselves not to drink any tea until the ob- 
noxious revenue act was repealed. 

Of course the young ladies were as ready to deny them- 
selves the use of this fashionable beveracre as were their 



234 Young Folks History of America. 

mothers ; and only a few days later a great multitude ot 
misses, pretty and patriotic, signed a document headed 
with these words : — 

*' We, the daughters of those patriots who have and do 
now appear for the public interest, and in that principally 
regard their posterity, — as such do with pleasure engage 
with them in denying ourselves the drinking of foreign tea, 
in hopes to frustrate the plan which tends to deprive a 
whole community of all that is valuable in life." 

Yet in Boston were five traders who refused to be con- 
trolled by the non-importation agreements of their fellow- 
countrymen, but continued to import and sell taxed tea. 

Among them was one Theophilus Lillie. 

The patriotic spirit was shared by the boys as well as by 
the misses. On the 22d of February, 1770, "some boys 
and children," says an old record, " set up a large wooden 
head, with a board faced with paper, on which were painted 
the figures of four of the importers who had violated the 
merchants' agreement, in the middle of the street, before 
Theophilus Lillie's door." 

The figure was so placed that its dexter finger pointed 
at Lillie's store. The merchant must have been greatly 
annoyed. One of his friends, an officer of the king, termed 
an " informer," soon saw the figure ; and he, too, was quite 
in a rage. 

Seeing a farmer passing in the street, he tried to per- 
suade him to drive his cart against the image, but the 
shrewd old patriot was too well pleased with its purpose to 
meddle with it. A man with a charcoal-cart was next im- 
portuned to break down this effigy, but he, too, refused. 

A crowd of people soon gathered at the point, and the 
informer, seeing that they were becoming incensed at his 
attempts to destroy the image, retreated in great vexation 
to his own house, followed by numerous men and bojs. 



1766. The Gennan Boys Funeral . 235 

On the way he cried, " Perjury ! perjury ! " in a signifi- 
cant manner to several citizens whom he passed, meaning 
that they violated their oaths to support the Crown. Such 
insulting address produced vituperation in return. 

Some of the boys, excited by the violent language, very 
wrongly threw sticks, stones, and other missiles at the 
informer, until he shut himself up in his house. 

Enraged beyond the control of prudence, he was not 
satisfied with personal safety, but foolishly determined to 
be revenged. He came to the window with a gun, and 
without waiting for the people to go away, discharged it, 
point blank, into the crowd. 

Two boys were hit, one being wounded slightly, the 
other mortally. 

Little Christopher Snyder, a German boy, eleven years 
of age, was in this crowd. He had lingered to laugh at 
the image, and when the informer retired, he followed 
with the rest to see what might happen. 

He was struck by one of the random shots, and was mor- 
tally wounded. Yet we have no evidence that he took any 
part in the disturbance other than being present and look- 
ing on. 

The funeral of the lad was made the occasion of a great 
popular demonstration, in marked contrast with that which 
had followed the reception of the news of the repeal of the 
Stamp Act. 

The colonists were accustomed to hold nearly all patri- 
otic assemblies under that giant relic of the old-time forests 
called the Liberty Tree. 

Here, after the passage of the Stamp Act, Lord Bute and 
other obnoxious statesmen had been hung in effigy. Here 
the patriots consulted when the British troops in their gay 
uniforms came marching into the town, and held it by the 
glitter of the bayonet in the streets. 



236 



Young Folks' History of America. 



It was here that Ihe principal ceremonies of young Sny- 
der's funeral were appointed to take place. 

It was the 26th of February. The religious services of 
the funeral were said at the house of Madame Apthorp on 
Frog Lane, as the boy Snyder was in the service of Ma- 
dame Apthorp at the time of his death. 

The corpse was then taken to the Liberty Tree, amid 
tolling bells, where the immense procession began. Fifty 
school-boys led, and were followed by about two thousand 
citizens. The pall was supported by six boys ; the coffin 
bore a Latin inscription, "Innocence itself is not safe." 
Business was suspended. The whole population of the 
town was in the streets, and the bells of the neighboring 
towns were heard echoing the solemn funeral bells of 
Boston. 




OLD HANCOCK HOUSE, BOSTON. 



CHAPTER XL 



BUNKER HILL AND THE SIEGE OF BOSTON. 



The city of Boston is full of the monuments of an heroic 
past. The stranger who visits it is surprised to note how 
strong patriotic sentiment has preserved the relics of the 
old colonial city amid the merchant palaces of the present 
time. The Old 
South Church, in 
which the duty of 
resistance to the 
tyranny of the 
British Crown was 
once so perilously 
proclaimed, still 
stands in the busi- 
est centre of trade. 
Faneuil Hall, the 
old Cradle of Lib- 
erty, where the 
colonial delegates 
united with the 
Virginia House 
of Burgesses in 

counselling armed protection of the provinces against a 
foreign power, still rises quaint and stately in the market 
place. Go where you will, in every part of the city the 
past lives again, and reads to the present its lessons. 




FANEUIL HALL. 



238 Young Folks History of America. 

Go to the State House, and examine its relics and mon- 
uments, and then make a circuit around it in the old-time 
streets. 

The beacon light in colonial times was situated on the 
high ground not far distant from the spot now crowned by 
the gilded dome of the State House ; and hence this point 
of land was called Beacon Hill, 

The old Hancock House, now removed, stood here on 
Beacon Street, and the land now occupied by the State 
House was formerly a part of Governor Hancock's cow- 
pasture, and was purchased by the town from the Gover- 
nor's heirs for the State. The Hancock House, a fine old 
colonial structure, stood somewhat back from the street, 
on the ground now occupied by the elegant mansion of the 
late Gardner Brewer. 

We cannot give place to a description of the familiar 
marbles in Doric Hall in the State House, which are asso- 
ciated with recent history, — the statue of Governor An- 
drew, the busts of Adams and Lincoln, and Milmore's 
incomparable bust of Sumner. We may mention, incident- 
ally, that the corner-stone of the State House w^as laid in 
1795, with a speech from Governor Samuel Adams. The 
most interesting objects to the antiquary in the State 
House are the fine statue of Washington by Chantrey, 
and copies of the memorial inscriptions of the Washington 
family in Brighton Parish, England. These are in a some- 
what shadowy recess, which is separated from Doric Hall 
by a glass protector. In the Doric Hall stairway to the 
rotunda are four tablets taken from the base of a column 
completed on Beacon Hill in 1791. The Senate Chamber 
contains old-time relics and portraits, and the ancient cod- 
fish hangs from the ceiling in the House of Representatives, 
an emblem of the early industry of the State. 

Passing down Beacon to Tremont Street, in the direc- 




ANDROS A PRISONER IN BOSTON. 



239 



1754- 



Kings Chapel. 



241 



tion of the Tremont House, the visitor will easily recognize 
the quaint old stone King's Chapel, and will wish to cross 
Tremont Street, to take a look at King's Chapel burying- 
ground. 

The Chapel itself is rich with antiquities. The original 
communion service was presented by William and Mary, 
and the old organ was 
selected for it by Handel, 
after that maestro had 
become blind. Its walls 
are lined with monuments. 

The burying-ground is 
a picturesque spot. The 
Boston branch of the 
Winslow family rest here. 
Here sleeps also the fa- 
mous Mary Chilson, of 
honorable memory, who 
has been said to be the 
first to leap on shore from 
the Mayflower. She died 
in 1679. Here sleep 
Governor John Leverett 
(1679), Governor John 
Winthrop (1649), Governor John Winthrop, Jr. (1676), 
Elder Thomas Oliver (1658), and the celebrated John 
Cotton and John Davenport. The remains of Lady Anne 
Andros, wife of the unpopular governor of that name, 
whom the colonists deposed and imprisoned on account of 
the tax he levied upon them, were deposited here on a dull, 
cloudy day in the early part of 1689. 

A few steps from King's Chapel, on the opposite side of 
the street, between the Tremont House and Park Street 
Church, the visitor will find the old Granary Burying- 

16 




QUEEN MARY. 



242 YoiLug Folks History of America. 

ground, first used about 1660, where rests Boston's vener- 
ated dust. The trees interweave their branches above 
the tombs, and only pencil-rays of sunlight break the 
broad, cool shadows of the spot. The Paddock elms used 
to keep guard over it in front. Within the enclosure are 
the remains of Governor Hancock, the Franklin family, 
Governors Bowdoin, Adams, Sumner, and Sullivan ; Robert 
Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, Peter Faneuil of revered memory, Thomas 
Prince, Hon. John Phillips, the first mayor of the city, Rev- 
erend Doctors Belknap, Lothrop, Eckley, Stillman, and 
Baldwin, and, last but not least of a long list of historic 
notables, Paul Revere. The victims of the Boston Mas- 
sacre on the ever-memorable 5th of March were buried 
here. The gravestone of Peter Daille, a French Huguenot 
minister of blessed memory, is still seen. Queer old Gov- 
ernor Bellingham, who at an advanced age " married him- 
self " to a young wife, "contrary to the practice of the 
Province," w^as buried here in 1672. 

Going around to Salem Street, we come to Christ Church 
and Copp's Hill Burying-ground. From the steeple of this 
church the signal light was hung for Paul Revere. The 
old pulpit was furnished with Bible and prayer-book by 
George H. Pitcairn was interred in the vaults of the 
church, and it is said his remains are still there, and that 
the wrong body was sent by mistake to Westminster Ab- 
bey. The chime of bells in the steeple was hung in 1744. 
These bells rang through the palmy days of the English 
Georges; they were Revolutionary tones, and they have 
played through all the republic's years of prosperity and 
peace. The city has stretched far beyond the limits of 
their sound. In Copp's Hill Burying-ground, near at 
hand, rest the remains of the Mather family. It was 
from this hill that Clinton and Burgoyne directed the 



1775- Beginning of tJie War. 245 

battery that set fire to Charlestown at the Battle of Bunker 
Hill 

Among the notable relics outside of Boston, and in its 
immediate vicinity, may be named the old Cradock man- 
sion in Medford, the old Powder House in Somerville, and 
the Craigie House in Cambridge, better known as the resi- 
dence of Longfellow, the poet, and as Washington's head, 
quarters. 

Let us now turn from our peaceful walk amid historic 
associations to the stirring scenes of the war. 

The encounters at Lexington and Concord thoroughly 
aroused the American people. The news rang through 
the land that blood had been spilt, that already there 
were martyrs to the great cause. Mounted couriers gal- 
loped along all highways. Over the bustle of the market- 
place, in the stillness of the quiet village church, there 
broke the startling shout, "The war has begun." All men 
felt that the hour had come, and they promptly laid aside 
their accustomed labor that they might gird themselves for 
the battle. North Carolina, in her haste, threw off the 
authority of the king, and formed herself into military 
companies. Georgia sent gifts of money and of rice, and 
cheering letters, to confirm the bold purposes of the rnen 
of Boston. In aristocratic and loyal Virginia there was a 
general rush to arms. From every corner of the Nevv 
England States men hurried to Boston. 

Down in pleasant Connecticut an old man was ploughing 
his field one April afternoon. His name was Israel Put- 
nam. He was now a farmer and tavern-keeper, — a com- 
bination frequent at that time in New England, and not at 
all inconsistent, v/e are told, " with a Roman character." 
Formerly he had been a warrior. He had fought the 
Indians, and had narrowly escaped the jeopardies of such 
warfare. Once h^ had been bound to a tree, and the 



246 Young Folks History of America. 

savages were beginning to toss their tomahawks at his 
head, when unlooked-for rescue found him. As rugged 
old Israel ploughed his field, some one told him of the fight 
at Lexington. That day he ploughed no more. He sent 
word home that he had gone to Boston. Unyoking his 
horse from the plough, in a few minutes he was mounted 
and hastening towards the camp. 

Boston and its suburbs stand on certain islets and penin- 
sulas, access to which, from the mainland, is gained by 
one isthmus which is called Boston Neck, and another 
isthmus which is called Charlestown Neck. A city thus 
wcumstanced is not difficult to blockade. The American 
yeomanry blockaded Boston. There were five thousand 
soldiers in the town ; but the retreat from Concord inclined 
General Gage to some measure of patient endurance, and 
he made no attempt to raise the blockade. 

The month of May was wearing on. Still General Gage 
lay inactive. Still patriot Americans poured in to the 
blockading camp. They were utterly undisciplined. They 
were without uniform. The English scorned them as a 
rabble "with calico frocks and fowling-pieces." But they 
were Anglo-Saxons, with arms in their hands and a fixed 
purpose in their minds. It was very likely that the unwnse 
contempt of their enemies would not be long unrebuked. 

At this time an event took place in an unexpected quar- 
ter, which fired the spirit of the colonists from Rhode Island 
to Georgia. 

THE STORY OF TICONDEROGA AND ETHAN ALLEN. 

In the early days of the Revolution the American pa- 
triots gained many important advantages by their boldness, 
almost amounting to audacity, in attacking forts and gar- 
risons unexpectedly. One of the most successful and 




THE OLD POWDER-HOUSE AT SOME 



ERVILLE. 247 



i775' Ticonderoga and Ethan Allen. 249 

romantic enterprises of this kind was the capture of 
Fort Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain 
Boys. The event took place on the loth of May, 1775, 
three weeks and one day after the great day at Concord 
and Lexington. 

Very soon after the first blood was shed, leading men 
felt that it was highly necessary to obtain the control of 
Lake Champlain, and get possession of the valuable mili- 
tary stores at Fort Ticonderoga. Plans were laid simul- 
taneously in the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut 
by different parties to effect this. The projectors of these 
plans were neither of them aware that the other was mov- 
ing in the matter. Massachusetts gave Benedict Arnold 
a commission as colonel. He was ordered to raise four 
hundred men to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
Connecticut lent eighteen hundred dollars to the leaders 
in the enterprise from that colony, and a quantity of am- 
munition was purchased, which, however, was not used for 
the purpose for which it was intended. 

The Connecticut patriots were first at work. They went 
to Bennington, Vermont, and offered the command to 
Ethan Allen, who immediately accepted it. Allen was a 
very brave and daring man, though rough and uneducated. 
He had already made himself conspicuous by his bold re- 
sistance to the government of New York, which attempted 
to exercise its control over that part of the country where 
he lived. He was exactly the man for the times and the 
work. 

While the recruits were assembling at Castleton, which 
was made the head-quarters of the expedition, Arnold 
appeared there with his Massachusetts commission. He 
was allowed to join the party, but Ethan Allen was 
immediately made a colonel and put in supreme com- 
mand. 



250 Young Folks History of America. 

The first step made was to learn the condition of the 
fort. For this duty Captain Noah Phelps, of Connecticut, 
volunteered. He dressed himself like a Vermont farmer, 
and went to the fort to get shaved ! He pretended that he 
thought there was a barber there. Once inside, by putting 
on an awkward and simple manner, he contrived to get 
the information he wanted, and with it he returned to the 
camp. 

On the evening of the 9th of May, the whole force of 
two hundred and seventy men arrived at Orwell, opposite 
Ticonderoga. There was much difficulty in getting boats 
to convey the men across, and many stratagems were re- 
sorted to. Two young men managed to get the use of one 
large boat by a trick. They took their guns and a jug of 
rum, and hailed a boat belonging to a British major who 
was stationed in the neighborhood. It was in charge of a 
colored man, whom they knew to be very fond of liquor. 
They told him they wanted to join a hunting party on the 
other side, and offered to help row. The man fell into the 
trap. As soon as he reached the shore he was made a 
prisoner and his boat was seized. 

Only eighty-three men could cross in the boat at once. 
Both Allen and Arnold accompanied the party. When they 
arrived near the fort it was so near morning that Allen did 
not dare to wait for the rest of his force, but determined to 
undertake the capture of the fort at once. Then occurred 
a dispute between the two colonels. Each insisted on his 
right to lead the men. It was at last settled that they should 
walk side by side, but Allen on the right as commander. 

A young lad named Nathan Beman undertook to guide 
the " rebels " into the fort. When the men approached the 
outer gate, the sentinel or guard snapped his lock and 
retreated. The Americans followed him closely along the 
covered way. Before he could give an alarm they were 



{ 




GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM. 



1775- Ticonderoga a7id Ethan Allen, 253 

drawn up on the parade ground inside the fort and in pos 
session of it. Then the Green Mountain Boys gave three 
cheers in honor of their bloodless victory. 

The officers were asleep in their apartments. A fright- 
ened soldier pointed out the door of the commanding 
officer to Colonel Allen, who called out, " Come forth 
instantly, or I will sacrifice the whole garrison." At this, 
Captain Delaplace, who had not had time to dress, made 
his appearance, with his breeches in his hand. 
"Deliver this fort instantly," said Allen sternly. 
"By what authority? " asked Captain Delaplace. 
" In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental 
Congress," replied Colonel Allen. 

The captain would have said more, but Allen held his 
drawn sword near Delaplace's head, and the latter pru- 
dently determined to surrender. Accordingly he gave 
orders that the garrison should be paraded without arms. 

Thus, before the commander of the fort had learned that 
the war had begun, he and his entire command of about 
fifty men were made prisoners. The Americans also se- 
cured more than two hundred pieces of cannon, with a 
very large quantity of other arms, an immense amount 
of ammunition, and other property, all without losing a 
man. 

The volunteers immediately proceeded to take Crown 
Point, where they were quite as successful, and then sur- 
prised and captured an armed sloop on the lake. This 
gave them complete control of Lake Champlain and its 
forts, which was a great advantage to the colonists. The 
Continental Congress, whose name Allen invoked, disap- 
proved of the whole proceeding, but subsequent events 
showed how much wiser were the daring spirits who 
conceived it, and carried it into execution, than the more 
prudent and timid statesmen of the day. 



254 Yoimg Folks History of America. 

On the 25th of May several English ships-of-war dropped 
their anchors in Boston Harbor. It was rumored that they 
brought large reinforcements under Howe, Burgoyne, and 
Clinton, — the best generals England possessed. Shortly 
it became known that Gage now felt himself strong enough 
to break out upon his rustic besiegers. But the choice of 
time and place for the encounter was not to be left with 
General Gage. 

On Charlestown peninsula, within easy gun-shot of Bos- 
ton, there are two low hills, one of which, the higher, is 
called Bunker Hill, and the other, Breed's Hill. In a coun- 
cil of war the Americans determined to seize and fortify 
one of these heights, and there abide the onslaught of the 
English. There was not a moment to lose. It was said 
that Gage intended to occupy the heights on the night of 
the 1 8th of June. But Gage was habitually too late. On 
the 1 6th, a little before sunset, twelve hundred Americans 
were mustered on Cambridge Common for special service. 
Colonel Prescott, a veteran who had fought against the 
French, was in command. Putnam was with him, to be 
useful where he could, although without specified duties. 
Prayers were said ; and the men, knowing only that they 
went to battle, and perhaps to death, set forth upon their 
march. They marched in silence, for their way led them 
under the guns of English ships. They reached the hill- 
top undiscovered by the supine foe. It was a lovely June 
night, warm and still. Far down lay the English ships, 
awful, but as yet harmless. Across the Charles River, Bos- 
ton and her garrison slept the sleep of the unsuspecting. 
The " All's well ! " of the sentinel crept, from time to time, 
dreamily up the hill. Swift now with spade and mattock, 
for the hours of this midsummer night are few and 
precious, — swift, but cautious, too, for one ringing stroke 
of iron upon stone may ruin all ! 




ENGLISH SHIPS-OF-WAK 



1775- The Bat'tle of Butiker Hill. 257 

When General Gage looked out upon the heights next 
morning, he saw a strong intrenchment and swarms of 
armed men where the untrodden grass had waved in the 
summer breeze a few hours before. He looked long 
through his glass at this unwelcome apparition. A tall 
figure paced to and fro along the rude parapet. It was 
Prescott. 

" Will he fight ? " asked Gage eagerly. 

"Yes, sir," replied a bystander, "to the last drop of his 
blood." 

It was indispensable that the works should be taken. A 
plan of attack was immediately formed. It was sufficiently 
simple. No one supposed that the Americans would stand 
the shock of regular troops. The English were therefore 
to march straight up the hill and drive the Americans 
away. Meanwhile reinforcements were sent to the Ameri- 
cans, and supplies of ammunition were distributed. A gill 
of powder, to be carried in a powder-horn or loose in the 
pocket, two flints, and fifteen balls were served out to each 
man. To obtain even the fifteen balls, they had to melt 
down the organ-pipes of an Episcopal church at Cambridge. 

At noon English soldiers to the number of two thousand 
crossed over from Boston. The men on the hill-top looked 
out from their intrenchments upon a splendid vision of 
bright uniforms and bayonets and field-pieces flashing in 
the sun. They looked with quickened pulse but unshaken 
purpose. To men of their race it is not given to know fear 
on the verge of battle. 

The English soldiers paused for refreshments when they 
landed on the Charlestown peninsula. The Americans 
could hear the murmur of their noisy talk and laughter. 
They saw the pitchers of grog pass along the ranks. And 
then they saw the Englishmen rise and stretch themselves 
to .their grim morning's work. From the steeples and 

17 



258 Young Folks History of America. 

house-tops of Boston, from all the heights which stand 
round about the city, thousands of Americans watched 
the progress of the fight. 

The soldiers had no easy task before them. The day 
was "exceeding hot," the grass was long and thick, the up- 
hill march was toilsome, the enemy watchful and resolute. 
As if to render the difficulty greater, the men carried three 
days' provision with them in their knapsacks. Each man 
had a burden which weighed one hundred and twenty 
pounds in knapsack, musket, and other equipments. Thus 
laden, they began their perilous ascent. 

While yet a long way from the enemy they opened a 
harmless fire of musketry. There was no reply from the 
American lines. 

"Aim low," said Putnam, "and wait until you see the 
whites of their eyes." 

The Englishmen were very near the works when the 
word was given. Like the left-handed slingers of the tribe 
of Benjamin, the Americans could shoot to a hair's-breadth. 
Every man took his steady aim, and when they gave forth 
their volley few bullets sped in vain. The slaughter was 
enormous. The English recoiled in some confusion, a piti- 
less rain of bullets following them down the hill. Again they 
advanced almost to the American works, and again 
they sustained a bloody .repulse. And now, at the hill- 
foot, they laid down their knapsacks and stripped off their 
great-coats. They were resolute this time to end the fight 
by the bayonet. The American ammunition was exhausted. 
They could give the enemy only a single volley. The 
English swarmed over the parapet. The Americans had 
no bayonets, but for a time they waged unequal war with 
stones and the but-ends of their muskets. They were soon 
driven out, and fled down the hill and across the Neck to 
Cambridge, the English ships raking them with grape-shot 
as they ran. 



iiiii' (pf'i'il 



mt 




^775- 



The Battle of Bunker Hill. 



261 



They had done their work. Victory no doubt remained 
with the English. Their object was to carry the Amer- 
ican intrenchments, and they had carried them. Far 
greater than this was the gain of the Americans. It was 
proved that, with the help of some slight field-works, it 
was possible for 
undisciplined pa- 
triots to meet on 
equal terms the 
best troops Eng- 
land could send 
against them. 
Henceforth the 
success of the 
Revolution was 
assured. "Thank 
God! "said Wash- 
ington, when he 
heard of the bat- 
tle. "The liber- 
ties of the coun- 
try are safe," 
Would that obsti- 
nate King George 
could have been 
made to see it ! 
But many wives must be widow^s, and many children father- 
less, before those dull eyes will open to the unwelcome 
truth. 

Sixteen hundred men lay, dead or wounded, on that fatal 
slope. The English had lost nearly eleven hundred ; the 
Americans nearly five hundred. Seldom indeed in any 
battle has so large a proportion of the combatants fallen. 

The Americans, who had thus taken up arms and re- 




BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. 



262 



Young Folks' History of America. 



sisted and slain the king's troops, were wholly without 
authority for what they had done. No governing body of 
any description had employed them or recognized them. 
What were still more alarming deficiencies, they were with- 
out a general, and without adequate supply of food and 
ammunition. Congress now, by a unanimous vote, adopted 




THE WASHINGTON ELM. 



the army, and elected George Washington commarider-in- 
chief of the patriot forces. They took measures to enlist 
soldiers, and to raise money for their support. 

Washington joined the army before Boston. He for- 
mally assumed command under a great elm in Cambridge, 
which is still standing (1881). The army consisted of 
about fourteen thousand men. They were almost without 



1775- Washingtoji at Cambridge. 263 

ammunition. Their stock of powder would afford only 
nine rounds to each man. They could thus have made no 
use of their artillery. Their rude intrenchments stretched 
a distance of eight or nine miles. At any moment the 
English might burst upon them, piercing their weak hues, 
and rolling them back in hopeless rout. But the stubborn 
provincials were as yet scarcely soldiers enough to know 
their danger. Taking counsel only of their own courage, 
they strengthened their intrenchment, and tenaciously main- 
tained their hold on Boston. 

The head-quarters of Washington at Cambridge were near 
the present site of Harvard College. It is known as the 
Craigie House, and is the home of the poet Longfellow. 

Washington looked at his foe. He saw a British army 
of ten thousand men, perfect in discipline and equipment. 
It was a noble engine, but, happily for the world, it was 
guided by incompetent hands. General Gage tamely en- 
dured siege without daring to strike a single blow at the 
audacious patriots. It was no easy winter in either army. 
The English suffered from small-pox. Their fleet failed to 
secure for them an adequate supply of food. They had 
to pull down houses to obtain wood for fuel, at the risk of 
being hanged if they were discovered. They were dis- 
pirited by long inaction. They knew that in England the 
feeling entertained about them was one of bitter disappoint- 
ment. Gage was recalled by an angry Ministry, and 
quitted in disgrace that Boston where he had hoped for 
such success. General Howe succeeded to his command 
and to his policy of inactivity. 

Washington, on his side, was often in despair. His 
troops were mainly enlisted for three months only. Their 
love of country gave way under the hardships of a sol- 
dier's life. Washington was a strict disciplinarian. Patriot- 
ism proved a harder service than the men counted for. 



264 Yoimg Folks' History of America. 

Fast as their time of service expired, many set their faces 
homeward. Washington plied them with patriotic appeals, 
and caused patriot songs to be sung about the camp. 
"Such dearth of public spirit," Washington writes, "and 
such want of virtue, such fertility in all the low arts, I 
never saw before." When January came he had a new 
army, much smaller than the old, and the same weary 
process of drilling began afresh. He knew that Howe was 
aware of his position. The inactivity of the English gen- 
eral astonished Washington. He could explain it no other- 
wise than by beheving that Providence watched over the 
liberties of the American people. 

In February liberal supplies of arms and ammunition 
reached him. There came also ten regiments of militia. 
Washington was now strong enough to take a step. 

To the south of Boston lie the heights of Dorchester. 
If the Americans could seize and hold these heights, the 
English would be compelled to leave Boston. The night of 
the 4th of March was fixed for the enterprise. A heavy fire 
of artillery occupied the attention of the enemy. By the light 
of an unclouded moon a strong working-party took their 
way to Dorchester Heights. A long train of wagons accom- 
panied them, laden with hard-pressed bales of hay. These 
were needed to form a breastwork, as a hard frost bound 
the earth, and digging alone could not be relied upon. 
The men worked with such spirit that by dawn the bales 
of hay had been fashioned into various redoubts and 
other defences of most formidable aspect. A thick fog lay 
along the heights, and the new fortress looked massive 
and imposing in the haze. "The rebels," said Howe, 
" have done more work in one night than my whole army 
would have done in a month." 

And now the English must fight or yield up Boston. 
The English chose to fight. They were in the act of em- 



1775- A Story of the Siege. 26^ 

barking to get at the enemy when a furious east wind began 
to blow, scattering their transports and compelling the 
delay of the attack. All next day the storm continued to 
rage. The English, eager for battle, lay in unwilling idle- 
ness. The vigorous Americans never ceased to dig and 
build. On the third day the storm abated. But it was 
now General Howe's opinion that the American position 
was impregnable. It may be that he was wisely cautious. 
It may be that he was merely fearful. But he laid aside 
his thoughts of battle, and prepared to evacuate Boston. 
On the 17th the last English soldier was en board, and all 
New England was finally wrested from King George. 

A STORY OF THE SIEGE. 

A curious song, called " Yankee Doodle," was written 
by a British sergeant at Boston, in 1775. to ridicule the 
rude ways of certain people there, when the American 
army, under Washington, was encamped at Cambridge 
and Roxbury. IMany of the volunteers from the country 
towns were ungainly and awkward in appearance, and 
showed a quaint inquisitiveness that provoked satire. The 
air of " Yankee Doodle," with quaint words about " Lucy 
Locket" who lost "her pocket," was known in Cromwell's 
time. It was at one time called " Chevy Chase," and it well 
fits this old Scottish ballad. The word Yanl^ee w^as evi- 
dently borrowed from the provincial vocabulary of a Cam- 
bridge farmer, named Jonathan Hastings, who lived about 
the year 17 13, and who was accustomed to speak of his 
" Yankee good horse," his " Yankee good cider." The 
Harvard students used to call him Yankee Jonathan. 

There is a story associated with this song which is at 
once amusing and pathetic. When Lord Percy marched 
out of Boston, for Lexington, he passed through Roxbury, 
his band playing " Yankee Doodle " in derision. It was 



266 Young Folks History of America. 

a suggestive tune, as it was often employed as a Rogues' 
March when offenders were drummed out of camp. 

A Roxbury boy grew very merry as he heard the tune, 
while the soldiers were passing by. 

"What makes you so lively, my lad,?" asked Lord 
Percy. 

" To think how you will dance by and by to ' Chevy 
Chase.'" 

As Earl Percy in the ballad of " Chevy Chase " was 
slain. Lord Percy was made despondent by the unexpected 
prophecy of the boy. Percy was driven back from Lexing- 
ton in disgrace, and " Yankee Doodle " was played by the 
victorious Americans when Burgoyne surrendered. 

Perhaps the reader may like to see the original version 
of " Yankee Doodle," vith itr provincial dialect : — 

I. 

Father and I went down tc camy 

Along wnth Captain Goodwin, 
Where we see the men and boys 

As thick as \i2iS\.\-_pitddin\ 

2. 

There was Captain Washington 

Upon a strapping stallion, 
A giving orders to his men ; 

\ guess there was a million. 

3- 
And then the feathers on his hat. 

They looked so \2.xw2\ fina, 
I wanted peskily to get, 

To give to my Jemima. 

4- 

And then they had a swampin gun 

As big as log of maple, 
On a deuced little cart, — 

A load for father's cattle. 



1 



<775- 



''Yankee Doodled 267 

5- 

And every time they fired it off 

It took a horn of powder ; 
It made a noise like father's gun, 

Only a nation louder. 

6. 

T went as near to it myself 

As Jacob's under-pinnin', 
And father went as near again, — 

I thought the deuce was in him. 

7- 
Cousin Simon grew so bold, 

I thought he would have cocked it , 
It scared me so I shrinked off 

And hung by father's pocket. 



And Captain Davis had a gun, 
He kind a clapped his hand on't, 

And stuck a crooked stabbing iron 
Upon the little end on't. 



And there I see a pumpkin shell 

As big as mother's basin. 
And every time they touched it off 

They scampered like the nation. 

ID. 

And there I see a little keg. 
Its head was made of leather ; 

They knocked upon't with little sticks 
To call the folks together. 



And then they'd yf/^ away like fun 
And play on cornstalk fiddles, 

And some had ribbons red as blood 
All wound around their middles. 



268 Young Folks'' History of Aniericu. 



The troopers, too, would gallop up, 
And fire right in our faces; 

It scared me almost half to death 
To see them run such races. 

13- 
Old Uncle Sam came there to change 

^ome pancakes and some onions 
For 'lasses cakes, to carry home 

To give to his wife and young ones. 

14. 
I see another snarl of men 

A diggin' graves, they told me, — 
So lai-nal long, so tarnal deep, 

They 'tended they should hold me 

15- 
They scared me so, I hooked it off, 

Nor slept, as I remember. 
Nor turned about till I got home, 

Locked up in mother's chamber. 



''What a glorious morning is this for my country!" 
exclaimed Samuel Adams, on Woburn Hills when he heard 
the guns of Lexington — an epic poem in a line ! 

**New light" was indeed breaking, and Samuel Adams 
beheld a further fulfilment of the vision of Robinson of 
Leyden on that day. 

Great events are at hand ! 



CHAPTER XII. 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

Even yet, after months of fighting, the idea of final sep- 
aration from Great Britain was distasteful to a considerable 
portion of the American people. To the more enlightened 
it had long been evident that no other course was possible ; 
but very many still clung to the hope of a friendly settlement 
of differences. Some, who were native Enghshmen, loved 
the land of their birth better than the land of their adoption. 
The Quakers and Moravians were opposed to war as sinful, 
and would content themselves with such redress as could be 
obtained by remonstrance. Some, who deeply resented the 
oppressions of the home government, were slow to relinquish 
the privilege of British citizenship. Some would willingly 
have fought had there been hope of success, but could not 
be convinced that America was able to defend herself against 
the colossal strength of England. The subject was discussed 
long and keenly. 

The intelligence of America was in favor of separation. 
All the writers of the colonies urged incessantly that to this 
it must come. Pamphlets and gazette articles set forth the 
oppressions of the old country, and the need of independence 
in order to the welfare of the colonies. Conspicuous among 
those whose writings aided in convincing the public mind 
stands the unhonored name of Thomas Paine, the infidel. 
Paine had been only a few months in the colonies, but his 
restless mind took a ready interest in the great question of 



270 



Young Folks History of America, 



the day. He had a surprising power of direct, forcible argu- 
ment. He wrote a pamphlet styled " Common Sense," in 
which he urged the Americans to be independent. 

The time was now ripe for the consideration by the Con- 
gress at Philadelphia of the great question of independence. 
It was a grave and most eventful step, which no thinking man 
would lightly take, but it could no longer be shunned. On 
the yth of June a resolution was introduced, declaring "That 
the United Colonies are and ought to be free and indepen- 
dent." The House was not yet prepared for a measure so 
decisive. Many members still paused on the threshold of 
that vast change. Pennsylvania and Delaware had expressly 
enjoined their delegates to oppose it ; for the Quakers were 
loyal to the last. Some other States had given no instruc- 
tions, and their delegates felt themselves bound, in conse- 
quence, to vote against the change. Seven States voted for 
the resolution ; six voted against it. Greater unanimity than 
this was indispensable. With much prudence, it was agreed 
that the matter should stand over for two or three weeks. ■ 

On the 4th of July, 1776, a Declaration of Independence 
was adopted, with the unanimous concurrence of all the 
thirteen States. In this famous document the usurpations of 
the English government were set forth in unsparing terms. 
The divinity which doth hedge a king did not protect poor 
King George from a rougher handling than he ever experi- 
enced before. His character, it was said, " was marked by 
every act which can define a tyrant." And then it was an- 
nounced to the world that the I'hirteen Colonies had termi- 
nated their political connection with Great Britain, and 
entered upon their career as free and independent States. 

The vigorous action of Congress nerved the colonists for 
their great enterprise of defence. The paralyzing hope of 
reconciliation was extinguished. The quarrel must now be 
fought out to the end, and liberty must be gloriously won or 




#-. HCt 



vy- 



GEORGE III. 



271 



1776. 



The Declaration of Independence. 



273 



shamefully lost. Everywhere the Declaration was hailed with 
joy. It was read to the army amidst exulting shouts. The 
soldiers in New York expressed their transferrence of alle- 
giance by taking down a leaden statue of King George and 
casting it into bullets to be used against the king's troops. 
Next day Washington, in the dignified language which was 
habitual to him, reminded his troops of their new duties and 
responsibilities. " The General/' he said, " hopes and trusts 
that every officer and soldier will endeavor so to live and act 
as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest rights 
and Uberties of his country." 




r8 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

England put forth as much strength as she deemed need- 
ful to subdue her rebeUious colonists. She prepared a strong 
fleet and a strong army. She entered into contracts with 
some of the petty German princes to supply a certain 
number of soldiers. These were chiefly Hessians. It was 
a matter of regular sale and purchase. England supplied 
money at a fixed rate. The Duke of Brunswick and some 
others supphed a stipulated number of men, who were to 
shed their blood in a quarrel of which they knew nothing. 
Even in a dark age these transactions were a scandal. Fred- 
erick of Prussia loudly expressed his contempt for both 
parties. When any of the hired men passed through any 
part of his territory he levied on them the toll usually charged 
for cattle, — ■ like which, he said, they had been sold ! 

So soon as the safety of Boston was secured, Washington 
moved with his army southward to New York. Thither, in 
the month of June, came General Howe. Thither also came 
his brother, Lord Howe, with the forces which England had 
provided for this war. These reinforcements raised the Brit- 
ish army to twenty-five thousand men. Lord Howe brought 
with him a commission from King George to pacify the dis- 
satisfied colonists. He invited them to lay down their arms, 
and he assured them of the king's pardon. His proposals 
were singularly inopportune. The Declaration of Indepen- 
dence had just been published. The Americans had deter- 



1776. The War for Independence. 275 

mined to be free. They were not seeking to be forgiven, and 
they rejected with scorn Lord Howe's proposals. The sword 
must now decide between King George and his alienated 
subjects. 

Lord Howe encamped his troops on Staten Island, a few 
miles from New York. His powerful fleet gave him undis- 
puted command of the bay, and enabled him to choose his 
point of attack. The Americans expected that he would 
land upon Long Island, and take possession of the heights 
near Brooklyn. He would then be separated from New 
York only by a narrow arm of the sea, and he could with ease 
lay the city in ruins. Washington sent a strong force to hold 
the heights, and throw up intrenchments in front of Brooklyn. 
General Putnam was appointed to the command of this army. 
Staten Island lies in full view of Brooklyn. The white tents 
of the English army, and the formidable English ships lying 
at their anchorage, were watched by many anxious eyes j 
for the situation was known to be full of peril. Washington 
himself did not expect success in the coming fight, and hoped 
for nothing more than that the enemy's victory would cost 
him dear. 

After a time it was seen that a movement was in progress 
among the English. One by one the tents disappeared. 
One by one the ships shook their canvas out to the wind, 
and -moved across the bay. Then the Americans knew that 
their hour of trial was at hand. 

Putnam marched his men out from their lines to meet the 
English. At daybreak the enemy made his appearance. 
The right wing of the American army was attacked, and 
troops were withdrawn from other points to resist what 
seemed the main attack. Meanwhile a strong English force 
made its way unseen round the American left, and established 
itself between the Americans and their intrenchments. This 
decided the fate of the battle. The Americans made a brave 



276 Young Folks History of America. 

but vain defence. They were driven within their lines after 
sustaining heavy loss. 

Lord Howe could easily have stormed the works, and taken 
or destroyed the American army. But his lordship felt that 
his enemy was in his power, and he wished to spare his soldiers 
the bloodshed which an assault would have caused. He was 
to reduce the enemy's works by regular siege. It was no 
part of Washington's intention to wait for the issue of these 
operatioris. During the night of August 29 he silently with- 
drew his broken troops, and landed them safely in New York. 
So skilfully was this movement executed, that the last boat 
had pushed off from the shore before the British discovered 
that their enemies had departed. 

But now New York had to be abandoned. Washington's 
army was demoralized by the defeat at Brooklyn. AVashing- 
ton confessed to the President of Congress with deep concern 
that he had no confidence "in the generality of the troops." 
To fight the well-disciplined and victorious British with such 
unskilful men seemed useless. He marched northward, and 
took up a strong position at Harlem, a village nine miles 
from New York. But the English ships, sweeping up the 
Hudson River, showed themselves on his flank and in his 
rear. The English army approached him in front. There 
was no choice but retreat. Washington crossed over to the 
Jersey side of the river. The English followed him_, after 
storming a fort in which nearly three thousand men had been 
left, the whole of whom were made prisoners. 

The fortunes of the revolted colonies were now at the very 
lowest ebb. Washington had only four thousand men under 
his immediate command. They were in miserable condi- 
tion, — imperfectly armed, poorly fed and clothed, without 
blankets or tents or shoes. An English officer said of them, 
without extreme exaggeration, " In a whole regiment there is 
scarce one pair of breeches." This was the army which was 



1776. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 279 

to snatch a continent from the grasp of England ! As they 
marched towards Philadelphia the people looked with deri- 
sion upon their ragged defenders, and with fear upon the 
brilliant host of pursuers. Lord Howe renewed his offer of 
pardon to all who would submit. This time his lordship's 
offers commanded some attention. Many of the wealthier 
patriots took the oath, and made their peace with a gov- 
ernment whose authority there was no longer any hope of 
tlirowing off. 

Washington made good his retreat to Philadelphia, so hotly 
pursued that his rear-guard, engaged in pulling down bridges, 
were often in sight of the British pioneers sent to build them 
up. When he crossed the Delaware he secured all the boats 
for a distance of seventy miles along the river-course. Lord 
Howe was brought to a pause, and he decided to wait upon 
the eastern bank till the river should be frozen. 

Washington knew well the desperate odds against him. He 
expected to be driven from the Eastern States. It was his 
thought, in that case, to retire beyond the Alleghanies, and in 
the wilderness to maintain undying resistance to the English 
yoke. Meantime he strove like a brave strong man to win 
back success to the patriot cause. It was only now that he 
was able to rid himself of the evil of short enlistments. Con- 
gress resolved that henceforth men should be enlisted to serve 
out the war. 

Winter came, but Lord Howe remained inactive. He 
himself was in New York ; his army was scattered about 
among the villages of New Jersey, fearing no evil from the 
despised Americans. All the time Washington was increas- 
ing the number of his troops, and improving their condition. 
But something was needed to chase away the gloom which 
paralyzed the country. Ten miles from Philadelphia was the 
village of Trenton, held by a considerable force of British 
and Hessians. At sunset on Christmas evening Washington 



28o Young Folks History of America. 

marched out from Philadelphia, having prepared a surprise 
for the careless garrison of Trenton. The night was dark 
and tempestuous, and the weather was so intensely cold that 
two of the soldiers were frozen to death. The march of the 
barefooted host could be tracked by the blood-marks which 
they left upon the snow. At daybreak they burst upon the 
astonished Royalists. The Hessians had drunk deep on the 
previous day, and they were ill prepared to fight. Their 
commander was slain as he attempted to bring his men up to 
the enemy. After his fall the soldiers laid down their arms, 
and surrendered at discretion. 

A week after this encounter three British regiments spent 
a night at Princeton, on their way to Trenton to retrieve 
the disaster which had there befallen their Hessian allies. 
Washington made another night march, attacked the English- 
men in the early morning, and after a stubborn resistance 
defeated them, inflicting severe loss. 

These exploits, inconsiderable as diey seem, raised incal- 
culably the spirits of the American people. When triumphs 
like these were possible under circumstances so discouraging, 
there was no need to despair of the commonwealth. Con- 
fidence in Washington had been somewhat shaken by the 
defeats which he had sustained. Henceforth it was un- 
bounded. Congress invested him with absolute military 
authority for a period of six months, and public opinion 
confirmed the trust. The infant repubUc was delivered 
from its most imminent jeopardy by the successes of Trenton 
and Princeton. 

And now a new force entered into the hitherto unequal 
contest. France still felt, with all the bitterness of the van- 
quished, her defeat at Quebec and her loss of Canada. She 
had always entertained the hope that the Americans would 
avenge her by throwing off the English yoke. To help for- 
ward its fulfilment, she sent occasionally a secret agent among 



1777- 



Lafayette. 



281 



them, to cultivate tneir good-will to the utmost. When the 
troubles began she sent secret assurances of sympathy, and 
secret offers of commercial advantages. She was not pre- 
pared as yet openly to espouse the American cause. But it 
was always safe to encourage the American dislike to England, 




LAFAYETTE. 



and to connive at the ^fitting out of American privateers, to 
prey upon English commerce. 

The Marquis de Lafayette was at this time serving in the 
French army. He was a lad of nineteen, of immense wealth, 
and .enjoying a foremost place among the nobility of France. 
The American revolt had now become a topic at French 



282 Young Folks History of America. 

dinner-tables. Lafayette heard of it first from the Duke of 
Gloucester, who told the story at a dinner given to him by 
some French officers. That conversation changed the destiny 
of the young Frenchman. "He was a man of no ability," 
said Napoleon. " There is nothing in his head but the United 
States," said Marie Antoinette. Lafayette had the deepest 
sympathies with the cause of human liberty. They were 
always generous and true. No sooner had he satisfied him- 
self that the American cause was the cause of liberty, than he 
hastened to ally himself with it. He left his young wife and 
his great position, and he offered himself to Washington. His 
presence was a vast encouragement to a desponding people. 
He was a visible assurance of sympathy beyond the sea. 
America is the most grateful of nations ; and this good, im- 
pulsive man has ever deservedly held a high place in her 
love. Washington once, with tears of joy in his eyes, pre- 
sented Lafayette to his troops. Counties are named after 
him, and cities and streets. Statues and paintings hand down 
to successive generations of Americans the image of their 
first and most faithful ally. 

Lafayette was the lightning-rod by which the current of 
republican sentiments was flashed from America to France. 
He came homve when the war was over and America free. 
He was the hero of the hour. A man who had helped to set 
up a republic in America was an unquiet element for old 
France to receive back into her bosom. With the charm of 
a great name and boundless popularity to aid him, he every- 
where urged that men should be free and self-governing. 

The spring-time of 1777 came, — " the time when kings go 
out to battle," — but General Howe was not ready. Washing- 
ton was contented to wait, for he gained by delay. Congress 
sent him word that he was to lose no time in totally subduing 
the enemy. AA'ashington could now afford to smile at the 
vain confidence which had so quickly taken the place of 



1777- Battle of Brandywine. 283 

despair. Recruits flowed in upon him in a steady if not a 
very copious stream. Thie old soldiers whose terms expired 
were induced, by bounties and patriotic appeals, to re-enlist 
for the war. By the middle of June, when Howe opened the 
campaign, Washington had eight thousand men under his 
command, tolerably armed and disciplined, and in good fight- 
ing spirit. The patriotic sentiment was powerfully reinforced 
by a thirst to avenge private wrongs. Howe's German mer- 
cenaries had behaved very brutally in New Jersey, plunder- 
ing and burning without stint. ]Many of the Americans had 
witnessed outrages such as turn the coward's blood to flame. 

Howe wished to take Philadelphia, then the political capi- 
tal of the States. But Washington lay across his path, in a 
strong position, from which he could not be enticed to de- 
scend. Howe marched towards him, but shunned to attack 
him where he lay. Then he turned back to New York, and, 
embarking his troops, sailed with them to Philadelphia. The 
army was landed on the 25 th August, and Howe was at length 
ready to begin the summer's work. 

The American army waited for him on the banks of a small 
river called the Brand}^vine. The British superiority in num- 
bers enabled them to attack the Americans in front and in 
flank. The Americans say that their right wing, on which 
the British attack fell with crushing weight, was badly led. 
One of the generals of that division was a certain William 
Alexander, known to himself and the country of his adop- 
tion as Lord Stirhng, — a warrior brave but foolish, "aged, 
and a little deaf" The Americans were driven from the field, 
but they had fought bravely, and were undismayed by their 
defeat. 

A fortnight later a British force, with Lord Cornwallis at its 
head, marched into Philadelphia. The Royalists were nu- 
merous in that cit\' of Quakers. The city was moved to 
unwonted cheerfulness. On that September morning, as the 



284 Young Folks History of America. 

loyal inhabitants looked upon the bright uniforms and flash- 
ing arms of the king's troops, and listened to the long-for- 
bidden strains of " God save the King," they felt as if a great 
and final deliverance had been vouchsafed to them. The 
patriots estimated the fall of the city more justly. It was 
seen that if Howe meant to hold Philadelphia, he had not 
force enough to do much else. Said the sagacious Benja- 
min Franklin, "It is not General Howe that has taken 
Philadelphia ; it is Philadelphia that has taken General 
Howe." 

The main body of the British w^ere encamped at German- 
town, guarding their new conquest. So httle were the Ameri- 
cans daunted by their late re\Trses, that, within a week from 
the capture of Philadelphia, Washington resolved to attack 
the enemy. At sunrise on the 4th October the English were 
unexpectedly gi'eeted by a bayonet-charge from a strong 
American force. It was a complete surprise, and at first the 
success was complete. But a dense fog, which had rendered 
the surprise possible, ultimately frustrated the purpose of the 
assailants. The onset of the eager Americans carried all 
before it. But as the darkness, enhanced by the firings 
deepened over the combatants, confusion began to arise^ 
Regiments got astray from their officers. Some regiment? 
mistook each other for enemies, and acted on that belief 
Confusion swelled to panic, and the Americans fled from the 
field. 

Winter was now at hand, and the British army returned to 
quarters in Philadelphia. Howe would have fought again, 
but Washington declined to come down from the strong posi- 
tion to which he had retired. His army had again been 
suffered to fall into straits which threatened its very exist- 
ence. A patriot Congress urged him to defeat the English, 
but could not be persuaded to supply his soldiers with shoes 
or blankets, or even with food. He was advised to fall back 




ENGLISH ATTACKED AT GERMANTOWN. 285 



1777- General Burgoyne at Saratoga. 287 

on some convenient town where his soldiers would find the 
comforts they needed so much. But Washington was reso- 
lute to keep near the enemy. He fixed on a position at Val- 
ley Forge, among the hills, twenty miles fi-om Philadelphia. 
Thither through the snow marched his half-naked army. 
Log- huts were erected with a rapidity of which no soldiers 
are so capable as Americans. There Washington fixed him- 
self. The enemy was within reach, and he knew that his 
own strength would grow. The campaign which had now 
closed had given much encouragement to the patriots. It 
is true they had been often defeated. But they had learned 
to place impKcit confidence in their commander. They 
had learned also that in courage they were equal, in activity 
greatly superior, to their enemies. All they required was dis- 
ciphne and experience, which another campaign would give. 
There was no longer any reason to looic with alarm upon the 
future. 

In the month of June, when Howe was beginning to make 
his slow advance to Philadelphia, a British army set out from 
Canada to conquer the northern parts of the revolted terri- 
tory. General Burgoyne was in command. He was resolute 
to succeed. "This army must not retreat," he said, when 
they were about to embark. The army did not retreat. On 
a fair field general and soldiers would have played a part of 
which their country would have had no cause to be ashamed. 
But this was a work beyond their strength. 

Burgoyne marched deep into the New England States. 
BjJit he had to do with men of a different temper from those 
of New York and Philadelphia. At his approach every man 
took down his musket from the wall and hurried to the front. 
Little discipline had they, but a resolute purpose and a sure 
aim. Difficulties thickened around the fated army. At length 
Burgoyne found himself at Saratoga. It was now October. 
Heavy rains fell. Provisions were growing scanty. The 



288 Yoicfig Folks' History of America. 

enemy was in great force, and much emboldened by suc- 
cess. Gradually it became evident that the British were sur- 
rounded, and that no hope of fighting their way out remained. 
Night and day a circle of fire encompassed them. Burgoyne 
called his officers together. They could find no place for 
their sorrowful communing beyond reach of the enemy's mus- 
ketry, so closely was the net already draAvn. There was but 
one thing to do, and it was done. The British army surren- 
dered. Nearly six thousand brave men in sorrow and in 
shame laid down their arms. The men who took them were 
mere peasants. No two of them were dressed alike. The 
officers wore uncouth wigs. Most of them carried muskets 
and large powder-horns slung around their shoulders. No 
humiliation like this had befallen the British arms. 

These grotesque American warriors behaved to their con- 
quered enemies with true nobility. General Gates, the Amer- 
ican commander, kept his men strictly within their Hues, 
that they might not witness the piling of the British arms. 
No taunt was offered, no look of disrespect was directed 
against the fallen. "All were mute in astonishment and 
pity." 

England felt acutely the shame of this great disaster. Her 
people were used to victory. For many years she had been 
fighting in Europe, in India, in Canada, and always with bril- 
liant success. Her defeat in America was contrary to all 
expectation. It was a bitter thing for a high-spirited people 
to hear that their veteran troops had surrendered to a crowd 
of half-armed peasantry. Under the depressing influence of 
this calamity it was determined to redress the wrongs of 
America. Parliament abandoned all claim to tax the colo- 
nies. Every vexatious enactment would be repealed. All 
would be forgiven, if America would return to her allegiance. 
Commissioners were sent bearing the olive branch to Con- 
gress. Too late — altogether too late ! Never more can 



1777. Effects of the War. 289 

America be a dependency of England. With few words Con- 
gress peremptorily declined the English overtures. America 
had chosen her course. For good or for evil she would fol- 
low it to the end. 

A great war may be ver}^ glorious, but it is also ver}' miser- 
able. Twenty thousand Englishmen had already perished in 
this war. Trade languished, and among the working classes 
there was want of employment and consequent want of food. 
American cruisers swarmed upon the sea, and inflicted enor- 
mous losses upon EngHsh commerce. The debt of the 
country increased. And for all these evils there was no 
compensation. There was not even the poor sadsfaction of 
success in the unprofitable undertaking. 

If it was any comfort to inflict even greater miseries than 
she endured, England did not fight in vain. The suiTerings 
of America were very lamentable. The loss of life in battle 
and by disease, resulting from want and exposure, had been 
great. The fields in many districts were unsown. Trade was 
extinct ; the trading classes were bankrupt. English cruisers 
had annihilated the fisheries and seized the greater part of the 
American merchant ships. Money had wellnigh disappeared 
from the country. Congress issued paper money, which 
proved a very indifferent substitute. The public had so little 
confidence in the new currency that Washington declared, 
"A wagon-load of money \\ill scarcely purchase a wagon-load 
of provisions." 

But the war went on. It was not for England, with her 
high place among the nations, to retire defeated from an 
enterprise on which she had deliberately entered. As for 
the Americans, after they had declared their resolution to be 
independent, they could die, but they could not yield. 

The surrender of Burgoyne brought an important ally to 
the American side. The gods help those who help them- 
selves. So soon as America proved that she was likely to 



1 



290 Yo2ing Folks History of America. 

conquer in the struggle, France offered to come to her aid. 
France had ahvays looked with interest on the war ; partly 
because she hated England, and partly because her pulses 
aiready throbbed with that new life, whose misdirected ener- 
gies produced, a few years afterwards, results so lamentable. 
Even now a people contending for their liberties awakened 
the sympathies of France. America had sent three commis- 
sioners — one of whom was Benjamin Franklin — to Paris, tc 
cultivate as opportunity offered the friendship of the Frencn 
government. For a time they labored without visible results. 
But when news came that Burgoyne and his army had sur- 
rendered, hesitation was at an end. A treaty was signed by 
which France and America engaged to make common cause 
against England. The king opposed this treaty so long as he 
dared, but he was forced to give way. England, of course, 
accepted it as a declaration of war. 

Spain could not miss the opportunity of avenging herselt 
upon England. -Her king desired to live at peace, he said, 
and to see his neighbors do the same. But he was pro- 
foundly interested in the liberties of the young republic, and 
he was bound by strong ties to his good brother of France. 
Above all, England had in various quarters of the world 
gi-ievously wronged him by violating his territory and inter- 
fering with the trade of his subjects. When his preparations 
were complete he joined France and America in the league, 
and declared war against England. 

The fleets of France and Spain appeared in the British 
Channel, and England had to face the perils of invasion. The 
spirit of her people rose nobly to meet the impending trial. 
The southern counties were one great camp. Voluntary 
contributions from all parts of the country aided government 
to equip ships and soldiers. The king was to head his war- 
like people, should the enemy land, and share their danger 
and their glory. But the black cloud rolled harmlessly away, 




FRENCH NAVAL VICTORY. 



1780. TJie Story of Major Andre. 293 

a^a the abounding heroism of the people was not further 
evoked. The invading admirals quarrelled. One of them 
wished to land at once ; the other vv^ished first to dispose of 
the English fleet. They could not agree upon a course, and 
therefore they sailed away home each to hi? own country, 
having effected nothing. 

The war spread itself over a very wide surface. In the 
North Paul Jones, with three American ships, alarmed the 
Scotch coast and destroyed much shipping. Spain besieged 
Gibraltar, but failed to regain that much-coveted prize. On 
the African coast the French took Senegal from the Eng- 
lish, and the English took Goree from the French. In the 
West Indies the French took St. Vincent and Granada. 

The remaining years of the war were distinguished by few 
striking or decisive enterprises. The fleet sent by France 
sailed hither and thither. When General Howe was made 
aware of its approach, he abandoned Philadelphia and re- 
tired to New York. Washington followed him on his retreat, 
but neither then nor for some time afterward could effect 
much. Congress and the American people formed sanguine 
expectations of the French alliance, and ceased to put forth 
the great efforts which distinguished the earlier period of the 
war. The English overran Georgia and the Carolinas. 

THE STORY OF MAJOR ANDRE. 

The Americans had a strong fortress at West Point, on the 
Hudson River. It was one of the most important places in 
the country, and its acquisition was anxiously desired by the 
English. Possession of West Point would have given them 
command of the Hudson, up which their ships-of-war could 
have sailed for more than a hundred miles. But that fort, 
sitting impregnably on rocks two hundred feet above the level 
of the river, was hard to win ; and the Americans were careful 
to garrison efl"ectively a position so vitally important. 



1 



294 Young Folks History of A^nerica. 

Benedict Arnold was a brilliant but ambitious American 
officer, who had served, not without distinction, from the be- 
ginning of the war. He had fought in Canada when the 
Americans unsuccessfully invaded that province. He had, by 
extravagance in living, involved himself in debt, which he 
aggravated hopelessly by ill-judged mercantile speculations. 
He had sufficient influence with Washington to obtain the 
command of West Point. There is htde doubt that when he 
sought the appointment it was with the full intention of selling 
that important fortress to the enemy. He opened negotia- 
tions at once with Sir Henry Clinton, then in command of 
the Enghsh army at New York. 

Clinton sent Major Andre to arrange the terms of the con- 
templated treachery. A mournful interest attaches to the 
name of this young officer, the fate which befell him was so 
very sad. 

John Andre was of Swiss descent. He was educated in 
Switzerland. At the age of eighteen he entered a London 
counting-house. He was a lover of literature, and among his 
friends were Anna Seward, the " Swan of Litchfield," and 
an accomplished cousin of Miss Seward, Honora Sneyd. 
Andr^ became enamored of Miss Sneyd ; she did not 
return the affection, but gave her hand to Richard Lovell 
Edgeworth, father of Maria Edgeworth. Andre, to soothe 
and forget his disappointed affections, left commercial pur- 
suits, and turned from the associations of home to the turmoil 
of war in a foreign land. He was once taken prisoner, 
and, finding himself about to be stripped of his posses- 
sions, hid the picture of Honora Sneyd in his mouth. Anna 
Seward wrote a monody on Andre after his execution, which 
was very popular in England, and which so severely censured 
General Washington as to call from him an explanation. 
Andre was honored by a monument in the Poet's Corner of 
Westminster Abbey, his brother was knighted, and a pension 
was settled upon his family. 



1780. The Story of Major A7idre\ 295 

At midnight Major Andre landed from the boat of a British 
ship-of-war, at a lonely place where Arnold awaited him. 
Their conference lasted so long that it was deemed unsafe 
for Andre to return to the ship. He was conducted to a 
place of concealment within the American lines, to await the 
return of darkness. He completed his arrangement with 
Arnold, and received drawings of the betrayed fortress. His 
mission was now accomplished. The ship from which he 
had come lay full in view. Would that he could reach her ! 
But difficulties arose, and it was resolved that he must ride to 
New York, a distance of fifty miles. Disguising himself as 
he best could, Andre reluctantly accepted this very doubtful 
method of escape from his fearful jeopardy. 

Within the American lines he had some narrow escapes, 
but the pass given by Arnold carried him through. He was 
at length beyond the lines. His danger might now be con- 
sidered at an end, and he rode cheerfully on his lonely jour- 
ney. He was crossing a small stream ; thick woods on his 
right hand and his left enhanced the darkness of the night. 
Three armed men stepped suddenly from among the trees 
and ordered him to stand. From the dress of one of them, 
Andre thought he was among friends. He hastened to tell 
them he was a British officer, on very special business, and 
he must not be detained. Alas for Andre ! they were not 
friends ; and the dress which deceived him had been given 
to the man who wore it when he was a prisoner with the 
English, in place of a better garment of which his captors 
had stripped him. 

Andre was searched ; but at first nothing was found. It 
seemed as if he might yet be allowed to proceed, when one 
of the three men exclaimed, — 

" Boys, I am not satisfied. His boots must come off." 
Andre's countenance fell. His boots were searched, and 
Arnold's drawings of West Point were discovered. The men 



296 Young Folks History of America. 

knew then that he was a spy. He vamly offered them money. 
They were incorruptible. He was taken to the nearest 
miUtary station, and the tidings were at once sent to Wash- 
ington, who chanced to be then at West Point. Arnold had 
timely intimation of the disaster, and fled for refuge to a 
British ship-of-vrar. 

Andre was tried by a court formed of officers of the Ameri- 
can army. He gave a frank and truthful account of his part 
in the unhappy transaction, bringing into due prominence 
the circumstance that he was brought, without intention or 
knowledge on his part, within the American lines. The court 
judged him on his own statement, and condemned him to be 
hanged as a spy. 

His capture and sentence caused deep sensation in the 
English army, and e\Try effort was made to save him. But 
the danger to the patriot cause had been too great. There 
were dark intimations of other treasons yet unrevealed. It 
was needful to give emphatic warning of the perils which 
waited on such unlawful negotiations. Andre begged that he 
might be allowed to die a soldier's death. Even this i30or 
boon was refused to the unhappy young man. But this was 
mercifully concealed from Andre to the very last. 

Ten days after his arrest Andre was led forth to die. He 
was under the impression that his last request had been 
granted, and that he would die by the bullet. It was a fresh 
pang when the gibbet, with its ghastly preparations, stood 
before him. 

"How hard is my fate!" he said; "but it will soon be 
over." 

He bandaged his own eyes ; with his own hands adjusted 
the noose to his neck. The cart on which he stood moved 
away, and poor Major Andre was no longer in the world of 
living men. Forty years aftenvards his remains were taken 
home to England and laid in Westminster Abbey. 



lySi. Siege of Yorktown. 297 

During the later years of the war the English kept posses- 
sion of the Southern States. When the last campaign opened, 
Lord Cornwallis with a strong force represented British au- 
thority in the South, and did all that he found possible for 
the suppression of the patriots. But the time was past when 
any real progress in that direction could be made. A certain 
vigorous and judicious General Greene, with such rough 
semblance of an army as he could draw together, gave Lord 
Cornwallis many rude shocks. The English gained little vic- 
tories occasionally, but they suffered heavy losses, and the 
territory over which they held dominion was upon the whole 
becoming smaller. 

About midsummer the joyous news reached Washington 
that a powerful French fleet, with an army on board, was 
about to sail for America. With this reinforcement, AVash- 
ington had it in his power to deliver a blow which would 
break the strength of the enemy, and hasten the close of the 
war. Clinton held New York, and Cornwallis was fortifying 
himself in Yorktown. The French fleet sailed for the Chesa- 
peake, and Washington decided in consequence that his at- 
tack should be made on Lord Cornwallis. With all possible 
secrecy and speed the American troops were moved south- 
ward to Virginia. They were joined by the French, and they 
stood before Yorktown a force twelve thousand strong. Corn- 
wallis had not expected them, and he called on Clinton to aid 
him. But it was too late. He was already in a grasp from 
which there was no escaping. 

Throughout the war, ';he weakness of his force often 
obliged Washington to adopt a cautious and defensive policy, 
which grievously disappointed the expectations of his impa- 
tient countrymen. It is not therefore to be imagined that his 
leadership was wanting in vigor. Within his calm and well- 
balanced mind there lurked a fiery energy, ready to burst 
forth when occasion required. 



298 Young Folks History of America. 

The siege of Yorktown was pushed on with extraordinary 
vehemence. The English, as their wont is, made a stout 
defence, and strove by desperate sallies to drive the assailants 
from their works. But in a few days the defences of York- 
town lay in utter ruin, beaten to the ground by the powerful 
artillery of the Americans. The English guns were silenced. 
The English shipping was fired by red-hot shot from the 
French batteries. Ammunition began to grow scarce. The 
place could not be held much Ioniser, and Clinton still 
delayed his coming. Lord Cornwallis must either force his 
way out and escape to the North, or surrender. One night 
he began to embark his men in order to cross the York River 
and set out on his desperate march to New York. A violent 
storm arose and scattered his boats. The men who had em- 
barked got back with difficulty, under fire from the American , 
batteries. All hope was now at an end. In about a fortnight 
from the opening of the siege, the British array, eight thou- 
sand strong, laid down its arms. 

The joy of America over this great crowning success knew 
no bounds. One highly emotional patriot was said to have 
expired from mere excess of rapture. Some others lost their 
reason. In the army, all who were under arrest were at once 
set at liberty. A day of solemn thanksgiving was proclaimed, 
and devoudy observed throughout the rejoicing States. 

Well might the colonists rejoice, for their long and bitter 
struggle was now about to close. Stubborn King George 
would not yield yet. But England and her Parliament were 
sick of this hopeless and inglorious war. The House of 
Commons voted that all who should advise the continuance 
of the war were enemies to the country. A new Ministry was 
formed, and negotiations with a view to peace were begun. 
The king had no doubt that if America were allowed to go, 
the West Indies would go ; Ireland would go ; all his foreign 
possessions would go ; and discrowned England would sink 



1783. End of the War. 299 

into weakness and contempt. But too much heed had 
already been given to the Icing and his fancies. Peace was 
concluded with France and Spain, and the independence of 
America was at length recognized. 

Eight years had passed since the first blood was shed at 
Lexington. Thus long the unyielding English, unused to 
failure, had striven to regain the lost ascendency. Thus long 
the colonists had borne the miseries of invasion, not shaken 
in their faith that the independence which they had under- 
taken to win was well worth all it cost them. And now 
they were free, and England was the same to them as all the 
rest of the world, — " in peace, a friend ; in war, a foe." 
They had httle left them but their hberty and their soil. 
They had been unutterably devastated by those eight bloody 
years. Their fields had been wasted ; their towns had been 
burned. Commerce was extinct. Money had almost disap- 
peared from the country. Their public debt reached the 
large surh of one hundred and seventy miUions of dollars. 
The soldiers who had fought out the national independence 
were not paid till they showed some disposition to compel a 
settlement. There was nothing which could be called a gov- 
ernment. There were thirteen sovereign States, loosely knit 
together by a Congress. That body had power to discuss 
questions affecting the general good ; to pass resolutions ; to 
request the several States to give 'effect to these resolutions. 
The States might or might not comply with such request. 
Habitually they did not, especially when money was asked 
for. Congress had no power to tax. It merely apportioned 
among the States the amounts required for the public ser- 
vice, and each State was expected to levy a tax for its propor- 
tion. But in point of fact it became utterly impossible to get 
money by this process. 

Great hardships were endured by the laboring population. 
The impatience of a suffering people expressed itself in occa- 



300 Young Folks History of America. 

sional sputterings of insuiTection. Two thousand men of 
Massachusetts rose in amis to demand that the collection 
of debts should be suspended. It was some weeks before 
that rising could be quelled, as the community generally 
sympathized with the insurgents. During four or five years 
the miseries of the ungoverned country seemed to warrant the 
belief that her \A'ar of Independence had been a mistake. 

But a future of unparalleled magnificence lay before this 
sorely vexed and discouraged people. The boundless corn- 
lands of the ^^'est. the boundless cotton-fields of the South, 
waited to yield their wealth. Pennsylvania held unimagined 
treasures of coal and iron, soon to be evoked by the irre- 
sistible spell of patient industry. America was a vast store- 
house, prepared by the Great Father against the time when 
his children would have need of it. The men who are the 
stewards over its opulence have now freed themselves from 
some entanglements and hinderances which grievously dimin- 
ished their efficiency, and they stand prepared to enter in 
good earnest upon that high industrial vocation to which 
Providence has called them. 

There had been periods during the war when confidence 
in Washington's leadership was shaken. He sustained many 
reverses. He oftentimes retreated. He adhered tenaciously 
to a defensive policy, when Congress and people were burn- 
ing with impatience to inflict crushing defeat upon the foe. 
The deplorable insufficiency of his resources was overlooked, 
and the blame of every disaster fell on him. And when at 
length the cause began to prosper, and hope brightened into 
triumph, timid people were apt to fear that Washington was 
growing too powerful. He had become the idol of a great 
army. He had but to signify his readiness to accept a throne, 
and his soldiers would have crowned him king. It was usual 
in the re\'olutions of the world that a military chief should 
grasp at supreme power ; and so it was feared that Washing- 



7S3. 



Washingtoji at Home, 



301 



ton was to furnish one example more of that lawless and vul- 
gar lust of power by which human history has been so largely 
dishonored. 

But ^Vashington sheathed his sword, and returned gladly 
to his home on the banks of the Potomac. He proposed to 
spend his days " in cultivating the affections of good men, 
and in the practice of the domestic virtues." He hoped " to 
glide gently down the stream which no human effort can 
ascend." He occupied himself with the care of his farm, and 
had no deeper feeling than thankfulness that he was at length 
eased of a load of public care. The simple grandeur of his 
character was now revealed beyond possibility of misconcep- 
tion. The measure of American veneration for this greatest 
of all Americans was full. Henceforth Mount Vernon was 
a shrine to which pilgrim feet were ever turned, evoking 
such boundless love and reverence as never were elsewhere 
exhibited on American soii. 




1 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE THIRTEEN STATES BECOME A NATION. 

Washington saw from the beginning that his country was 
without a government. Congress was a mere name. There 
were still thirteen sovereign States, in league (or the mo- 
ment, but liable to be placed at variance by the differences 
which time would surely bring. Washington was satisfied 
that without a central government they could never be pow- 
erful or respected. Such a government, indeed, was neces- 
sary in order even to their existence. European powers 
would, in its absence, introduce dissensions among them. 
Men's minds would revert to that form of government with 
which they were familiar. Some ambitious statesman or 
soldier would make himself king, and the great experiment, 
based upon the equality of rights, would prove an ignomin- 
ious failure. 

The more sagacious Americans shared Washington's be- 
lief on this question. Conspicuous among these was Alex- 
ander Hamilton, — perhaps, next to Washington, the greatest 
American of that age. Hamilton was a brave and skilful 
soldier, a brilliant debater, a persuasive writer, a wise 
statesman. In his nineteenth year he entered the army, at 
the very beginning of the war. The quick eye of Washing- 
ton discovered the remarkable promise of the lad. He 
raised him to high command in the army, and afterwards 
to high office in the government. It was Hamilton who 
brought order out of the financial chaos which followed 



1787. Constitutional Convejition. 301; 

the war. It was Hamilton who suggested the convention 
to consider the framing of a new Constitution. Often, 
during the succeeding years, Hamihon's temperate and 
sagacious words cahned the storms which marked the 
infancy of the great republic. His career had a dark and 
bloody close. In his forty-seventh year he stood face to 
face, one bright July morning, with an ambitious politician 
named Aaron Burr. Burr had fastened a quarrel upon 
him, in the hope of murdering him in a duel. Hamilton 
had resolved not to fire. Burr fired with careful aim, and 
Hamilton fell, fatally wounded. One of the ablest men 
America has ever possessed was thus lost to her. 

Immediately after the close of the war Hamilton began 
to discuss the weakness of the existing form of government. 
He was deeply convinced that the union of the States, in 
order to be lasting, must be established on a solid basis ; 
and his writings did much to spread this conviction among 
his fellow-countrymen. Washington never ceased, from his 
retirement, to urge the same views. Gradually the urgent 
need of a better system was recognized. It indeed soon 
became too obvious to be denied. Congress found it ut- 
terly impossible to get money. Between 1781 and 1786, 
ten millions of dollars were called for from the States, but 
only two millions and a half were obtained. The interest 
on the debt was unpaid. The ordinary expenses of the 
government were unprovided for. The existing form of 
government was an acknowledged failure. Something bet- 
ter had to be devised, or the tie which bound the thirteen 
States would be severed. 

Hamilton obtained the sanction of Congress to his pro- 
posal that a convention of delegates from the several States 
should be held. This convention was to review the whole 
subject of the governing arrangement, and to recommend 
such alterations as should be considered adequate to the 

20 



3o6 Yoinig Folks History of America. 

exigencies of the time. Philadelphia, as usual, was the 
place of meeting. Thither, in the month of May, came the 
men who were charged with the weighty task of framing a 
government under which the thirteen States should become 
a nation. 

Fifty-five men composed this memorable council. Among 
them were the wisest men of whom America, or perhaps 
any other country, could boast. Washington himself pre- 
sided. Benjamin Franklin brought to this — his latest and 
his greatest task — the ripe experience of eighty-two years. 
New York sent Hamilton, regarding whom Prince Talley- 
rand said, long afterwards, that he had known nearly all 
the leading men of his time, but he had never known one 
on the whole equal to Hamilton. With these came many 
others whose names are held in enduring honor. Since the 
meeting of that first Congress which pointed the way to 
independence, America had seen no such assembly. 

The convention sat for four months. The great work 
which occupied it divided the country into two parties. One 
party feared most the evils which arise from weakness of 
the governing power, and sought relief from these in a close 
union of the States under a strong government. Another 
party dwelt more upon the miserable condition of the over- 
governed nations of Europe, and feared the creation of a 
government which might grow into a despotism. The aim 
of the one was to vest the largest possible measure of power 
in a central government. Hamilton, indeed, — to whom 
the British Constitution seemed the most perfect on 
earth, — went so far as to desire that the States should be 
merely great municipalities, attending onl)^, like an English 
corporation, to their own local concerns. The aim of the 
other was to circumscribe the powers accorded to the gen- 
eral government, to vindicate the sovereignty of the indi- 
vidual States, and give to it the widest possible scope. 



1787- The Federal Constitution. 307 

These two sets of opinions continued to exist and conflict 
for three-quarters of a century, till that which assigned an 
undue dominion to what were called State Rights perished 
in the overthrow of the government of the Confederate 
States. 

Slowly and through endless debate the convention worked 
out its plan of a government. The scheme was submitted to 
Congress, and thence sent down to the several States. 
Months of fiery discussion ensued. Somewhat reluctantly, 
by narrow majorities, in the face of vehement protests, the 
Constitution was at length adopted under which the thir- 
teen States were to become so great. 

Great Britain has no written Constitution. She has her 
laws ; and it is expected that all future laws shall be in tol- 
erable harmony with the principles on which her past legis- 
lation has been founded. But if Parliament were to enact, 
and the sovereign to sanction, any law at variance with 
these principles, there is no help for it. Queen, Lords, and 
Commons are supreme authority, from whose decisions there 
lies no appeal. In America it is different ; with us the su- 
preme authority is a written Constitution. Congress may 
unanimously enact, and the President may cordially sanc- 
tion, a new law. The Judges of the Supreme Court, sitting 
in the same building where Congress meets, may compare 
that law with the Constitution. If it is found at variance 
with the Constitution, it is unceremoniously declared to be no 
law, and entitled to no man's obedience. With a few amend- 
ments, the original Constitution remains in full force now, 
receiving, as it increases in age, the growing reverence of the 
people. The men who framed it must have been very 
wise. The people for whom it was framed must possess in 
high degree the precious Anglo-Saxon veneration for law. 
Otherwise the American paper Constitution must long ago 
have shared the fate of the numerous documents of this 



3o8 Young Folks History of America. 

class under which the French vainly sought rest during 
their first Revolution. 

The Federal Constitution was adopted on the 17th of 
September, 1787. Under it General George Washington was 
elected the first President. John Adams was elected Vice- 
President. The first President was inaugurated on April 
30, 1789. 

The question of the public debt was the first issue that 
the new Congress had to meet. 

Washington, with a sigh, asked a friend, "What is to be 
done about this heavy debt ? " " There is but one man in 
America can tell you," said his friend, "and that is Alex- 
ander Hamilton." Washington made Hamilton Secretary 
of the Treasury. The success of his financial measures 
was immediate and complete. " He smote the rock of the 
national resources," said Daniel Webster, "and abundant 
streams of revenue gushed forth. He touched the dead 
corpse of the public credit, and it sprang upon its feet." 
All the war debts of the States were assumed by the gen- 
eral government. Efficient provision was made for the 
regular payment of interest, and for a sinking fund to liqui- 
date the principal. Duties were imposed on shipping, on 
goods imported from abroad, and on spirits manufactured 
at home. The vigor of the government inspired public 
confidence. Commerce began to revive. In a few years 
the American flag was seen on every sea. The simple 
manufactures of the country resumed their long-interrupted 
activity. A national bank was established. Courts were 
set up, and judges were appointed. The salaries of the 
President and the great functionaries were settled. A 
home was chosen for the general government on the banks 
of the Potomac, where the capital of the Union was to 
supplant the little wooden village, — remote from the agi- 
tations which arise in the great centres of population. In- 



1797- 



Washington at Mount Ver7io7i. 



309 



numerable details connected with the establishment of a 
new o-overnment were discussed and fixed. Novel as the 
circumstances were, little of the work then done has re- 
quired to be undone. Succeeding generations of Ameri- 
cans have approved the wisdom of their early legislators, 




MOUNT VERXOX. 



and continue unaltered the arrangements which wer 
framed at the outset of the national existence. 

Washington was President during the first eight years of 
the Constitution. He survived his withdrawal from public 
life onlv three years, dving, after a few hours' illness, in 



3IO Yoimg Folks History of America. 

the sixty-eighth year of his age. His countrymen mourned 
him with a sorrow sincere and deep. Their reverence for 
him has not diminished with the progress of the years. 
Each new generation of Americans catches up the venera- 
tion — calm, intelHgent, but profound — with which its 
fathers regarded the blameless chief. To this day there is 
an affectionate watchfulness for opportunities to express 
the honor in which his name is held. To this day the 
steamers which ply upon the Potomac strike mournful notes 
upon the bell as they sweep past Mount Vernon, where 
Washington spent the happiest days of his life, and where 
he died. 



i 




FIGHT BETWEEN THE CONSTELLATION 



AND LA VENGEANCE. 



CHAPTER XV. 

FROM WASHINGTON TO MADISON. 

Thirty years of peace succeeded the War of Indepen- 
dence. There were, indeed, passing troubles with the In- 
dians, ending always in the sharp chastisement of those 
disagreeable savages. There was an expedition against 
Tripoli, to avenge certain indignities which the barbarians 
of that region had offered to American shipping. There 
was a misunderstanding with the French Directory, which 
was carried to a somewhat perilous extreme. A desperate 
fight took place between a French frigate and an American 
frigate, resulting in the surrender of the former. But these 
trivial agitations did not disturb the profound tranquillity 
of the nation, or hinder its progress in that career of pros- 
perity on which it had now entered. 

In 1797, General Washington having declined to be a 
candidate for President, John Adams was chosen his suc- 
cessor, and Thomas Jefferson was elected Vice-President. 
During the administration of Mr. Adams, the city of Wash- 
ington became the seat of government. Congress had 
hitherto met in the city of Philadelphia. In 1801 Thomas 
Jefferson was elected President and Aaron Burr Vice- 
President. Mr. Jefferson continued in office eight years. 
He was succeeded by James Madison in 1809. 

In 1806 England gave out a decree announcing that all 
the coasts of France and her allies were in a state of block- 
ade, and that any vessels attempting to trade with the 



314 Young Folks History of America. 

blockaded countries were liable to seizure. At that time 
nearly all the continent was in alliance with France. Na- 
poleon replied by declaring the British Islands in a state of 
blockade. These decrees closed Europe against American 
vessels. Many captures were made, especially by English 
cruisers. American merchants suffered grievous losses, 
and loudly expressed their just wrath against the wicked 
laws which wrought them so much evil. 

There was another question out of which mischief arose. 
England has always maintained that any person who has 
once been her subject can never cease to be so. He may 
remove to another country. He may become the citizen 
of another State. English law recognizes no such transac- 
tion. England claims that the man is still an English 
subject, entitled to the advantages of that relation, and 
bound by its obligations. America, on the other hand, 
asserted that men could lay down- their original citi- 
zenship and assume another, could transfer their alle- 
giance, could relinquish the privileges and absolve them- 
selves from the obligations which they inherited. The 
Englishmen who settled on her soil were regarded by 
her as American citizens, and as nothing else. 

Circumstances arose which bestowed dangerous impor- 
tance upon these conflicting doctrines. England at that 
time obtained sailors by impressment ; that is to say, she 
seized men who were engaged on board merchant vessels, 
and compelled them to serve on board her ships-of-w^ar. 
It was a process second only to the slave-trade in its 
iniquity. The service to which men were thus introduced 
could not but be hateful. There was a copious desertion, 
as opportunity offered, and America was the natural refuge. 
English ships-of-war claimed the right to search American 
vessels for men who had deserted ; and also for men who, 
as born English subjects, were liable to be impressed. It 



i8o6. 



The English Right of Search. 



315 



may well be believed that this right was not always exer- 
cised with a strict regard to justice. It was not always 
easy to distinguish an Englishman from an American. 
Perhaps the English captains were not very scrupulous as 
to the evidence on which they acted. The Americans 




THE ENGLISH RIGHT OF SEARCH. 



asserted that six thousand men, on whom England had no 
shadow of claim, were ruthlessly carried off to fight under 
a flag they hated ; the English Government admitted the 
charge to the extent of sixteen hundred men. The Ameri- 
can people vehemently resented the intolerable pretension 



3i6 Young Folks History of America. 

of England. Occasionally an American ship resisted it, 
and blood was freely shed. 

Congress prohibited commerce with the European Pow- 
ers which had disregarded her rights on the sea. Com- 
merce was interrupted, and the grievance was not abated. 
At length Congress ended suspense by passing a bill which 
declared war against Great Britain. 

When war was declared, England possessed one thou- 
sand ships-of-war, and America possessed twenty. Their 
land forces were in like proportion. England had nearly 
a million of men under arms. America had an army reck- 
oned at twenty-four thousand, many of them imperfectly 
disciplined, and not yet to be relied upon in the field. 
Her treasury was empty. She was sadly wanting in offi- 
cers of experience. She had declared war, but it was diffi- 
cult to see what she could do in the way of giving effect to 
her hostile purposes. 

But she held to these purposes with unfaltering tenacity. 
Four days after Congress had resolved to fight, England 
repealed those blockading decrees, which had so justly 
offended the Americans. There remained now only the 
question of the right of search. The British Minister at 
Washington proposed that an attempt should be made to 
settle peaceably this sole remaining ground of quarrel. 
The proposal was declined. 

The first efforts of the Americans were signally unsuc- 
cessful. They attacked Canada with an army of two 
thousand five hundred men. But this force had scarcely 
got upon Canadian ground when it was driven back. It 
was besieged in Fort Detroit by an inferior British army 
and forced to surrender. The unfortunate General Hull, 
who commanded, was brought to trial by his angry coun- 
trymen and sentenced to be shot. He was pardoned, 
however, in consideration of former services. 



/ 




SEA-FIGHT, WAR OF l8l2. 



3^7 



II 



i8i2. Naval Battles. 319 

A second invasion followed, closed by a second surren- 
der. During other two campaigns the Americans prose- 
cuted their invasion. Ships were built and launched upon 
the great lakes which lie between the territories of the 
combatants. 

At sea a strange gleam of good fortune cheered the 
Americans. It was there England felt herself omnipotent. 
She, with her thousand ships, might pardonably despise the 
enemy who came against her with twenty. But it was there 
disaster overtook her. 

During the autumn months a series of encounters took 
place between single British and American ships. In every 
instance victory remained with the Americans. Five Eng- 
lish vessels were taken or destroyed. The Americans 
were in most of these engagements more heavily manned and 
armed than their enemies. But the startling fact remained. 
Five British ships-of-war had been taken in battle by the 
Americans. Five defeats had been sustained by England. 
Her sovereignty of the sea had received a rude shock. 

The loss of a great battle would not have moved Eng- 
land more profoundly than the capture of these five unim- 
portant ships. It seemed to many to foretell the downfall 
of her maritime supremacy. She had ruled the seas, be- 
cause, heretofore, no other country produced sailors equal 
to hers. But a new power had now arisen, whose home, 
equally with that of Britannia herself, was upon the deep. 
If America could achieve these startling successes while 
she had only twenty ships, what might she not accomplish 
with that ampler force which she would hereafter possess ? 
England had many enemies, all of whom rejoiced to see 
in these defeats the approaching decay of her envied 
greatness. 

Among English sailors there was a burning eagerness to 
wipe out the unlooked-for disgrace which had fallen upon 



320 Young Folks History of America. 

the flag. A strict blockade of American ports was main- 
tained. On board the English ships which cruised on the 
American coasts impatient search was made for oppor- 
tunities of retrieving the honor of the service. 

Two English ships layoff Boston in the summer of 1813, 
under the command of Captain Broke. Within the bay 
the American frigate Chesapeake had lain for many m.onths. 
Captain Broke had bestowed especial pains upon the train- 
ing of his men, and he believed he had made them a match 
for any equal force. He and they desired to test their 
prowess in battle. He sent away one of his ships, retain- 
ing only the Shannon, which was slightly inferior to the 
Chesapeake in guns and in men. And then he stood close 
in to the shore, and sent to Captain Lawrence of the Chesa- 
peake an invitation to come forth, that they might " try the 
fortune of their respective flags." 

From his mast-head Captain Broke watched anxiously 
the movements of the hostile ship. Soon he saw her can- 
vas shaken out to the breeze. His challenge w^as accepted. 
The stately Chesapeake moved slowly down the bay, 
attended by many barges and pleasure-boats. To the over- 
sanguine men of Boston it seemed that Captain Lawrence 
sailed out to assured victory. They crowded to house-top 
and hill to witness his success. They prepared a banquet 
to celebrate his triumphant return. 

Slowly and in grim silence the hostile ships drew near. 
No shot was fired till they were within a stone's throw of 
each other, and the men in either could look into the faces 
of those they were about to destroy. Then began the 
horrid carnage of a sea-fight. The well-trained British fired 
with steady aim, and every shot told. The rigging of their 
enemy was speedily ruined ; her stern was beaten in ; her 
decks were swept by discharges of heavy guns loaded with 
musket-balls. The American firing was much less effect- 



1813. Fight of Chesapeake and Shannon. 323 

ive. After a few broadsides, the ships came into contact. 
The Shannon continued to fire grape-shot from two of her 
guns. The Chesapeake could now reply feebly, and only 
with musketry. Captain Broke prepared to board. Over 
decks heaped with slain and slippery with blood the Eng- 
lishmen sprang upon the yielding foe. The American flag 
was pulled down, and resistance ceased. 

The fight lasted but a quarter of an hour. So few 
minutes ago the two ships, peopled by seven hundred men 
in the pride of youth and strength, sailed proudly over seas 
which smiled in the peaceful sunlight of that summer 
evening! Now their rigging lies in ruins upon the cum- 
bered decks ; their sides are riven by shot ; seventy-one 
dead bodies wait to be thrown overboard \ one hundred 
and fifty-seven men lie wounded and in anguish, some of 
them to die, some to recover and live out cheerless lives, 
till the grave opens for their mutilated and disfigured forms. 
Did these men hate each other with a hatred so intense 
that they could do no less than inflict these evils upon each 
other ? They had no hatred at all. Their governments 
differed, and this was their method of ascertaining who was 
in the right ! Surely men will one day be wise enough 
to adopt some process for the adjustment of differences 
less wild in its inaccuracy, less brutish in its cruelty, than 
this. 

This victory, so quickly won and so decisive, restored 
the confidence of England in her naval superiority. The 
war went on with varying fortune. The Americans, awak- 
ening to the greatness of the necessity, put forth vigorous 
efforts to increase both army and navy. Frequent en- 
counters between single ships occurred. Sometimes the 
American ship captured or destroyed the British. More 
frequently now the British ship captured or destroyed the 
American. The superb fighting capabilities of the race 



324 Young Folks History of America. 

were splendidly illustrated, but no results of a more solid 
character can be enumerated. 

But meanwhile momentous changes had occurred . in 
Europe. Napoleon had been overthrown, and England 
was enjoying the brief repose which his residence in Elba 
afforded. She could bestow some attention now upon her 
American quarrel. Several regiments of WelUngton's sol- 
diers were sent to America, under the command of General 
Ross, and an attack upon Washington was determined. 
The force at General Ross's disposal was only three 
thousand five hundred men. With means so inconsiderable, 
it seemed rash to attack the capital of a great nation. But 
the result proved that GeneraJ Ross had not underesti- 
mated the difficulties of the enterprise. 

Only seven thousand men could be drawn together to 
resist the advance of the English. These took po.'^t at Bla- 
densburg, where there was a bridge over the Potooiac. The 
English were less numerous, but they were veterans who 
had fought under Wellington in many battles. To them 
it was play to rout the undisciplined levies. They dashed 
upon the enemy, who, scarcely waiting to fire a shot, broke 
and fled towards Washington in hopeless confusion. 

That same evening the British marched quietly into Wash- 
ington. General Ross had orders to destroy or hold to 
ransom all public buildings. He offered to spare the na- 
tional property, if a certain sum of money were paid to him. 
The authorities declined his proposal. Next day a great 
and most unjustifiable ruin was wrought. The Capitol, the 
President's residence, the government offices, even the 
bridge over the Potomac, all were destroyed. The navy 
yard and arsenal, with some ships in course of building, 
were set on fire by the Americans themselves. The Presi- 
dent's house was pillaged by the soldiers before it was 
burned. These devastations were effected in obedience to 



1814. The Treaty of Ghent. 325 

peremptory orders from the British Government, on whom 
rests the shame of proceedings so reprehensible and so 
unusual in the annals of civilized war. On the same day 
the British withdrew from the ruins of the burning capital, 
and retired towards the coast. 

The Americans were becoming weary of the war. There 
was small hope of success, now that Britain had no other 
enemy to engage her attention. America had no longer a 
ship-of-war to protect her coasts from insult. Her trade was 
nearly extinct. Her exports, which were seventy millions 
of dollars before the war, had sunk to one-tenth of that 
amount. Two-thirds of the trading classes were insolvent. 
The revenue hitherto derived from customs had ceased. 
The credit of the country was not good. Taxation became 
very oppressive, and thus enhanced extremely the unpopu- 
larity of the war. Some of the New England States refused 
to furnish men or money, and indicated a disposition to 
make peace for themselves, if they could not obtain it other- 
wise. 

Peace was urgently needed, and happily was near at 
hand. Late one Saturday night a British sloop-of-war 
arrived at New York, bearing a treaty of peace, already 
ratified by the British Government. The cry of " Peace ! 
peace ! " rang through the gladdened streets. The city 
burst into spontaneous illumination. The news reached 
Boston on Monday morning. Boston was almost beside her- 
self with joy. A multitude of idle ships had long lain at her 
wharves. Before night carpenters were at work making 
them ready to go to sea. Sailors were engaged; cargoes 
were being passed on board. Boston returned without 
an hour's delay to her natural condition of commercial 
activity. 

British and American commissioners had met at Ghent, 
and had agreed upon terms of peace. The fruitlessness of 



326 Young Folks' History of America. 

war is a familiar discovery when men have calmness to 
review its losses and its gains. Both countries had endured 
much during these three years of hostilities ; and now the 
peace left as they had been before the questions whose set- 
tlement was the object of the war. 

The treaty was concluded on the 24th December. Could 
the news have been flashed by telegraph across the Atlantic, 
much brave life would have been saved. But seven weeks 
elapsed before it was known in the southern parts of 
America that the two countries were at peace. And mean- 
while one of the bloodiest fights of the war had been 
fought. 

New Orleans, a town of nearly twenty thousand inhabi- 
tants, was then, as it is now, one of the great centres of the 
cotton trade, and commanded the navigation of the Missis- 
sippi. The capture of a city so important could not fail to 
prove a heavy blow to America. An expedition for this 
purpose was organized. Just when the commissioners at 
Ghent were felicitating themselves upon the peace they had 
made, the British army, in storm and intolerable cold, was 
being rowed on shore within a few miles of New Orleans. 

Sir Edward Pakenham, one of the heroes of the Penin- 
sula, commanded the English. The defence of New Or- 
leans was intrusted to General Jackson. Jackson had 
been a soldier from his thirteenth year. He had spent a 
youth of extraordinary hardship. He was now a strong- 
willed, experienced, and skilful leader, in whom his soldiers 
had boundless confidence. Pakenham, fresh from the tri- 
umphs of the Peninsula, looked with mistaken contempt 
upon his formidable enemy. 

Jackson's line of defence was something over half a mile 
in length. The Mississippi covered his right flank, an 
impassable swamp and jungle secured his left. Along his 
front ran a deep broad ditch, topped by a rampart com- 




JESUIT MISSIONARY ADDRESSING THE INDIANS. 327 



1815. TJie Battle of New Orleans. 329 

posed of bales of cotton. In this strong position the 
x\mericans awaited the coming of the enemy. 

At daybreak on the 8th January the British, six thousand 
strong, made their attack. The dim morning light revealed 
to the Americans the swift advance of the red-coated host. 
A murderous fire of grape and round shot was opened from 
the guns mounted on the bastion. Brave men fell fast, 
but the assailants passed on through the storm. They 
reached the American works. It was their design to scale 
the ramparts, and, once within, to trust to their bayonets, 
which had never deceived them yet. But at the foot of 
the ramparts it was found that scaling-ladders had been 
omitted in the preparations for the assault ! The men 
mounted on each other's shoulders, and thus some of them 
forced their way into the works, only to be shot down 
by the American riflemen. All was vain. A deadly fire 
streamed incessantly from that fatal parapet upon the de- 
fenceless men below. Sir Edward Pakenham fell mortally 
wounded. The carnage was frightful, and the enterprise 
visibly hopeless-. The troops were withdrawn in great 
confusion, having sustained a loss of two thousand men. 
The Americans had seven men killed and the same number 
wounded. 

Thus closed the war. Both countries look with just 
pride upon the heroic courage so profusely displayed in 
battle, and upon the patient endurance with which great 
sacrifices were submitted to. It is a pity these high quali- 
ties did not find a more worthy field for their exercise. 
The war was a gigantic folly and wickedness, such as no 
future generation of Americans or Englishmen, we may 
venture to hope, will ever repeat. 

On the Fourth of July, 1826, all America kept holiday. 
On that day, fifty years before, the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence was signed, and America began her great career as 



330 Young Folks History of A^nerica. 

a free country. Better occasion for jubilee the world has 
seldom known. The Americans must needs do honor to 
the fathers of their independence, most of whom have 
already passed away ; two of them, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson, died on this very day. They must 
pause and look back upon this amazing half-century. The 
world had never seen growth so rapid. There were three 
millions of Americans who threw off the British yoke. 
Now there were twelve millions. The thirteen States had 
increased to twenty-four. The territory of the Union had 
been prodigiously enlarged. Louisiana had been sold by 
France. Florida had been ceded by Spain. Time after 
time tribes of vagrant Indians yielded up their lands and 
enrolled themselves subjects of the great republic. The 
Gulf of Mexico now bounded the Union on the south, and 
the lakes which divide her from Canada on the north. 
From the Atlantic on the east, she already looked out upon 
the Pacific on the west. Canals had been cut leading from 
the Great Lakes to the Hudson, and the grain which grew 
on the corn-lands of the West, thousands of miles away, 
w^as brought easily to New York. Innumerable roads had 
been made. The debt incurred in the War of Indepen- 
dence had been all paid, and the still heavier debt incurred 
in the second war with England was being rapidly extin- 
guished. A steady tide of emigration flowed westward. 
Millions of acres of the fertile wilderness which lay towards 
the setting sun had been at length made profitable to man- 
kind. Extensive manufactories had been established in 
which cotton and w^oollen fabrics were produced. The 
foreign trade of the country amounted to two hundred 
millions of dollars. 

The Marquis Lafayette, now an old man, came to see 
once more before he died the country he had helped to 
save, and took part with wonder in the national rejoicing. 



i826. Visit of Lafayette. . 331 

The poor colonists, for ^vhose liberties he fought, had 
already become a powerful and wealthy nation. Every- 
where there had been expansion. Everywhere there were 
comfort and abundance. Everywhere there were bound- 
less faith in the future, and a vehement, unresting energy, 
which would surely compel the fulfilment of any expecta- 
tion, however vast. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

THE TWO EMPIRES, — THE UNITED STATES AND 
CANADA. 

North America was now divided into two principal 
empires, the United States and Canada. Tlie Mexican 
empire at the South has entered but little into the history 
and progress of the world. 

The French empire in America had passed away. Let 
us glance at this vanished dominion, so full of romance 
and once so promising of great results. 

The French settlements in Acadia, on the Bay of Fundy, 
and in Canada, were formed before the building of James- 
town. They became military and missionary posts rather 
than agricultural colonies, and depended upon the home 
government for support rather than upon themselves. 
They were fam.ous for brilliant explorations, but the ex- 
plorers nowhere rooted themselves to the soil. They 
gained the friendship of the Indians and lived in peace 
with them, joined them in the chase and dance, and even 
adopted their customs and habits. The French Jesuits 
penetrated the recesses of the wilderness, preaching in 
wigwams, baptizing converts, and adorning them with the 
emblems of their faith. 

In 1673 two of these missionaries, Marquette and Jo- 
liet, discovered the Mississippi, finding their way to it by 
the great water-courses of the Fox and Wisconsin. In 
1682 Robert de la Salle passed down the river to the Gulf 



1754- French and Indian War, 335 

of Mexico, and in honor of Louis XIV. called the territory 
Louisiana. The king afterwards granted him a commis- 
sion to found a colony there. The explorer accepted the 
trust, came with his colony in ships from France to the Gulf 
of Mexico, but was unable to find the mouth of the Missis- 
sippi. He landed on the coast of Texas, and founded a 
temporary settlement. He then started on an expedition 
by land to discover the Mississippi. A conspiracy was 
formed against him among his own followers, and he was 
treacherously shot by one of them, and his colony was not 
long afterwards destroyed by the Indians. 

As often as England and France went to war, there was 
war betw'een the English and French colonists. The 
French always found allies in the Indians, and, by employ- 
ing these merciless warriors, gained a reputation for bar- 
barity quite foreign to their national character. This was 
the case during King William's War, when the massacre at 
Schenectady occurred ; and, again, in 1706, when Deer- 
field and Haverhill, in Massachusetts, were sacked and 
burned by the French and Indians. 

The decisive struggle between the French and English 
in America, for the possession of the country between the 
Great Lakes and the Mexican Gulf, began in 1753. Loui- 
siana had now become quite populous and wealthy, and a 
plan was formed to connect Canada with Louisiana by a 
line of forts, extending from Lake Erie along the waters 
of the Ohio to the Mississippi, thus bounding the Eng- 
lish territory. The project brought the French into 
collision with the Ohio Company, which led to the 
French and Indian war (1754). It was during this war 
that Acadia was depopulated, for refusing to give alle- 
giance to the English. Seven thousand Acadians were 
forced on shipboard and transported to the English col- 
onies, where they were scattered and supported as pau- 



336 Yoitng Folks History of America, 

pers. The struggle ended in 1762, in the victory of the 
English at Quebec. 

The English colonies now began to grow in Canada. 
Immigration increased, Montreal became a city, and a 
thronging multitude of settlers began to build on the 
tributaries of the Ohio. The borders of the lakes on either 
side were lined with prosperous villages. The War for 
Independence separated the Canadian from the Atlantic 
colonies at the natural boundary of the gulf and lakes. 

The population of Canada became nearly four mil- 
lions. Montreal is one of the most beautiful cities in 
America, and contains some of the finest churches in the 
New World. It is situated in a region of varied beauty, 
that has been called the "Garden of the Continent." 
The view from Mount Royal, which seems to overhang the 
city, is one of the most picturesque in the North. The St. 
Lawrence, the Lachine Rapids, the distant mountains of 
Beloeil and Boucherville, the rich soil, with bending orchards 
and dark forests, the villas, country seats, and pleasure- 
grounds near at hand, the melodious bell of the French 
cathedral in the mild, bright air, all combine to make 
the scene one ever to be remembered : — 

" Ever changing, ever new, 
When will the landscape tire the view .-* 
The fountain's fall ; the river's flow ; 
The woody valley, warm and low ; 
The windy summit, wild and high, 
Roughly reaching to the sky; 
The pleasant seat ; the ruined tower; 
The naked rock ; the shady bower ; 
The town, the village, dome, and farm, 
Each gives to each a double charm, 
Like pearls upon an Ethiop's arm." 

It was with such scenery in view that Thomas Moore 
wrote his " Canadian Boat Song : " — 



186;. The Dominion of Canada. 339 

" Faintly as tolls the evening chime, 
Our voices keep tune and our oars keep time. 
Soon as the woods on the shore look dim, 
We give to St. Ann our parting hymn. 
Row, brothers, row ! the stream runs fast, 
The rapids are near, and daylight's past." 

The growth of Canada has been affected by few political 
changes or little to disturb its peace. In 1791 Canada was 
divided into two provinces, called Upper and Lower Can- 
ada, and afterwards Ontario and Quebec. A governor was 
appointed for each by the English government, and each 
had its Representative Assembly. In 1840 the British 
Parliament passed an act uniting the two provinces under 
the name of the Province of Canada. On the ist of July, 
1867, Queen Victoria, by proclamation, declared the prov- 
inces of Ontario (Upper Canada), Quebec (Lower Canada), 
Nova Scotia (Acadia), and New Brunswick, to be united 
under one federal government, to be known as the Domin- 
ion OF Canada. Three other provinces, Prince Edward 
Island, British Columbia, and Manitoba, afterwards joined 
this confederation. 

The Governor General of Canada is appointed by the 
.sovereign of England, and represents the Crown. He 
resides at Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion. The vice- 
royal residence is known as Rideau Hall. 

Ottawa, like Montreal, is beautiful in situation. On the 
west of the city is the cataract of the Ottawa or Chaudiere 
Falls ; and on the east are two cataracts, over which the 
rapid Rideau falls into the Ottawa. The city has a popula- 
tion of about twenty-two thousand. 



CHAPTER XVIT. 

THE STORY OF SLAVERY. 

Soon after the Revolution, several slave-owning States pro- 
hibited the importation of slaves. The Constitution provided 
that Congress might suppress the slave-trade after the lapse 
of twenty years. But for the resistance of South Carolina 
and Georgia the prohibition would have been immediate. 
At length, at the earhest moment when it was possible, 
Congress gave effect to the general sentiment by enacting 
" that no slaves be imported into any of the thirteen United 
Colonies." 

And why had this not been done earher? If the colonists 
were sincere in their desire to suppress this base traffic, why 
did they not suppress it? The reason is not difficult to find. 
England would not permit them. England forced the slave- 
trade upon the reluctant colonists. The English Parliament' 
watched with paternal care over the interests of this hideous 
traffic. During the first half of the eighteenth century Pariia- 
ment was continually legislating to this effect. Every restraint 
upon the largest development of the trade was removed with 
scrupulous care. Every thing that diplomacy could do to 
open new markets was done. When the colonists sought by 
imposing a tax to check the importation of slaves, that tax 
was repealed. Land was given free, in the West Indies, on 
condition that the settler should keep four negroes for every 
hundred acres. Forts were built on the African coast for the 
protection of the trade. So recently as the year 1 749 an Act 




MURDER OF LA SALLE IN TEXAS 



1749- ^-^^^ Slave-Trade Encouraged. 343 

was passed bestowing additional encouragements upon slave- 
traders, and emphatically asserting, " The slave-trade is very 
advantageous to Great Britain." There are no passages in 
all her history so humiliating as these. 

It is marvellous that such things were done, deliberately, 
and with all the solemnities of legal sanction, by men not 
unacquainted with the Christian religion, and humane in all 
the ordinary relations of life. The Inquisition inflicted no 
suffering more cruel than was endured by the victim of the 
slave-trader. Hundreds of men and women, with chains 
upon their Hmbs, were packed closely together into the holds 
of small vessels. There, during weeks of suffering, they re- 
mained, enduring fierce tropical heat, often deprived of water 
and of food. They were all young and strong, for the fas- 
tidious slave-trader rejected men over thirty as uselessly old. 
But the strength of the strongest sank under the horrors of 
this voyage. Often it happened that the greater portion of 
the cargo had to be flung overboard. Under the most favor- 
able circumstances, it was expected that one slave in every 
five would perish. In every cargo of five hundred, one hun- 
dred would suffer a miserable death. And the public senti- 
ment of England fully sanctioned a traffic of which these 
horrors were a necessary part. 

At one time the idea was prevalent in the colonies that it 
was contrary to Scripture to hold a baptized person in slavery. 
The colonists did not on that account liberate their slaves. 
They escaped the difficulty in the opposite direction. They 
withheld baptism and religious instruction. England took 
some pains to put them right on this question. The bishops 
of the Church and the law-officers of the Crown issued au- 
thoritative declarations, asserting the entire lawfulness of 
owning Christians. The colonial legislatures followed with 
enactments to the same effect. The colonists, thus reassured, 
gave consent that the souls of their unhappy dependants 
should be cared for. 



344 Young Folks History of America. 

Up to the Revolution it was estimated that three hundred 
thousand negroes had been brought into the country direct 
from Africa. The entire colored population was supposed to 
amount to nearly half a million. 

When America gained her independence slavery existed in 
all the colonies. No State was free from the taint. Even 
the New England Puritans held slaves. At an early period 
they had learned to enslave their Indian^ neighbors. The 
children of the Pilgrims owned Indians, and in due time 
owned Africans, without remorse. But the number of slaves 
in the North was always small. At first it was not to the 
higher principle or clearer intelligence of the Northern men 
that this limited prevalence of slavery was due. The North 
was not a region where slave labor could ever be profitable. 
The climate was harsh, the soil rocky and bleak. Labor 
required to be directed by intelligence. In that compara- 
tively unproductive land the mindless and heardess toil of 
the slave would scarcely defray the cost of his support. At 
the Revolution there were half a million of slaves in the colo- 
nies, and of these only thirty to forty thousand were in the 
North. 

It was otherwise in the sunny and luxuriant South. The 
African was at home there, for the climate was like his own. 
The rich soil yielded its wealth to labor in the slightest and 
least intelligent form. The culture of rice and tobacco and 
cotton supplied the very kind of work which a slave was fitted 
to perform. The South found profitable employment for as 
many Africans as the slave-traders were able to steal. 

And yet at the Revolution slavery enjoyed no great degree 
of favor. The free spirit enkindled by the war was in vio- 
lent opposition to the existence of a system of bondage. 
Everywhere in the North slavery was regarded as an objec- 
tionable and decaying institution. The leaders of the Revo- 
lution, themselves mainly slave-owners, were eagerly desirous 



17/6. Opposition to Slavery. 345 

that slavery should be abolished. Washington was utterly 
opposed to the system, and provided in his will for the eman- 
cipation of his own slaves. Hamilton was a member of an 
association for the gradual abolition of slavery. John Adams 
would never own a slave. Franklin, Patrick Henry, Madison, 
Monroe, were united in their reprobation of slavery. Jefferson, 
a Virginian, who prepared the Declaration of Independence, 
said that, in view of slavery, " he trembled for his country, 
when he reflected that God was just." 

In the convention which met to frame a Constitution for 
America the feeling of antagonism to slavery was supreme. 
Had the majority followed their own course, provision would 
have been made then for the gradual extinction of slavery. 
But there arose here a necessity for one of those compro- 
mises by which the history of America has been so sadly 
marked. When it was proposed to prohibit the importation 
of slaves, all the Northern and most of the Southern States 
favored the proposal. But South Carolina and Georgia were 
insatiable in their desire for African labor. They decisively 
refused to become parties to a union in which there was to be 
no importation of slaves. The other States yielded. Instead 
of an immediate abolition of this hateful traffic, it was agreed 
merely that after twenty years Congress would be at liberty to 
abolish the slave-trade if it chose. By the same threat of dis- 
union the slave States of the extreme South gained other 
advantages. It was at last enacted that a slave who fled 
to a free State was not therefore to become a free man. 
He must be given back to his owner. It was yet further con- 
ceded that the slave States should have increased political 
power in proportion to the number of their slaves. A black 
man did not count for so much as a white. Every State was 
to send members to the House of Representatives according 
to its population, and in reckoning that population five negroes 
were to be counted as three. 



346 Young Folks History of America. 

And yet at that time, and for years after, the opinion of the 
South itself regarded slavery as an evil, thrust upon them 
by England, difficult to be got rid of, profitable, it might be, 
but lamentable and temporary. No slave-holder refused 
to discuss the subject or admit the evils of the system. No 
violence was offered to those who denounced it. The clergy 
might venture to preach against it. Hopeful persons might 
foretell the approach of liberty to those unhappy captives. 
Even the lowest of the slave-holding class did not yet resent 
the expression of such hopes. 

But a mighty change was destined to pass upon the tone of 
Southern opinion. The purchase of Louisiana opened a vast 
tract of the most fertile land in the world to the growth of 
cotton. The growth of cotton became profitable. Slave- 
holding became lucrative. It was wealth to own a little plan- 
tation and a few negroes. There was an eager race for the 
possession of slaves. Importation alone could not supply the 
demand. Some of the more northerly of the Southern States 
turned their attention to the breeding of slaves for the South- 
ern markets. 

During many years the leader of the slave-owners was John 
C. Calhoun. He was a native of South Carolina, a tall, 
slender man, with an eye whose wondrous depth and power 
impressed all who came into his presence. Calhoun taught 
the people of the South that slavery was good for the slave. 
It was a benign, civilizing agency. The African attained to a 
measure of intelligence in slavery greatly in advance of that 
which he had ever reached as a free man. To him, visibly, 
it was a blessing to be enslaved. From all this it was easy to 
infer that Providence had appointed slavery for the advantage 
of both races ; that opposition to this heaven-ordained insti- 
tution was profane ; that abolition was merely an aspect of 
infidelity. So Calhoun taught. So the South learned to be- 
lieve, Calhoun's last speech in Congress warned the North 



rS5o. TJie Story of Slavery. 349 

that opposition to slavery would destroy the Union. His 
latest conversation was on this absorbing theme. A few hours 
after, he had passed to where all dimness of vision is removed, 
and errors of judgment become impossible ! 

It was very pleasant for the slave-o^\^lers to be taught that 
slavery enjoyed divine sanction. The doctrine had other 
apostles than Mr. Calhoun. Unhappily it came to form part 
of the regular pulpit teaching of the churches. It was gravely 
argued out from the Old Testament that slavery was the 
proper condition of the negro. Ham was to be the servant 
of his brethren. Hence all the descendants of Ham were the 
rightful property of white men. The slave who fled from his 
master was guilty of the crime of theft in one of its most hei- 
nous forms. So taught the pulpit. Many books, written by 
grave divines for the enforcement of these doctrines, remain 
to awaken the amazement of posterity. 

The slave-owners inclined a willing ear to these pleasing 
assurances. They knew slavery to be profitable. Their lead- 
ers in Church and State told them it was right. It was little 
wonder that a fanatical love for slavery possessed their hearts. 
In the susceptible, ease-loving minds of the slave-owning 
class, it became in course of years almost a madness, which 
was shared, unhappily, by the great mass of the white popula- 
tion. Discussion could no longer be permitted. It became 
a fearful risk to express in the South an opinion hostile to 
slavery. It was a familiar boast that no man who opposed 
slavery would be suffered to live in a slave State. And the 
slave-owners made their word good. Many suspected of hos- 
tile opinions were tarred and feathered and turned out of the 
State. Many were shot ; many were hanged ; some were 
burned. The Southern mobs were singularly brutal, and the 
slave -owmers found willing hands to do their work. The 
law did not interfere to prevent or punish such atrocities. 
The churches looked on and held their peace. 



350 Young Folks History of America. 

As slave property increased in value, a strangely horrible 
system of laws gathered around it. The slave was regarded 
not as a person, but as a thing. He had no civil rights ; nay, 
it was declared by the highest legal authority that a slave had 
no rights at all which a white man was bound to respect. The 
most sacred laws of nature were defied. Marriage was a tie 
which bound the slave only during the master's pleasure. A 
slave had no more legal authority over his child " than a cow 
has over her calf." It was a grave offence to teach a slave to 
read. A white man might expiate that offence by fine or im- 
prisonment ; to a black man it involved flogging. The owner 
might not without challenge murder an unoffending slave ; 
but a slave resisting his master's will might lawfully be slain. 
A slave who would not stand to be flogged might be shot as 
he ran off. The master was blameless if his slave died under 
the administration of reasonable correction, — in other words, 
if he flogged a slave to death. A fugitive slave might be 
killed by any means which his owner chose to employ. On 
the other hand, there was a slender pretext of laws for the 
protection of the slave. 

The practice of the South in regard to her slaves was not 
unworthy of her laws. Children were habitually torn away 
from their mothers. Husbands and wives were habitually 
separated and forced to contract new marriages. Public whip- 
ping-houses became an institution. The hunting of escaped 
slaves became a regular profession. Dogs were bred and 
trained for that special work. 

These things were done, and the Christian churches of the 
South were not ashamed to say that the system out of which 
they flowed enjoyed the sanction of God ! 

There were indeed good masters and mistresses in the 
South, who sympathized with their slaves and whom the slaves 
loved. There were plantations where Christian principles 
governed, — Acadias in this most beautiful of lands. But 



792. 



ihe Story of the Cot ton-Gin. 



35 



the death of one of these masters, and a transferrence of prop- 
erty, might change all this happiness and peace. The whole 
system was evil, and the conscientious portion of the slave- 
owners felt it to be so. 

THE STORY OF THE COTTON-GIN. 

In 1 768 Richard Arkwright invented a machine for spinning 
cotton vastly superior to any thing hitherto in use. Next 
year a greater than he, James Watt, announced a more won- 
derful invention, — his steam-engine. England was ready 
now to begin her great work of weaving cotton for the world. 
But where was the cotton to be found ? 




MULE-JENNY SPINNING-FRAME. 

Three or four years before Watt patented his engine, and 
Arkwright his spinning- frame, there was born in a New 
England farm-house a boy whose work was needed to com- 
plete theirs. His name was Eli Whitney. Eli was a born 
mechanic. It was a necessity of his nature to invent and 
construct. As a mere boy he made nails, pins, and walking- 



352 Young Folks History of A 



rnerica. 



canes by novel processes, and thus earned money to support 
himself at college. In 1792 he went to Georgia to visit Mrs. 
Greene, the widow of that General Greene who so troubled 
Lord Gornwallis in the closing years of the war. In that 
primitive society, where few of the comforts of civilized life 
were yet enjoyed, no visits were so welcome to the South 

as those of a skilful me- 
chanic. Eli construct- 
ed marvellous amuse- 
ments for Mrs. Greene's 
children. He overcame 
all household difficulties 
by some ingenious con- 
trivance. Mrs. Greene 
learned to wonder at 
him, and to believe noth- 
ing was impossible for 
him. One day Mrs. 
Greene entertained a 
party of her neighbors. 
The conversation turned 
upon the sorrows of the 
planter. That unhappy 
tenacity with which the 
fibre of cotton adhered 
to the seeds was elaborately explained. With an urgent 
demand from England for cotton, with boundless lands which 
grew nothing so well as cotton, it was hard to be so utterly 
baffled. 

Mrs. Greene had unlimited faith in her friend Eli. She 
begged him to invent a machine which should separate the 
seeds of cotton from the fibre. Whitney was of Northern birth, 
and had never even seen cotton in the seed. He walked 
in to Savannah, and there, with some trouble, obtained a 




COTTON PLANT. 



1793' Invention of the Cotton-Gin. 353 

quantity of uncleaned cotton. He shut himself up in his 
room and brooded over the difficulty which he had under- 
taken to conquer. 

All that winter Eli labored, devising, hammering, build- 
ing up, rejecting, beginning afresh. He had no help. He 
could not even find tools to buy, but had to make them with 
his own hands. At length his machine was completed, rude- 
looking, but visibly effective. Mrs. Greene invited the lead- 
ing men of the State to her house. She conducted them in 
triumph to the building in which the machine stood. The 
ONvners of unprofitable cotton lands looked on with a flash 
of hope in their hearts. Possibilities of untold wealth to 
each of them lay in that clumsy structure. The machine 
was put in motion. It was evident to all that it could 
perform the work of hundreds of men. Eli had gained a 
great victory for mankind. In that rude log hut of Georgia, 
cotton was crowned King, and a new era opened for America 
and the world. 

Ten years after Whitney's cotton-gin was invented, a huge 
addition was made to the cotton-growing districts of America, 
The territory of Louisiana, as we have stated, was purchased 
from France. 

When the State of Louisiana was received into the Union 
in 181 2, there was left out a large proportion of the original 
purchase from Napoleon. As yet this region was unpeopled. 

It lay silent and unprofitable, a vast reserve prepared for 
the wants of unborn generations. It was traversed by the 
Missouri River. The great Mississippi was its boundary on 
the east. It possessed, in all, a navigable river-line of two 
thousand miles. Enormous mineral wealth was treasured up 
to enrich the world for centuries to come. There were coal- 
fields greater than those of all Europe. There was iron 
piled up in mountains, one of which contained two hundred 

2^ 



354 Young Folks History of America. 

millions of tons of ore. There was profusion of copper, 
of zinc, of lead. There were boundless forests. There was 
a soil unsurpassed in fertility. The climate was kindly and 
genial, marred by neither the stern winters of the North nor 
the fierce heats of the South. The scenery was often of rare 
beauty and grandeur. 

This was the Territory of Missouri. Gradually settlers 
from the neighboring States arrived. Slave-holders came, 
bringing their chattels with them. They were first in the 
field, and they took secure possession. The free emigrant 
turned aside, and the slave-power reigned supreme in Mis- 
souri. The wealth and beauty of this glorious land were 
wedded to the most gigantic system of evil which ever 
established itself upon the earth. 

By the year 1818 there were sixty thousand persons residing 
in Missouri. The time had come for the admission of this 
Territory into the Union as a State. It was the first great 
contest between the free and the slave States. The cotton- 
gin, the acquisition of Louisiana, the teaching of Calhoun, had 
done their work. The slave-owners were now a great poHti- 
cal power. The next half-century of American history takes 
its tone very much from their fierce and restless energy. 
Their policy never wavered. To gain predominance for 
slavery, with room for its indefinite expansion, was their 
aim. American history is filled with the controversy until 
a certain April morning in 1865, when the slave power lay 
crushed among the ruins of Richmond. 

When the application of Missouri for admission into the 
Union came to be considered in Congress, an attempt was 
made to shut slavery wholly out of the new State. A struggle 
ensued, which lasted for nearly three years. The question 
was one of vital importance. At this time the number of free 
States and the number of slave States were exactly equal. 
Whosoever gained Missouri gained a majority in the Senate. 



i82o. The Missouri Compromise, 355 

The North was deeply in earnest in desiring to prevent the 
extension of slavery. The South was equally resolute that no 
limitation should be imposed. The result was a compromise, 
proposed by the South. Missouri was to be given over to 
slavery. But it was agreed that, excepting within the limits 
of Missouri herself, slavery should not be permitted in any 
part of the territory purchased from France, north of a Hne 
drawn eastward and westward from the southern boundary of 
that State. Thus far might the waves of this foul tide flow, 
but no farther. So ended the great controversy, in the de- 
cisive victory of the South. 

In 181 7 Mr. Madison retired from office as President. 
He was succeeded by James Monroe. Daniel D. Tomkins 
was elected Vice-President. Mr. Monroe continued in 
office eight years. He was succeeded by John Quincy 
Adams in 1825. It was during Mr. Adams's administration 
that an active hostility to slavery began to be developed. 
Mr. Adams was succeeded by General Andrew Jackson, 
eight years in office (182 9- 1837). John C. Calhoun was 
Vice-President from 1825 to 1832. 

The slavery question grew in prominence during these 
administrations. The North participated in the gains of 
slavery. The cotton planter borrowed money at high inter- 
est from the Northern capitahst. He bought his goods in 
Northern markets. He sent his cotton to the North for sale. 
The Northern merchants made money at his hands, and were 
in no haste to overthrow the peculiar institution out of which 
results so pleasant flowed. They had no occasion, as the 
planter had, to persuade themselves that slavery enjoyed 
special divine sanction. But it did become a very general 
beHef in the North that without slave-labor the cultivation of 
Southern lands was impossible. It was also very generally 
alleged that the condition of the slave was preferable to that 
of the free European laborer. 



3 5 C> 7'oH Jig- Polks' History of A mcrica . 

All looked very hopeless for the poor negro. The 
South claimed to hold him by divine right. She looked 
to a future of indefinite expansion. The boundless re- 
gions which stretched away from her border, untrodden 
by man, were marked out for slave territory. A pow- 
erful sentiment in the North supported her claims. She 
was able to exercise a controlling influence over the Fed- 
eral government. It seemed as if all the authority in the 
Union was pledged to uphold slavery, and assert for- 
ever the right of the white man to hold the black man 
as an article of merchandise. 

But even then the awakening of the Northern con- 
science had begun. On the I St of January, 1S31, a jour- 
neyman printer, William Lloyd Garrison, published in 
Boston the first number of a paper devoted to the aboli- 
tion of slaverv. This is perhaps the earliest prominent 
incident in the history of Emancipation. It was indeed 
a humble opening of a noble career. Garrison was 
young and penniless. He wrote the articles ; and he also, 
with the help of a friend, set the types. He lived 
mainly on bread and water. Only when a number of 
the paper sold particularly well, he and his companion 
indulged in a bowl of milk. The mayor of Boston was 
asked by a Southern magistrate to suppress the paper. 
He replied that it was not worth the trouble. The of- 
fice of the editor was " an obscure hole ; his only visi- 
ble auxiliary a negro boy ; his supporters a few insig- 
nificant persons of all colors." 

But the fullness of time had come, and every word 
spoken against slavery found now some v^illing list- 
ener. In the year after Garrison began his paper the 
American Antislavery Society was formed. It w^as 
composed of twelve mem.bers. Busy hands were scat- 
tering the seed abroad, and it sprang quickly. Within 
three years there were two hundred antislavery socie- 
ties in America. In seven 3^earsmore these had increased 
to two thousand. The war against slavery was now 
begun in earnest. 



1832. Ant i slavery Riots. 357 

The slave-owners and their allies in the North re- 
garded with rage unutterable this formidable invasion. 
Everywhere they opposed violence to the arguments of 
their opponents. Large rewards were offered for the 
capture of prominent abolitionists. Many Northern 
men, who unwarily strayed into Southern States, were 
murdered on the mere suspicion that they were opposed 
to slavery. President Jackson recommended Congress 
to forbid the conveyance to the South, by the mails, of 
antislavery publications. In Boston a mob of well- 
dressed and respectable citizens suppressed a meeting 
of female abolitionists. Vv^hile busied about that en- 
terprise, they were fortunate enough to lay hold of 
Garrison, whose murder they designed, and would have 
accomplished, had not a timely sally of the constables 
rescued him from their grasp. In Connecticut a young 
woman was imprisoned for teaching negro children to 
read. Philadelphia was disgraced by riots in which 
negroes were killed and their houses burned down. 
Throughout the Northern States antislavery meetings 
were invaded and broken up by the allies of the slave- 
owners. The abolitionists w^ere devoured by a zeal 
which knew no bounds and permitted no rest. The 
slave-owners met them with a deep, remorseless hatred 
which gradually possessed and corroded their whole na- 
ture. In this war, as it soon became evident, there could 
be no compromise. Peace was impossible otherwise than 
by the destruction of one or other of the contending 
parties. 

The spirit in which the South defended her cherished 
institution was fairly exemplified in her treatment 
of a young clergyman, Mr. Lovejoy, who offended 
her by his antipathy to slavery. Mr. Lovejoy established 
himself in Alton, a little town of Illinois, where he 
conducted a newspaper. Illinois was itself a free 
State ; but Missouri was near, and the slave-power was 
supreme in all that region. ]Mr. Lovejoy declared himself 
in his newspaper against slavery. He was requested 



358 Yoiuig Folks History of America. 

to withdraw from that neighborhood ; but he maintained his 
right of free speech, and chose to remain. The mob sacked 
his printing-office, and flung his press into the river. Mr. 
Lovejoy bought another press. The arrival of this new ma- 
chine highly displeased the ruffianism of the Httle town of 
Alton. It was stored for safety in a well-secured building, 
and two or three well-disposed citizens kept armed watch 
over it. The mob attacked the warehouse. Shots were ex- 
changed, and some of the rioters were slain. At length the 
mob succeeded in setting fire to the building. When Mr. 
Lovejoy showed himself to the crowd he was fired at, and 
fell pierced by five bullets. The printing-press was destroyed ; 
the newspaper was silenced ; the hostile editor was slaugh- 
tered. 

Lying between the Mississippi and the Rio Grande was a 
vast wilderness of undefined extent and uncertain ownership, 
which America, with some hesitation, recognized as belonging 
to Mexico. It was called Texas. The climate was genial ; 
the soil was of wondrous fertility. America coveted this fair 
region, and offered to buy it from Mexico. Her offer was 
declined. 

The great natural wealth of Texas, combined with the 
almost total absence of government, were powerful attrac- 
tions to the adventurers who abounded in the South-western 
States. In a few years Texas felt herself strong enough to be 
independent. Her connection with Mexico was declared to 
be at an end. 

The leader in this revolution was Sam Houston, a Vir- 
ginian of massive frame, energetic, audacious, in no mean 
degree fitted to direct the storm he had helped to raise. 
Houston was ambitious to gain Texas for the purposes of 
slavery, Mexico had abolished slavery. Texas could be no 
home for the possessor of slaves till she was severed from 
Mexico. 



1836. 



Independence of Texas. 



361 



When independence was declared, Texas had to defend 
her newly claimed liberties by the sword. General Houston 
headed the patriot forces, not quite four hundred in number, 
and imperfectly armed. Santa Anna came against them with 
an army of five thousand. The Texans retreated, and having 
nothing to carry, easily distanced their pursuers. At the 
San Jacinto, Houston was strengthened by the arrival of two 
field-pieces. He turned like a lion upon the unexpectant 
Mexicans, whom he caught in the very act of crossing the 
river. He fired grape-shot into their quaking ranks. His 
unconquerable Texans clubbed their muskets, they had no 
bayonets, and rushed upon the foe. The Mexicans fled in 
helpless rout, and Texas was free. The grateful Texans 
elected General Houston President of the republic which he 
had thus saved. 

No sooner was Texas 
independent than she 
offered to join herself 
to the United States. 
Her proposals were at 
first declined. But 
the South warmly es- 
poused her cause and 
urged her claims. 
Once more North and 
South met in fiery de- 
bate. Slavery had al- 
ready a sure footing in 
Texas. If Texas en- 
tered the Union it was 
as a slave State. On 
that ground avowedly 

the South urged the annexation. On that ground the North 
resisted it. " We all see," said Daniel Webster, " that Texas 




DANIEL WEBSTER. 



362 Yoiuig Folks History of America. 

will be a slave -holding country ; and I frankly avow my un- 
willingness to do any thing which shall extend the slavery of 
the African race on this continent, or add another slave- 
holding State to the Union." " The South," said the Legis- 
lature of Mississippi, speaking of slavery, '' does not possess 
a blessing with which the affections of her people are so 
closely entwined, and whose value is more highly appreci- 
ated. By the annexation of Texas an equipoise of influence 
in the halls of Congress will be secured, which will furnisn 
us a permanent guarantee of protection." 

The battle ended in Southern victory. In March, 1845, 
Texas was received into the Union. The slave-power gained 
new votes in Congress, and room for a vast extension of 
the slave-system. 

General Jackson was succeeded in the Presidential office 
by Martin Van Buren in 1837. 



I 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

MEXICO AND THE MEXICAN WAR. 

Turning from the peaceful and enlightened empire in the 
North, history next leads us into the dreamy lands of the 
sun. Mexico, with nearly ten million inhabitants, occupies 
the most luxuriant part of the continent, and yet with its 
glorious climate, natural wonders, rich mines, and teeming 
population, exercises but little influence on the thought, 
commerce, and common progress of the American world. 
The romantic age of Mexico faded with the Spanish Con- 
quest and the death of Montezuma. After the Conquest 
the country was for a long time governed by Spanish vice- 
roys. The nation seemed to lose its native spirit, and to 
wither under the influence of Spain. In 1824 Mexico 
declared her independence, and became a republic. 

Martin Van Buren, who began a long line of common- 
place Presidents of the United States, was succeeded by 
William Henry Harrison, a man of great promise, and a 
true patriot, but who died a few weeks after his inaugu- 
ration. John Tyler, who had been elected Vice-President, 
became President. He was succeeded in 1845 by James K. 
Polk of Tennessee. 

Mexico was displeased with the annexation of Texas, but 
did not manifest so quickly as it was hoped she would any 
disposition to avenge herself. A war with Mexico was a 
thing to be desired, because Mexico must be beaten, and 
could then be plundered of territory. To provoke Mexico 



3^4 



Yoiuig Folks History of America. 



the Unready, an army of four thousand men was sent to the 
extreme south-western confine of Texas. A Mexican army 
of six thousand lay near. The Americans, with marvellous 
audacity, erected a fort within easy range of Matamoras, a 
city of the Mexicans, and thus the city was in their power. 







GENERAL TAYLOR ON THE RIO GRANDE. 

After much hesitation the Mexican army attacked the 
Americans, and received, as they might well have antici- 
pated, a severe defeat. Thus, without the formality of any 
declaration, the war was begun. 

President Polk hastened to announce to Congress that the 



1846. Mexico and the Mexican War. 367 

Mexicans had " invaded our territory, and shed the blood 
of our fellow-citizens." Congress voted men and money 
for the prosecution of the war. Volunteers offered them- 
selves in multitudes. Their brave little army was in peril, — 
far from help and surrounded by enemies. The people 
were eager to support the heroes of whose victory they 
were so proud. And yet opinion was much divided. Many 
deemed the war unjust and disgraceful. Among these was 
a young lawyer of Illinois, destined in later years to fill a 
place in the hearts of his countrymen second only to that 
of Washington. Abraham Lincoln entered Congress while 
the war was in progress, and his first speech was in con- 
demnation of the course pursued by the government. 

The war was pushed with vigor at first under the com- 
mand of General Taylor, who was to become the next 
President; and finally under General Scott, who as a very 
young man had fought against the British at Niagara, and 
as a very old man was commander-in-chief of the American 
army when the great war between North and South began. 
Many officers were there whose names became famous in 
after years. General Lee and General Grant gained here 
their first experiences of war. They were not then known 
to each other. They met for the first time, twenty years 
after, in a Virginian cottage, to arrange terms of surrender 
for the defeated army of the Southern Confederacy ! 

General Franklin Pierce, afterwards President, landed 
near Vera Cruz with a small force, and made his way, in 
spite of the continued opposition of the Mexicans, to a 
junction with the army under General Scott at Puebla, and 
the capture of the city of Mexico soon followed. 

The Americans resolved to fight their way to the enemy's 
capita], and there compel such a peace as would be agree- 
able to themselves. The task was not without difficulty. 
The Mexican army outnumbered the American. They had 



368 



Young Folks History of Aviei^ica. 



a splendid cavalry force and an efficient artiller}^ Their 
commander, Santa Anna, unscrupulous even for a Mexican, 
was yet a soldier of some ability. The Americans were 
mainly volunteers who had never seen war till now. The 
fighting was severe. At Buena-Vista the American army 




GENERAL PIERCE LANDING IN MEXICO. 



was attacked by a force which outnumbered it in the propor- 
tion of five to one. The battle lasted for ten hours, and the 
'"nvaders were saved from ruin by their superior artillery. 
The mountain passes were strongly fortified, and General 
Scott had to convey his army across chasms and ravines 



i849' Gold Found m California. 371 

which the Mexicans, deeming them impracticable, had neg- 
lected to defend. Strong in the consciousness of their 
superiority to the people they invaded, — the same con- 
sciousness which supported Cortes and his Spaniards three 
centuries before, — the Americans pressed on. At length 
they came in sight of Mexico, at the same spot whence 
Cortes had viewed it. Once more they routed a Mexican 
army of greatly superior force, and then General Scott 
marched his little army of six thousand men quietly into the 
capital. The war was closed, and a treaty of peace was 
with little delay negotiated. 

The United States exacted mercilessly the penalty which 
usually attends defeat. Mexico was to receive fifteen 
millions of dollars ; but she ceded an enormous territory 
stretching westward from Texas to the Pacific. 

One of the provinces which composed this magnificent 
prize was California. The nation had gone to war with 
Mexico to gain territory which slavery should possess. It 
was intended to introduce California into the Union as a 
slave State, but Providence interposed. 

Just about the time that California became an American 
possession, it was discovered that her soil was richly endowed 
with gold. On one of the tributaries of the Sacramento 
River an old settler was peacefully digging a trench, — 
caring little, it may be supposed, about the change of citizen- 
ship which he had undergone, — not dreaming that the next 
stroke of his spade was to influence the history not merely 
of California but of the world. Among the sand which he 
lifted were certain shining particles. His wondering eye 
considered them with attention. They were gold ! Gold 
was everywhere, — in the soil, in the river sand, in the 
mountain-rock ; gold in dust, gold in pellets, gold in lumps ! 
It was the land of old fairy tale, where wealth could be had 
by him who chose to stoop down and gather ! 



372 Yoting Folks History of America. 

Fast as the mails could carry it, the bewildering news 
thrilled the heart of America. To the energetic youth of 
the Northern States the charm wis irresistible. It was now, 
indeed, a reproach to be poor, when it was so easy to be 
rich. 

The journey to the land of promise was full of toil and 
danger. There were over two thousand miles of unexplored 
wilderness to traverse. There were mountain ranges to 




GOLD DIGGING. 



surmount, lofty and rugged as the Alps themselves. There 
were great desolate plains, unwatered and without vegeta- 
tion. Indians, whose dispositions there was reason to 
question, beset the path. But danger was unconsidered. 
That season thirty thousand Americans crossed the 
plains, climbed the mountains, forded the streams, bore 
without shrinking all that want, exposure, and fatigue 
could inflict. Cholera broke out among them, and four 
thousand left their bones in the wilderness. The rest 



1850. The Fugitive Slave Law, 375 

plodded on undismayed. Fifty thousand came by sea. 
From all countries they came, — from quiet English villages, 
from the crowded cities of China. Before the year was out 
California had gained an addition of eighty thousand to 
her population. 

These came mainly from the Northern States. They 
had no thought of suffering in their new home the special 
institution of the South. They settled easily the Constitu- 
tion of their State, and California was received into the 
Union free from the taint of slavery. 

It was no slight disappointment to the men of the South. 
They had urged on the war with Mexico in order to gain 
new slave States, new votes in Congress, additional room 
for the spread of slavery. They had gained all the territory 
they hoped for, but this strange revelation of gold had peo- 
pled it from the North, and slavery was shut out for ever. 

As a kind of compromise or concession, Congress now 
passed the Fugitive Slave Law. Zachary Taylor was 
elected President in 1848. He died the year following his 
inauguration, and was succeeded by Vice-President Mil- 
lard Fillmore of New York. It was during Mr. Fillmore's 
administration that the Fugitive Slave Law was enacted. 

Heretofore it had been lawful for the slave-owner to 
reclaim his slave who had escaped into a free State ; but, 
although lawful, it was in practice almost impossible. Now 
the officers of the government, and all good citizens, w'ere 
commanded to give to the pursuer all needful help. In 
certain cases government was to defray the expense of 
restoring the slave to the plantation from which he had 
fled. In any trial arising under this law, the evidence of 
the slave himself was not to be received. The oath of his 
pursuer was almost decisive against him. The law was so 
unpopular that its execution was resisted in several North- 
ern cities, and it quickly passed into disuse. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

KANSAS AND JOHN BROWN. 

The great Louisiana purchase from Napoleon was not 
yet wholly portioned off into States. Westward and north- 
ward of Missouri was an enormous expanse of the richest 
land in the Union, having as yet few occupants more profit- 
able than the Indians. Two great routes of travel — to 
the West and to the South-west — traversed it. The eager 
searcher for gold passed that way on his long walk to Cali- 
fornia. The Mormon looked with indifference on its lux- 
uriant vegetation as he toiled on to his New Jerusalem by 
the Great Salt Lake. In the year 1853 it was proposed to 
organize this region into two Territories, under the names 
of Kansas and Nebraska. Here once more arose the old 
question, Shall the Territories be slave or free ? The 
Missouri Compromise had settled that slavery should never 
come here. But the slave-owners were able to cancel this 
settlement. A law was enacted under which the inhabi- 
tants were left to choose between slavery and freedom. 
The vote of a majority would decide the destiny of these 
magnificent provinces. 

And now both parties had to bestir themselves. The 
early inhabitants of the infant States were to fix for all 
time whether they would admit or exclude the slave-owner 
with his victims. Every thing depended, therefore, on 
taking early possession. 

The South was first in the field. Missouri was near, 
and her citizens led the way. Great slave-owners took 



i853- Kansas and yohn Brown. 379 

possession of lands in Kansas, and invited their bretiiren 
from other States to come at once, bringing their slaves 
with them. But their numbers were small, while the need 
was urgent. The South had no population to spare fitted 
for the work of colonizing. 

The time came when elections were to take place in 
Kansas, when the great question of slave or free was 
to be answered. Gangs of armed men marched over 
from Missouri. Such a party, nearly a thousand strong, 
accompanied by two pieces of cannon, entered the little 
town of Lawrence on the morning of the election-day. The 
ballot-boxes were taken possession of, and the peaceful 
inhabitants were driven away. The invaders cast fictitious 
votes into the boxes, outnumbering ten or twenty times the 
lawful roll of voters. A Legislature wholly in the interest 
of slavery was thus elected. In due time that body began 
to enact laws. No man whose opinions were opposed to 
slavery was to be an elector in Kansas. Any man who 
spoke or wrote against slavery was to suffer imprisonment 
with hard labor. Death was the penalty for aiding the 
escape of a slave. All this was done while the enemies 
of slavery were an actual majority of the inhabitants of 
Kansas ! 

•Then the Missourians on the border overran the coun- 
try, working their own will wherever they came. Men were 
gathered up from their work in the fields, ranged in line, 
and ruthlessly shot to death, because they hated slavery. 
A lawyer who had protested against frauds at an election 
was tarred and feathered. The town of Lawrence was 
attacked by eight hundred marauders, who plundered it to 
their content, bombarding with artillery houses which dis- 
pleased them, burning and destroying in utter wantonness. 

But during all this unhappy time a steady tide of North- 
ern emigration had flowed into Kansas. From the very 



380 Yotmg Folks' History of A^nerica, 

outset of the strife, the North was resolute to win Kansas 
for freedom. She sought to do this by colonizing Kansas 
with men who ha^ed slavery. Societies were formed to aid 
poor emigrants. In single families, in groups of fifty to a 
hundred persons, the settlers were moved westward. Some 
of these merely obeyed the impulse which drives so many 
Americans to leave the settled States of the East and push 
out into the wilderness. Others went that their votes 
might prevent the spread of slavery. There was no small 
measure of patriotism in the movement. Men left their 
comfortable homes in the East and carried their families 
into a wilderness, to the natural miseries of which was 
added the presence of bitter enemies. They did so that 
Kansas might be a free State. 

In a few yeais the party of freedom was able to carry the 
elections. A Constitution was adopted by which slavery 
was excluded from Kansas. And at length, just when the 
great final struggle between slavery and freedom was com- 
mencing, Kansas was received as a free State. Her 
admission raised the number of States in the Union to 
thirty-four. 



THE STORY OF JOHN BROWN. 

The opposition of the North to slavery was rapidly 
growing. In the eyes of some, slavery was an enormous 
sin, fitted to bring the curse of God upon the land. To 
others it was a political evil, marring the unity and hin- 
dering the progress of the country. To very many, on the 
one ground or the other, it was becoming hateful. Poli- 
ticians sought to delay by concessions the inevitable crisis. 
Simple men, guiding themselves by their conviction of the 
wickedness of slavery, were growing ever more vehement 
in their hatred of this evil thing. 




PIONEER LIFE IX THE WEST. 



iSs9- The Story of Johi Browii. 383 

John Brown was such a man. The blood of the Pilgrim 
Fathers flowed in his veins. The old Puritan spirit guided 
all his actions. From his boyhood he abhorred slavery. 
He was constrained by his duty to God and man to spend 
himself in this cause. There was no hope of advantage 
in it ; no desire for fame ; no thought at all for himself or 
for his children. He saw a huge wrong, and he could not 
help setting himself to resist it. He was powerless to influ- 
ence the councils of the nation. But he had the old Puritan 
aptitude for battle. He went to Kansas with his sons to 
help in the fight for freedom ; and while there was fighting 
to be done, John Brown was at the front. He was a leader 
among the free settlers, who felt his military superiority, and 
followed him with confidence in many a bloody skirmish. He 
retired habitually into deep solitudes to pray. He had morn- 
ing and evening prayers, in which all his followers joined. 
He would allow no man of immoral character in his camp. 
He believed that God directed him in visions ; that he was 
God's servant, and not man's. The work given him to do 
might be bitter to the flesh, but since it was God's work he 
dared not shrink from it. 

When the triumph of freedom was secured in Kansas, 
John Brown moved eastward to Virginia. He declared 
war against his country, in so far as the national support of 
slavery was concerned. He prepared a constitution and a 
semblance of government. He himself was the head of 
this singular oi:ganization. Associated with him were a sec- 
retary of state, a treasurer, and a secretary of war. Slavery, 
he stated, was a barbarous and unjustifiable war, carried 
on by one section of the community against another. 
His new government was for the defence of those whom 
the laws of the country wrongfully left undefended. He 
was joined by a few enthusiasts like-minded with himself. 
He laid up store of arms. He and his friends hung about 



384 Young Folks'' History of America. 

plantations, and aided the escape of slaves to Canada. 
Occasionally the horses and cattle of the slave-owner were 
laid under contribution to support the costs of the cam- 
paign. Brown meditated war upon a somewhat extensive 
scale, and only waited the reinforcements of which he was 
assured, that he might proclaim liberty to all the captives 
in his neighborhood. But reason appeared for believing 
that his plans had been betrayed to the enemy, and Brown 
was hurried into measures which brought swift destruction 
upon himself and his followers. 

Harper's Ferry was a town of five thousand inhabitants, 
nestling amid steep and rugged mountains, where the Shen- 
andoah unites its waters with those of the Potomac. The 
national armory was here, and an arsenal in which were 
laid up enormous stores of arms and ammunition. Brown 
resolved to seize the arsenal. It was his hope that the 
slaves w^ould hasten to his standard when the news of his 
success w^ent abroad. And he seems to have reckoned 
that he w^ould become stro!ig enough to make terms with 
the government, or, at the worst, to secure the escape to 
Canada of his armed followers. 

One Sunday evening in October, he marched into Har- 
per's Ferry with a little army of twenty-two men, black 
and white, and easily possessed himself of the arsenal. 
He cut the telegraph wires. He stopped the trains which 
here cross the Potomac. He made prisoners of the work- 
men who came in the morning to resume their labors at the 
arsenal. His sentinels held the streets and bridges. The 
surprise was complete, and for a few hours his possession 
of the government works was undisputed. 

When at length the news of this amazing rebellion was 
suffered to escape, and America learned that old John 
Browm had invaded and conquered Harper's Ferr}^, the Vir- 
ginians, upon whom the affront fell most heavily, took 




BORDER SETTLERS 



1856. Assault on Charles Sinnner 387 

prompt measures to avenge it. By noon on Monday a 
force of militia-men surrounded the little town, to prevent 
the escape of those whom, as yet, they were not strong 
enough to capture. Before night fifteen hundred men were 
assembled. All that night Brown held his conquest. 
Nearly all his men were wounded or slain. His two sons 
were shot dead. Brown, standing beside their bodies, 
calmly exhorted his men to be firm, and sell their lives 
as dearly as possible. Qn Tuesday morning the soldiers 
forced an entrance, and Brown, with a sabre-cut in his 
head, and two bayonet-stabs in his body, was a prisoner. 
He was tried and condemned to die. Throughout his 
imprisonment, and even amid the horrors of the closing 
scene, his habitual serenity was undisturbed. 

To the enraged slave-owners John Brown was a detest- 
able rebel. To the abolitionists he was a martyr. To the 
historian he is a true, earnest, but most ill-judging man. 
His actions were unwise, unwarrantable ; but his aims were 
noble, his self-devotion was heroic. 

The divided feeling between the North and South 
increased in bitterness. The halls of Congress rang with 
antislavery and proslavery speeches, each of which added 
fuel to the fire of discord that had long been kindled. 

In the senate chamber one day a distinguished senator, 
Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, was bending over his 
desk busied in writing. He was the most eminent cham- 
pion of the antislavery cause, and his power as an orator 
gave him high rank as a political leader. While this sena- 
tor was occupied with his writing, there walked up to him 
two men whom South Carolina deemed not unworthy to 
frame laws for a great people. One of them, a member of 
the House of Representatives, whose name was Brooks, 
carried a cane. With this weapon he struck many blows 



388 You7tg Folks History of America. 

upon the head of the senator, till his victim fell bleeding 
and senseless to the floor. For this outrage a trifling fine 
was imposed on Brooks. His constituents eagerly paid the 
amount. Brooks resigned his seat. He was immediately re- 
elected, and many handsome canes were bestowed upon him. 

Franklin Pierce had succeeded Mr. Fillmore as Presi- 
dent. Under Mr. Fillmore's administration the Fugitive 
Slave Bill had been passed. Under the administration of 
Mr. Pierce the Missouri Compromise had been repealed. 
Mr. Pierce was succeeded by Mr. Buchanan. Under his 
administration the troubles in Kansas had occurred, and 
the agitations on the question of slavery became violent 
and dangerous. 

The presidential election of i860 was a battle of argu- 
ments apd principles. Never had an election taken place 
under circumstances so exciting. The North was thor- 
oughly aroused on the slave question. The time for com- 
promises was felt to have passed. It was a death-grapple 
between the two powers. Peaceful arrangement was hope- 
less. Each party had to put forth its strength and conquer 
or be crushed. 

The enemies of slavery announced it as their design to 
prevent slavery from extending to the Territories. They 
had no power to interfere in States where the system already 
existed. But the Territories, they said, belong to the 
Union. The proper condition of the Union is freedom. 
The slave States are merely exceptional. It is contrary 
to the Constitution to carry this irregularity where it does 
not already exist. 

The Territories, said the South, belong to the Union. 
All citizens of the Union are free to go there with their 
property. Slaves are property. Slavery may therefore be 
established in the Territories if slave-owners choose to 
settle there. 




PIONCrR TRAVELLI RS 



i86o. Election of Abrahavi Lhicobi. 391 

On this issue battle was joined. The Northern party 
nominated Abraham Lincoln as their candidate. The 
Southerners, with their friends in the North — of whom 
there were many — divided their votes among three candi- 
dates. They were defeated, and Abraham Lincoln became 
President. 

More light is breaking after the visions seen by Colum- 
bus, Robinson of Leyden, Bradford of Austerfield, and 
Samuel Adams. America is about to give to all men their 
birthright ; to him who would break the new earth an 
estate, and "to him who would toil his dues." So con- 
science lives and grows, and America's spiritual history 
becomes the judgment of all things. " More light ! " 



CHAPTER XX. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

The early period of great patriots seemed long to have 
passed away, but another period is rising ; Hampden is to 
visit the world again ; the spirit of Washington is to reappear ; 
America is to have her own Wilberforce, her WilHam the 
Silent. 

We write from the standpoint of moral principle, from 
which all historic views backward or forward must be taken. 
Yet put yourself in the place of one of the Southern people of 
i860, and another view, a mistaken one it may be, will ap- 
pear. England left the South an inheritance of slaves ; 
Northern people for a half-century had upheld the right to 
continue that inheritance, and the Southern people had been 
born, bred, and educated in a state of society that to them 
was as natural as life. They had come to regard their planta- 
tions and slaves much as a feudal lord regarded his estates 
and retainers. For those who grew cruel, and sought to 
oppress their slaves, who tried to extend and strengthen a 
wrong, no apology can be offered. But England and the 
North were as greatly to blame as the South in the establish- 
ment and growth of slavery. Northern men and Southern 
men fell side by side when the prayers of the slave at last had 
entered into the ear of Heaven, and the great day of wrath 
came, with fire and blood and anguish. 

Mr. Lincoln was the son of a poor and not very prosperous 
farmer. He was born in 1 809 in the State of Kentucky ; but 




HOME OF A WESTERN PIONEER. 



1825. Abraham Lincoln. 395 

nis youth was passed mainly in Indiana. His father had chosen 
to settle on the furthest verge of civilization. Around him 
was a dense illimitable forest, still wandered over by the In- 
dians. Here and there in the wilderness occurred a rude 
wooden hut like his own, — the abode of some rough settler, 
regardless of comfort and greedy of the excitements of pio- 
neering. The next neighbor was two miles away. There were 
no roads, no bridges, no inns. The traveller swam the rivers 
he had to cross, and trusted, not in vain, to the hospitality of 
the settlers for food and shelter. Now and then a clergyman 
passed that way, and from a hasty platform beneath a tree 
the gospel was preached to an eagerly listening audience of 
rugged woodsmen. Many years after, when he had grown 
wise and famous, Mr. Lincoln spoke, with tears in his eyes, of 
a well-remembered sermon which he had heard from a way- 
faring preacher in the great Indiana wilderness. Justice was 
administered under the shade of forest trees. The jury sat 
upon a log. The same tree which sheltered the court occa- 
sionally served as a gibbet for the criminal. 

In this society — rugged, but honest and kindly — the youth 
of the future President was passed. He had little schooling. 
Indeed, there was scarcely a school within reach, and if all 
the days of his school-time were added together they would 
scarcely make up one year. His father was poor, and Abra- 
ham was needed on the farm. There was timber to fell, there 
were fences to build, fields to plough, sowing and reaping to 
be done. Abraham led a busy hfe, and knew well, while yet 
a boy, what hard work meant. Like all boys who come to 
any thing great, he had a devouring thirst for knowledge. He 
borrowed all the books in his neighborhood, and read them 
by the blaze of the logs which his own axe had split. 

This was his early training. When he entered life for him- 
self it was as clerk in a small store. He served nearly a year 
there, conducting faithfully and cheerfully the lowly com- 



39^ Yotmg Folks History of America. 

merce by which the wants of the settlers were supplied. 
Then he comes before us as a soldier, fighting a not very 
bloody campaign against the Indians, who had undertaken, 
rather imprudently, to drive the white men out of that region. 
Having settled in Illinois, he commenced the study of law, 
supporting himself by land surveying during the unprofitable 
stages of that pursuit. Finally he applied himself to politics, 
and in 1834 was elected a member of the Legislature of Illinois. 

He was now in his twenty-fifth year ; of vast stature, some- 
what awkwardly fashioned, slender for his height, but uncom- 
monly muscular and enduring. He was of pleasant humor, 
ready and true insight. After such a boyhood as his, diffi- 
culty had no terrors for him, and he was incapable of defeat. 
His manners were very homely. His lank, ungainly figure, 
dressed in the native manufacture of the backwoods, would 
have spread dismay in a European drawing-room. He was 
smiled at even in the uncourtly Legislature of Illinois. But 
here, as elsewhere, whoever came into contact with Abraham 
Lincoln felt that he was a man destined to lead other men. 
Sagacious, penetrating, full of resource, and withal honest, 
kindly, conciliatory, his hands might be roughened by toil, his 
dress and ways might be those of the wilderness, yet was he 
quickly recognized as a born king of men. 

During the next twenty-six years Mr. Lincoln applied 
himself to the profession of the law. He was much in public 
life. He had part in all the political controversies of his time. 
Chief among these were the troubles arising out of slavery. 
From his boyhood. Mr. Lincoln was a steady enemy to slavery, 
as at once foolish and wrong. He would not interfere with 
it in the old States, for there the Constitution gave him no 
power ; but he would in no wise allow its establishment in 
the Territories. He desired a policy which " looked forward 
hopefully to the time when slavery, as a wrong, might come 
to an end." Lie gained in a very unusual degree the confi- 



<86o. Disloyalty of the Southern States. 397 

dence of his party, who raised him to the presidential chair, 
as a true and capable representative of their principles in 
regard to the great slavery question. 

South Carolina was the least loyal to the Union of all the 
States. She estimated very highly her own dignity as a sov- 
ereign State. She held in small account the allegiance which 
she owed to the Federal government. Twenty-eight years 
before Congress had enacted a highly protective tariff. South 
Carolina, disapproving of this measure, decreed that it was 
not binding upon her. Should the Federal government 
attempt to enforce it. South CaroHna announced her purpose 
of quitting the Union and becoming independent. General 
Jackson, who was then President, made ready to hold South 
Carolina to her duty by force ; but Congress modified the 
tariff, and so averted the danger. Jackson believed firmly 
that the men who then held the destiny of South Carolina 
in their hands wished to secede. "The tariff," he said, " was 
but a pretext. The next v/ill be the slavery question." 

The time predicted had now come, and South Carolina led 
her sister States into the dark and bloody path. A conven- 
tion of her people was promptly called, and on the 20th of 
December an ordinance was passed dissolving the Union, and 
declaring South Carolina a free and independent republic. 
When the ordinance was passed the bells of Charleston rang 
for joy, and the streets of the city resounded with the wild 
exulting shouts of an excited people. Dearly had the joy of 
those tumultuous hours to be paid for. Four years later, 
when Sherman quelled the heroic defence of the rebel city, 
Charleston lay in ruins. Her people, sorely diminished by war 
and famine, had been long familiar with the miseries which 
a strict blockade and a merciless bombardment can inflict. 

The example of South Carolina was at once followed by 
other discontented States. Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, and Florida hastened to assert their independence, 



398 Young Folks History of America. 

and to league themselves into a new Confederacy. They 
adopted a Constitution, differing from the old mainly in these 
respects, — that it contained provisions against taxes to pro- 
tect any branch of industry, and gave effective securities for 
the permanence and extension of slavery. They elected 
Jefferson Davis President for six years. They possessed 
themselves of the government property within their own 
boundaries. It was not yet their opinion that the North 
would fight. 

After the government was formed, the Confederacy was 
joined by other slave States who at first had hesitated. 
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas, 
after some delay, gave in their adhesion. The Confederacy, 
in its completed form, was composed of eleven States, with a 
population of nine milhons ; six millions of whom were free, 
and three millions were slaves. Twenty-three States re- 
mained loyal to the Union. Their population amounted to 
twenty-two millions. 

It is not to be supposed that the free population of the 
seceding States were unanimous in their desire to break up 
the Union. On the contrary, there is good reason to beheve 
that a majority of the people in several of the seceding States 
were all the time opposed to secession. In North Carolina 
the attempt to carry secession was at first defeated by the 
people. In the end, that State left the Union reluctantly, 
under the belief that not otherwise could it escape becoming 
the battle-ground of the contending powers. Thus, too, 
Virginia refused at first by large majorities to secede. In 
Georgia and Alabama the minorities against secession were 
large. In Louisiana twenty thousand votes were given for 
secession, and seventeen thousand against it. In many cases 
it required much intrigue and dexterity of management to 
obtain a favorable vote ; and the resolution to quit the 
Union was received in sorrow by very many of the Southern 




GOING TO COURT THROUGH WESTERN WOODS. 



399 



i86i. _ Reasons for Secessiojz. 401 

people. But everywhere in the South the idea prevailed that 
allegiance was due to the State rather than to the Federation. 
And thus it came to pass that when the authorities of a State 
resolved to abandon the Union, the citizens of that State felt 
constrained to secede, even while they mourned the course 
upon which they were forced to enter. 

It has been maintained by some defenders of the seceding 
States that slavery was not the cause of secession. On that 
question there can surely be no authority so good as that of 
the seceding States themselves. A declaration of the reasons 
which influenced their action was issued by several States, and 
acquiesced in by the others. South Carolina was the first to 
give reasons for her conduct. These reasons related wholly 
to slavery. No other cause of separation was hinted at. 
The Northern States, it was complained, would not restore 
runaway slaves. They assumed the right of " deciding on 
the propriety of our domestic institutions." They denounced 
slavery as sinful. They permitted the open establishment of 
antislavery societies. They aided the escape of slaves. 
They sought to exclude slavery from the Territories. Finally, 
they had elected to the office of President Abraham Lincoln, 
" a man whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery." 

Some of the American people had from the beginning held 
the opinion that any State could leave the Union at her 
pleasure. That belief was general in the South. The seced- 
ing States did not doubt that they had full legal right to take 
the step which they had taken. And they stated with perfect 
frankness what was their reason for exercising this right. 
They beheved that slavery was endangered by their contin- 
uance in the Union. Strictly speaking, they fought in de- 
fence of their right to secede. But they had no other motive 
for seceding than that slavery should be presented and ex- 
tended. The war which ensued was therefore really a war in 
defence of slavery. But for the Southern love for slavery and 

26 



402 Young Folks History of America. 

the Northern antipathy to it, no war could have occurred. 
The men of the South attempted to break up the Union be- 
cause they thought slavery would be safer if the slave-owning 
States stood alone. The men of the North refused to allow 
the Union to be broken up. They did not go to war to put 
down slavery. They had no more right to put down slavery 
in the South than England has to put down slavery in Cuba. 
The Union which they loved was endangered, and they fought 
to defend the Union. 

Early in February Mr. Lincoln left his home in Illinois on 
his way to Washington. His neighbors accompanied him 
to the railroad depot, where he spoke a few parting words to 
them. " I know not," he said, " how soon I shall see you 
again. A duty devolves upon me, which is, perhaps, greater 
than that which has devolved upon any other man since the 
days of Washington. He never would have succeeded ex- 
cept for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at all 
times relied. I feel that I cannot succeed without the same 
divine aid which sustained him, and on the same Almighty 
Being I place my reliance for support ; and I hope you, my 
friends, will all pray that I may receive that divine assistance 
without which I cannot succeed, but with which success is 
certain." 

With these grave, devout words he took his leave, and 
passed on to the fulfilment of his heavy task. His inaugura- 
tion took place as usual on the 4th of March. A huge 
crowd assembled around the Capitol. Mr. Lincoln had thus 
far kept silence as to the course he meditated in regard to the 
seceding States. Seldom had a revelation involving issues so 
momentous been waited for at the lips of any man. The 
anxious crowd stood so still that to its utmost verge the 
words of the speaker were distinctly heard. 

He assured the Southerners that their fears were un- 
founded. He had no lawful right to interfere with slavery in 



i86i. " yefferson Davis. 403 

the States where it existed ; he had no purpose and no inclina- 
tion to interfere. He would, on the contrary, maintain them 
in the enjoyment of all the rights which the Constitution 
bestowed upon them. But he held that no State could quit 
the Union at pleasure. In view of the Constitution and the 
laws, the Union was unbroken. His poHcy would be framed 
upon that belief. He would continue to execute the laws 
within the seceding States, and would continue to possess 
Federal property there, with all the force at his command. 
That did not necessarily involve conflict or bloodshed. Gov- 
ernment would not assail the discontented States, but would 
suffer no invasion of its constitutional rights. With the 
South, therefore, it lay to decide whether there was to be 
peace or war. 

A week or two before ^li. Lincoln's inauguration, Jefferson 
Davis had entered upon his career as President of the Southern 
repubhc. Mr. Davis was an experienced politician. He had 
long advocated the right of an aggrieved State to leave the 
Union ; and he had largely contributed, by speech and by 
intrigue, to hasten the crisis which had now arrived. He was 
an accomphshed man, a graceful \mter, a fluent and persua- 
sive speaker. He was ambitious, resolute, and of ample ex- 
perience in the management of affairs ; but he had many dis- 
qualifications for high office. His obstinacy was blind and 
unreasoning. He had little knowledge of men, and could 
not distinguish " between an instrument and an obstacle." 

In his inaugural address Mr. Davis displayed a prudent 
reserv^e. Speaking for the world to hear, — a world which, 
upon the whole, abhorred slavery, — he did not name the 
grievances which rendered secession necessary. He main- 
tained the right of a discontented State to secede. The 
Union had ceased to answer the ends for which it was es- 
tablished ; and in the exercise of an undoubted right they 
had withdrawn from it. He hoped their late associates 



404 Young Folks History of America, 

would not incur the fearful responsibility of disturbing them 
in their pursuit of a separate political career. If so, it only 
remained for them to appeal to arms, and invoke the blessing 
of Providence on a just cause. 

Alexander H. Stephens was the Vice-President of the Con- 
federacy. His health was bad, and the expression of his 
face indicated habitual suffering. He had nevertheless been 
a laborious student, and a patient, if not a very wise, thinker 
on the great questions of his time. In the early days of 
secession he delivered at Savannah a speech which quickly 
became famous, and which retains its interest still as the 
most candid explanation of the motives and the expectations 
of the South. The old government, he said, was founded 
upon sand. It was founded upon the assumption of the 
equality of races. Its authors entertained the mistaken behef 
that African slavery was wrong in principle. "Our new 
government," said the Vice-President, " is founded upon ex- 
actly the opposite ideas ; its foundations are laid, its corner- 
stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal 
to the white man ; that slavery is his natural and normal con- 
dition." Why the Creator had made him so could not be 
told. " It is not for us to inquire into the wisdom of Hi? 
ordinances, or to question them." 

It is a very curious but perfectly authenticated fact that, 
notwithstanding the pains taken by Southern leaders to show 
that they seceded merely to preserve and maintain slavery, 
there were many intelligent men in England who steadfastly 
maintained that slavery had little or nothing to do with the 
origin of the Great War. 



CHAPTER XXL 

WAR. 

When his inaugural address was delivered, Mr. Lincoln 
was escorted by his predecessor in office back to the 
White House, where they parted, Buchanan to retire into a 
kindly oblivion, Lincoln to begin that great work which had 
devolved upon him. During all that month of March, and 
on to the middle of April, the world heard very little of the 
new President. He was seldom seen in Washington. It 
was rumored that intense meditation upon the great prob- 
lem had made him ill. It was asserted that he endured 
the pains of indecision. In the Senate attempts were 
made to draw forth from him a confession of his pur- 
poses, if, indeed, he had any purposes. But the grim 
silence was unbroken. The South persuaded herself that 
he was afraid, that the peace-loving, money-making North 
had no heart for fight. wShe was even able to believe that 
some of the Northern States would ultimately adopt her 
doctrines and join themselves to her government. Even 
in the North there was a general indisposition to believe 
in war. The South had so often threatened, and been so 
often soothed by fresh concessions, it was difficult to 
believe now that she meant any thing more than to estab- 
lish a position for advantageous negotiation. All over the 
world men waited in anxious suspense for the revelation 
of President Lincoln's policy. Mercantile enterprise lan- 
guished. Till the occupant of the White House chose to 



4o8 Young Folks History of America. 

open his lips, and say whether it was peace or war, the 
business of the world must be content to stand still. 

Mr. Lincoln's silence was not the result of irresolution. 
He had doubt as to what the South would do. He had no 
doubt as to what he himself would do. He would main- 
tain the Union, — by friendly arrangement and concession, 
if that were possible, if not, by war fought out to the bitter 
end. 

He nominated the members of his Cabinet, most promi- 
nent among whom was William H. Seward, his Secretary 
of State. Mr. Seward had been during all his public 
life a determined enemy to slavery. He was in full sym- 
pathy with the President as to the course which had to 
be pursued. His acute and vigorous intellect, and great 
experience in public affairs, fitted him for the high duties 
which he was called to discharge. 

So soon as Mr. Lincoln entered upon his office, the 
Southern government sent ambassadors to him as to a 
foreign power. These gentlemen formally intimated that 
the six States had withdrawn from the Union, and now 
formed an independent nation. They desired to solve 
peaceably all the questions growing out of this separation, 
and they desired an interview with the President, thai they 
might enter upon the business to which they had been 
appointed. 

Mr. Seward replied to the communication of the South- 
ern envoys. His letter was framed with much care, as its 
high importance demanded. It was calm and gentle in its 
tone, but most clear and decisive. He could not recognize 
the events which had recently occurred as a rightful and 
accomplished revolution, but rather as a series of unjusti- 
fiable aggressions. He could not recognize the new govern- 
ment as a government at all. He could not recognize or 
hold official intercourse with its agents. The President 




ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER. 



i86i. Attack on Fort Sumter. 411 

could not receive them or admit them to any communica- 
tion. Within the unimpassioned words of Mr. Seward 
there breathed the fixed, unalterable purpose of the North- 
ern people, against which, as many persons even then felt, 
the impetuous South might indeed dash herself to pieces, 
but could by no possibility prevail. The baffled ambas- 
sadors went home, and the angry South quickened her 
preparations for war. 

Within the bay of Charleston, and intended for the 
defence of that important city, stood Fort Sumter, a work 
of considerable strength, and capable, if adequately gar- 
risoned, of a prolonged defence. It was not so garrisoned, 
however, when the troubles began. It was held by Major 
Anderson with a force of seventy men, imperfectly pro- 
visioned. The Confederates wished to possess themselves 
of Fort Sumter, and hoped at one time to effect their 
object peaceably. When that hope failed them, they cut 
off Major Anderson's supply of provisions, and quietly 
began to encircle him with batteries. For some time they 
waited till hunger should compel the surrender of the fort. 
But word was brought to them that President Lincoln was 
sending ships with provisions. Fort Sumter was promptly 
summoned to surrender. Major Anderson offered to go in 
three days if not relieved. In reply he received intimation 
that in one hour the bombardment would open. 

About daybreak on the 12th the stillness of Charleston 
bay was disturbed by the firing of a large mortar, and the 
shriek of a shell as it rushed through the air. The 
shell burst over Fort Sumter, and the war of the Great 
Rebellion was begun. The other batteries by which the 
doomed fortress was surrounded quickly followed, and in 
a few minutes fifty guns of the largest size flung shot and 
shell into the works. The guns were admirably served, 
and every shot told. The garrison had neither provisions 



412 Young Folks' History of America. 

nor an adequate supply of ammunition. They were seventy, 
and their assailants were seven thousand. All they could 
do was to offer such resistance as honor demanded. Hope 
of success there was none. 

The garrison did not reply at first to the hostile fire. 
They quietly breakfasted in the security of the bomb-proof 
casemates. Having finished their repast, they opened a 
comparatively feeble and ineffective fire. All that day and 
the next Confederate batteries rained shell and red-hot 
shot into the fort. The wooden barracks caught fire, and 
the men were nearly suffocated by the smoke. Barrels of 
gunpowder had to be rolled through the flames into the 
sea. The last cartridge had been loaded into the guns. 
The last biscuit had been eaten. Huge clefts yawned in 
the crumbling walls. Enough had been done for honor. 
To prolong the resistance was uselessly to endanger the 
lives of brave men. Major Anderson surrendered the 
ruined fortress, and marched out with the honors of war. 
Curiously enough, although heavy firing had continued 
during thirty-four hours, no man on either side was in- 
jured ! 

It was a natural mistake that South Carolina should 
deem the capture of Fort Sumter a glorious victory. The 
bells of Charleston chimed triumphantly all the day; guns 
were fired ; the citizens were in the streets expressing with 
many oaths the rapture which this great success inspired, 
and their confident hope of triumphs equally decisive in 
time to come ; ministers gave thanks ; ladies waved hand^ 
kerchiefs ; politicians quaffed potent draughts to the wel- 
fare of the Confederacy. On that bright April Sunday 
all was enthusiasm and boundless excitement in the city of 
Charleston. Alas for the vanity of human hopes ! There 
were days near at hand, and many of them too, when these 
rejoicing citizens should sit in hunger and sorrow and 



1 86 1. Feeling North and South, 413 

despair among the ruins of their city and the utter wreck 
of their fortunes and their trade. 

By many of the Southern people war was eagerly desired. 
The Confederacy was already established for some months, 
and yet it included only six States. There were eight other 
slave States, whose sympathies it was believed were with 
the seceders. These had been expected to join, but there 
proved to exist within them a loyalty to the Union suffi- 
ciently strong to delay their secession. Amid the excite- 
ments which war would enkindle, this loyalty, it was hoped, 
would disappear, and the hesitating States would be con- 
strained to join their fortunes to those of their more reso- 
lute sisters. The fall of Fort Sumter was more than a mili- 
tary triumph. It would more than double the strength of 
the Confederacy, and raise it at once to the rank of a great 
power. Everywhere in the South, therefore, there was a 
wild, exultant joy. And not without reason. Virginia, 
North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas now 
joined their sisters in secession. 

In the North, the hope had been tenaciously clung to 
that the peace of the country was not to be disturbed. 
This dream was rudely broken by the siege of Fort Sum- 
ter. The North awakened suddenly to the awful certainty 
that civil war was begun. There was a deep feeling of 
indignation at the traitors who were willing to ruin their 
country that slavery might be secure. There was a full 
appreciation of the danger. There was an instant, univer- 
sal determination that, at whatever cost, the national life 
must be preserved. Personal sacrifice was unconsidered. 
Individual interests were merged in the general good. 
Political difference, ordinarily so bitter, was for the time 
almost effaced. Nothing was of interest but the question 
how this audacious rebellion was to be suppressed, and the 
American nation upheld in the great place which it claimed 
among men. 



414 Yotmg Folks History of America. 

Two days after the fall of Fort Sumter, Mr. Lincoln inti- 
mated by proclamation the dishonor done to the laws of 
the United States, and called out the militia to the extent 
of seventy-five thousand men. The free States responded 
enthusiastically to the call. 

So prompt was their action that, on the very next day, 
several companies arrived in Washington. Flushed by 
their easily won victory, the Southerners talked boastfully 
of seizing the capital. In a very short time there were 
fifty thousand loyal men ready to prevent that, and the 
safety of Washington was secured. 

Opposition was made to the passage of the Northern 
militia through Baltimore, and blood was shed in the streets 
of that city. 

The North pushed forward with boundless energy her 
warlike preparations. Her rich men offered money with 
so much liberality that in a few days nearly twenty-five 
million dollars had been contributed. The school teachers 
of Boston dedicated fixed proportions of their incomes to 
the support of the government while the war should last. 
All over the country the excited people gathered them- 
selves into crowded meetings, and breathed forth in fer- 
vid resolutions their determination to spend fortune and 
life in defence of the Union. Volunteer companies were 
rapidly formed. In the cities, ladies began to organize 
themselves for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers- 
It had been fabled that the North would not fight. With 
a fiery promptitude, unknown before in modern history, the 
people sprang to arms. 

Even yet there was on both sides a belief that the war 
would be a short one. The South, despising an adversary 
unpractised in war, and vainly trusting that the European 
Powers would interfere in order to secure their wonted 
supplies of cotton, expected that a few victories more would 




PASSING THROUGH BALTIMORE. 



415 



i86i. Washington Threatened. 417 

bring peace. The North still regarded secession as little 
more than a gigantic riot, which she proposed to extinguish 
within ninety days. The truth was strangely different 
from the prevailing belief of the day. A high-spirited 
people, six millions in number, occupying a fertile terri- 
tory nearly a million square miles in extent, had risen 
against the government. The task undertaken by the 
North was to conquer this people, and by force of arms to 
bring them and their territory back to the Union. This 
was not likely to prove a work of easy accomplishment. 

When the North addressed herself to her task, her own 
capital was still threatened by the Confederates. Two or 
three miles down the Potomac, and full in view of Wash- 
ington, lies the old-fashioned decaying Virginian town of 
Alexandria, where the unfortunate Braddock had landed 
his troops a century before. The Confederate flag floated 
over Alexandria. A Confederate force was marching on 
Harper's Ferry, forty miles from Washington ; and as the 
government works there could not be defended they were 
burned. Preparations were being made to seize Arlington 
Heights, from which Washington could be easily shelled. 
At Manassas Junction, thirty miles away, a Confederate 
army lay encamped. It seemed to many foreign observers 
that the North might lay aside all thought of attack, and 
be well pleased if she succeeded in the defence of what 
was still left to her. 

But the Northern people, never doubting either their right 
or their strength, put their hand boldly to the work. The 
first thing to be done was to shut the Confederates in so that 
no help could reach them from the world outside. They 
could grow food enough, but they were a people who manu- 
factured little. They needed from Europe supplies of arms 
and ammunition, of clothing, of medicine. They needed 
money, which they could only get by sending away their 

27 



41 8 Young Folks History of America. 

cotton. To stop their intercourse with Europe was to 
inflict a blow which would itself prove almost fatal. Four 
days after the fall of Fort Sumter, Mr. Lincoln announced 
the blockade of all the Confederate ports. It was a little 
lime after till he had ships enough to make the blockade, 
effective. But in a few weeks this was done, and every 
Southern port was closed. The grasp thus established was 
never relaxed. So long as the war lasted, the South ob- 
tained foreign supplies only from vessels which carried on 
the desperate trade of blockade-running. 

Virginia completed her secession on the 23d April. 
Next morning Federal troops seized and fortified Alexan- 
dria and the Arlington Heights. In the western portions 
of Virginia the people were so little in favor of secession 
that they wished to establish themselves as a separate 
State, loyal to the Union. With no very serious trouble 
the Confederates were driven out of this region, and West- 
ern Virginia was restored to the Union. Desperate at- 
tempts were made by the disloyal governor of Missouri to 
carry his State out of the Union, against the wish of a ma- 
jority of the people. It was found possible to defeat the 
efforts of the secessionists and retain Missouri. Through- 
out the war this State was grievously wasted by Southern 
raids, but she held fast her loyalty. 

Thus at the opening of the war substantial advantages 
had been gained by the North. They were not, however, 
of a sufficiently brilliant character fully to satisfy the ex- 
pectations of the excited people. A great battle must be 
won. Government, unwisely yielding to the pressure, 
ordered their imperfectly disciplined troops to advance 
and attack the rebels in their position at Manassas Junc- 
tion. 

General Beauregard lay at Manassas with a Confederate 
force variously estimated at from thirty to forty thousand 



i86i. Battle of Bull Run. 419 

men. In front of his position ran tiie little stream of Bull 
Run, in a narrow, wooded valley, the ground rising on either 
side into " bluffs," crowned with frequent patches of dense 
wood. General McDowell moved to attack him, with an 
army about equal in strength. It was early Sunday morn- 
ing when the army set out from its quarters at Centreville. 
The march was not over ten miles, but the day was hot, 
and the men not yet inured to hardship. It was ten 
o'clock when the battle fairly opened. From the heights 
on the northern bank of the stream the Federal artillery 
played upon the enemy. The Southern line stretched well- 
nigh ten miles. McDowell hoped by striking with an over- 
whelming force at a point on the enemy's right, to roll back 
his entire line in confusion. Heavy masses of infantry 
forded the stream and began the attack. The Southerners 
fought bravely and skilfully, but at the point of attack they 
were inferior in number, and they were driven back. The 
battle spread away far among the woods, and soon every 
copse held its group of slain and wounded men. By three 
o'clock the Federals reckoned the battle as good as won. 
The enemy, though still fighting, was falling back. But at 
that hour a railway train ran close up to the field of battle 
with fifteen thousand Confederates, fresh and eager for the 
fray. This new force was hurried into action. The wearied 
Federals could not endure the vehemence of the attack. 
They broke and fled down the hill-side. With inexperienced 
troops a measured and orderly retreat is impossible. De- 
feat is quickly followed by panic. The men who had fought 
so bravely all the day now hurried in wild confusion from 
the field. The road was choked with a tangled mass of 
baggage-wagons, artillery, soldiers, and civilians frenzied 
by fear, and cavalry riding wildly through the quaking mob. 
But the Confederates attempted no pursuit, and the panic 
passed away. Scarcely an attempt, however, was made to 



420 Young Folks History of America. 

stop the flight. Order was not restored till the worn-out 
men made their way back to Washington. 

This was the first great battle of the war, and its results 
were of prodigious importance. By the sanguine men of 
the South it was hailed as decisive of their final success. 
President Davis counted upon the immediate recognition 
of the Confederacy by the great Powers of Europe as now 
certain. The newspapers accepted it as a settled truth 
that "one Southerner was equal to five Yankees." In- 
trigues began for the succession to the presidential chair, 
six years hence. A controversy arose among the States 
as to the location of the capital. The success of the Con- 
federacy was regarded as a thing beyond doubt. Enlist- 
ment languished. It was scarcely worth while to undergo 
the inconvenience of fighting for a cause which was already 
triumphant. 

The defeat at Manassas taught the people of the North 
that the task they had undertaken was a heavier one than 
they supposed. But it did not shake their steady purpose 
to perform it. On the day after the battle, while the 
routed army was swarming into Washington, Congress 
voted five hundred millions of dollars and called for half a 
million of volunteers. A few days later. Congress unani- 
mously resolved that the suppression of the Rebellion was 
a sacred duty, from the performance of which no disaster 
should discourage ; to which they pledged the employment 
of every resource, national and individual. " Having 
chosen our course," said Mr. Lincoln, "without guile and 
with pure purpose, let us renew our trust in God, and go 
forward without fear and with manly hearts." The spirit 
of the North rose as the greatness of the enterprise became 
apparent. No thought was there of any other issue from 
the national agony than the overthrow of the national foe. 
The youth of the country crowded into the ranks. The 



i86i. Enlistments at the North. 421 

patriotic impulse possessed rich and poor alike. The sons 
of wealthy men shouldered a musket side by side with the 
penniless children of toil. Once, by some accident, the 
money which should have paid a New England regiment 
failed to arrive in time. A private in the regiment gave 
his check for a hundred thousand dollars, and the men 
were paid. The Christian churches yielded an earnest 
support to the war. In some western churches the men 
enlisted almost without exception. Occasionally their 
ministers accompanied them. Sabbath-school teachers 
and members of Young Men's Christian Associations were 
remarkable for the eagerness with which they obeyed the 
call of their country. It was no longer a short war and 
an easy victory which the North anticipated. The gigantic 
character of the struggle was at length recognized ; and 
the North, chastened but undismayed, made preparations 
for a contest on the issue of which her existence depended. 
General McDowell had led the Northern army to a de- 
feat, which naturally shook public confidence in his ability 
to command. A new general was indispensable. When 
the war broke out, a young man, George B. McClellan 
by name, was resident in Cincinnati, peacefully occupied 
with the management of a railroad. He was trained at 
West Point, and had some reputation for soldiership. He 
was skilful to construct and organize. His friends knew 
that he would mould into an army the enthusiastic levies 
which flowed in ; and also that, in obedience to the strong- 
est impulses of his nature, he would shrink from subjecting 
his army to the supreme test of battle. As a railway man, 
it was jocularly remarked to Mr. Lincoln by one who knew 
him, he was taught to avoid collisions. It was said he 
built bridges noticeable for their excellence, but could 
never without discomposure witness trains pass over them. 
This habitual caution, hitherto harmless, he was now to 



422 Young Folks History of America. 

carry into a position where it would be likely to inflict 
bitter disappointment upon a great people, and prolong the 
duration of the war. 

General McClellan was appointed to the command of 
the army a few days after the defeat at Bull Run. San- 
guine hopes were entertained that "the young Napoleon," 
as he was styled, would give the people victory over their 
enemies. He addressed himself at once to his task. From 
every State in the North men hastened to his standard. 
He disciplined them and perfected their equipment for the 
field. In October he was at the head of two hundred 
thousand men, — the largest army ever yet seen on the 
American continent. 

The Confederate government, which at first chose for its 
home the city of Montgomery in Alabama^ moved to Rich- 
mond so soon as Virginia gave in her reluctant adherence 
to the secession cause. Richmond, the gay capital of the 
Old Dominion, sits queen-like upon a lofty plateau, with 
deep valleys flanking her on east and west, and the James 
River rushing past far below upon the south, not many 
miles from the point where the pioneers of the colony had 
established themselves two centuries and a half ago. To 
Washington the distance is only one hundred and thirty 
miles. The warring governments were within a few hours' 
journey of each other. 

The supreme command of the rebel forces was commit- 
ted to General Robert E. Lee, one of the greatest of mod- 
ern soldiers. He was a calm, thoughtful, unpretending 
man, whose goodness gained for him universal love. He 
was opposed to secession, but believing, like the rest, that 
he owed allegiance wholly to his own State, he seceded 
with Virginia. It was his difficult task to contend nearly 
always with forces stronger than his own, and to eke out 
by his own skill and genius the scanty resources of the 



i86i. " Stonewair yackson. 423 

Confederacy. His consummate ability maintained the war 
long after all hope of success was gone ; and when at 
length he laid down his arms, even the country against 
which he had fought was proud of her erring but noble 
son. 

Thomas Jackson — better known as " Stonewall " Jack- 
son — was the most famous of Lee's generals. In him 
we have a strange evidence of the influence which slavery 
exerts upon the best of men. He was of truly heroic 
mould, bra e, generous, devout. His military perception 
was unerring ; his decision swift as lightning. He rose 
early in the morning to read the Scriptures and pray. He 
gave a tenth part of his income for religious uses. He 
taught a Sunday class of negro children. He delivered 
lectures on the authenticity of Scripture. When he dropped 
a letter into the post-office, he prayed for a blessing on the 
person to whom it was addressed. As his soldiers marched 
past his erect, unmoving figure, to meet the enemy, they 
saw his lips move, and knew that their leader was praying 
for them to Him who " covereth the head in the day of 
battle." And yet this good man caused his negroes, male 
and female, to be flogged when he judged that severity 
needful. And yet he recommended that the South should 
" take no prisoners," — in other words, that enemies who 
had ceased to resist should be massacred. To the end of 
his life he remained of opinion that the rejection of this 
policy was a mistake. So fatally do the noblest minds 
become tainted by the associations of slave society. 

During the autumn and early winter of 1861 the weather 
was unusually fine, and the roads were consequently in 
excellent condition for the march of an army. The rebel 
forces were scattered about Virginia, some of them within 
sight of Washington. Around Richmond it was understood 
there were few troops. It seemed easy for McClellan, with 



424 You7ig Folks History of America. 

his magnificent army, to trample down any slight resistance 
which could be offered, and march into the rebel capital. 
For many weeks the people and the government waited 
patiently. They had been too hasty before. They would 
not again urge their general prematurely into battle. But 
the months of autumn passed, and no blow was struck. 
Winter was upon them, and still "all was quiet on the 
Potomac." McClellan, in a series of brilliant reviews, pre- 
sented his splendid army to the admiration of his country- 
men ; but he was not yet ready to fight. The country bore 
the delay for six months. Then it could be endured no 
longer, and in January Mr. Lincoln issued a peremptory 
order that a movement against the enemy should be made. 
McClellan had now laid upon him the necessity to do 
something. He formed a plan of operations, and by the 
end of March was ready to begin his work. 

South-eastward from Richmond the James and the York 
Rivers fall into the Potomac at a distance from each other 
of some twenty miles. The course of the rivers is nearly 
parallel, and the region between them is known as the 
Peninsula. McClellan conveyed his army down the Poto- 
mac, landed at Fortress Monroe, and prepared to march 
upon Richmond by way of the Peninsula. 

Before him lay the little town of Yorktown, where, eighty 
years before, the War of Independence was closed by the 
surrender of the English army. Yorktown was held by eleven 
thousand rebels. McClellan had over one hundred thousand 
well-disciplined men eager for battle. He dared not assault 
the place, and he lost a month and many lives in digging 
trenches and erecting batteries that he might formally 
besiege Yorktown. The Confederates waited till he was 
ready to open his batteries, and then quietly marched away. 
McClellan telegraphed to the President that he had gained 
a brilliant success. 



1 862. General McClellan s Failure » 425 

And then McClellan crept slowly up the Peninsula. In 
six weeks he was within a few miles of Richmond, and in 
front of the forces which the Confederates had been actively 
collecting for the defence of their capital. His army was 
eager to fight. Lincoln never ceased to urge him to active 
measures. McClellan was immovable. He complained of 
the weather. He was the victim of " an abnormal season." 
He telegraphed for more troops. He wrote interminable 
letters upon the condition of the country ; but he would 
not fight. The emboldened rebels attacked him. The dis- 
heartened general thought himself outnumbered, and pre- 
pared to retreat. He would retire to the James River and be 
safe under the protection of the gunboats. He doubted 
whether he might not be overwhelmed as he withdrew. If 
he could not save his army, he would " at least die with it, 
and share its fate." 

Under the influence of such feelings McClellan moved 
away from the presence of a greatly inferior enemy, the 
splendid army of the North burning with shame and indig- 
nation. The rebels dashed at his retreating ranks. His 
march to the James River occupied seven days. On every 
day there was a battle. Nearly always the Federals had 
the advantage in the fight. Always after the fight they 
resumed their retreat. Once they drove back the enemy, 
inflicting upon him a crushing defeat. Their hopes rose with 
success, and they demanded to be led back to Richmond. 
Nothing is more certain than that at that moment, as 
indeed during the whole campaign, the rebel capital lay 
within McClellan's grasp. The hour had come, but not the 
man. The army was strong enough for its task, but the 
general was too weak. McClellan shunned the great enter- 
prise which opened before him, and never rested from his 
inglorious march till he lay in safety, sheltered by the gun- 
boats on the James River. He had lost fifteen thousand 



426 Young Folks History of America. 

men ; but the Confederates had suffered even more. It 
was said that the retreat was skilfully conducted, but the 
American people were in no humor to appreciate the 
merits of a chief who was great only in flight. Their dis- 
appointment was intense. The Southern leaders devoutly 
announced " undying gratitude to God " for their great 
success, and looked forward with increasing confidence to 
their final triumph over an enemy whose assaults it 
seemed so easy to repulse. 

Nor was this the only success which crowned the Con- 
federate arms. The most remarkable battle of the war was 
fought while the President was vainly endeavoring to rouse 
McClellan to heroic deeds ; and it ended in a Confederate 
victory. 

At the very beginning of the war the Confederates 
bethought them of an iron-clad ship-of-war. They took 
hold of an old frigate which the Federals had sunk in 
the James River. They sheathed her in iron plates. They 
roofed her with iron rails. At her prow, beneath the 
water-line, they fitted an iron-clad projection, which might 
be driven into the side of an adversary. They armed her 
with ten guns of large size. 

The mechanical resources of the Confederacy were 
defective, and this novel structure was eight months in 
preparation. One morning in March she steamed slowly 
dow^n the James River, attended by five small vessels of the 
ordinary sort. A powerful Northern fleet lay guarding the 
mouth of the river. The Virginia, as the iron-clad had 
been named, came straight towards the hostile ships. She 
fired no shot. No man showed himself upon her deck. 
The Federals assailed her with well-aimed discharges. 
The shot bounded harmless from her sides. She steered 
for the Cumberland, into whose timbers she struck her 
armed prow. A huge cleft opened in the Cumberland's 



i862. The Mojzitor and the Virginia. 427 

side, and the gallant ship went down with a hundred men 
of her crew on board. The Virginia next attacked the 
Federal ship Congress. At a distance of two hundred 
yards she opened her guns upon this ill-fated vessel. The 
Congress was aground, and could offer no effective resist- 
ance. After sustaining heavy loss, she was forced to 
surrender. Night approached, and the Virginia drew off, 
intending to resume her work on the morrow. 

Early next morning — a bright Sunday morning — she 
steamed out, and made for the Minnesota, a Federal ship 
which had been grounded to get beyond her reach. The 
Minnesota was still aground and helpless. Beside her, 
however, as the men on board the Virginia observed, lay a 
mysterious structure, resembling nothing they had ever seen 
before. Her deck was scarcely visible above the water, and 
it supported nothing but an iron turret nine feet high. This 
was the Monitor, designed by Captain Ericsson ; the first of 
the class of iron-clad turret-ships, which are destined, prob- 
ably, to be the fighting-ships of the future, so long as the 
world is foolish enough to need ships for fighting purposes. 
By a singular chance she had arrived thus opportunely. 
The two iron-clads measured their strength in combat. But 
their shot produced no impression, and after two hours of 
heavy but ineffective firing, they separated, and the Virginia 
retired up the James River. 

This fight opened a new era in naval warfare. The 
Washington government hastened to build turret-ships. 
All European governments, perceiving the worthlessness 
of ships of the old type, proceeded to reconstruct their 
navies according to the light which the action of the Vir- 
ginia and the Monitor afforded them. 

The efforts of the North to crush the Confederate forces 
in Virginia had signally failed. But military operations were 
not confined to Virginia. In this war the battle-field was the 



428 Yoimg Folks History of America. 

continent. Many hundreds of miles from the scene of 
McClellan's feeble efforts, the banner of the Union, held 
in manlier hands, was advancing into the revolted territory. 
The North sought to occupy the border States, and to repos- 
sess the line of the Mississippi, thus severing Texas, Louis- 
iana, and Arkansas from the other members of the secession 
enterprise, and perfecting the blockade which was now 
effectively maintained on the Atlantic coast. There were 
troops enough for these vast operations. By the ist of 
December, 1861, six hundred and forty thousand men had 
enrolled themselves for the war. The North, thoroughly 
aroused now, had armed and drilled these enormous hosts. 
Her foundries worked night and day, moulding cannon and 
mortars. Her own resources could not produce with suffi- 
cient rapidity the gunboats which she needed to assert her 
supremacy on the western waters, but she obtained help 
from the building yards of Europe. All that wealth and 
energy could do was done. While the Confederates were 
supinely trusting to the difficulties of the country and the 
personal prowess of their soldiers, the North massed forces 
which nothing on the continent could long resist. In the 
South and West results were achieved not unworthy of these 
vast preparations. 

During the autumn a strong fleet was sent southward to 
the Carolina coast. Overcoming with ease the slight 
resistance which the rebel forts were able to offer, the expe- 
dition possessed itself of Port Royal, and thus commanded 
a large tract of Confederate territory. It was a cotton grow- 
ing district, worked wholly by slaves. The owners fled, but 
the slaves remained. The first experiment was made here 
to prove whether the negro would labor when the lash did 
not compel. The results were most encouraging. The 
negroes worked cheerfully and patiently, and many of 



i862. Victories South and West. 429 

them became rich from the easy gains of labor on that 
rich soil. 

In the West the war was pushed vigorously and with suc- 
cess. To General Grant, a strong, tenacious, silent man, 
destined ere long to be commander-in-chief and President, 
was assigned the work of driving the rebels out of Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. His gunboats ran up the great 
rivers of these States and took effective part in the battles 
which were fought. The rebels were forced southward, till 
in the spring of 1862 the frontier line of rebel territory no 
longer enclosed Kentucky. Even Tennessee was held with 
a loosened and uncertain grasp. 

In Arkansas, be3'ond the Mississippi, was fought the 
battle of Pea Ridge, which stretched over three days, 
and in which the Confederates received a sharp defeat. 
Henceforth the rebels had no footing in Missouri or 
Arkansas. 

New Orleans fell in April. Admiral Farragut with a 
powerful fleet forced his way past the forts and gunboats, 
which composed the insufficient defence of the city. There 
was no army to resist them. He landed a small party of 
marines, who pulled down the secession flag and restored 
that of the Union. The people looked on silently, while 
the city passed thus easily away for ever from Confederate 
rule. 

There was gloom in the Confederate capital as the 
tidings of these disasters came in. But the spirit of the 
people was unbroken, and the government was encouraged 
to adopt measures equal to the emergency. A law was 
enacted which placed at the disposal of the government 
every man between eighteen and thirty-five years of age. 
Enlistment for' short terms was discontinued. Hence- 
forth the business of Southern men must be war. Every 



430 



Young Folks Histojy of America. 



man must hold himself at his country's call. This law 
yielded for a time an adequate supply of soldiers, and 
ushered in those splendid successes which cherished the 
delusive hope that the slave-power was to establish itself 
as one of the great powers of the world. 




CHAPTER XXIT. 

LIBERTY TO THE SLAVE. 

The slave question, out of which the Rebellion sprang, 
presented for some time grave difficulties to the Northern 
government. As the Northern armies forced their way 
southward, escaped slaves flocked to them. These slaves 
were loyal subjects. Their owners were disloyal. Could the 
government recognize the right of its enemies to own loyal 
men ? Again, the labor of the slaves contributed to the sup- 
port of the Rebellion. Was it not a clear necessity of war 
that government should deprive the Rebellion of this support 
by freeing all the slaves whom its authority could reach? 
But, on the other hand, some of the slave States remained 
loyal. Over their slaves government had no power, and 
much care was needed that no measure should be adopted ot 
which they could justly complain. 

The President had been all his life a steady foe to slavery. 
But he never forgot that, whatever his own feeling might be, 
he was strictly bound by law. His duty as President was not 
to destroy slavery, but to save the Union. When the time 
came to overthrow this system, he would do it with gladdened 
heart. Meanwhile he said, " If I could save the Union with- 
out freeing any slave, I would do it ; if I could save it by 
freeing all the slaves, I would do it ; and if I could save it 
by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do it." 

From the very beginning of the war, escaped slaves crowded 
within the Federal lines. They were willing to perform any 
labor, or to fight in a cause which they all knew to be their 



432 Young Folks' History of America. 

own. But the North was not yet freed from her habitual 
tenderness for the old institutions. The negroes could not 
yet be armed. General McClellan pledged himself not only 
to avoid interference with slaves, but to crush with an iron 
hand any attempt at insurrection on their part. General 
Fremont, commanding in Missouri, issued an order which 
gave liberty to the slaves of persons who were fighting against 
the Union. The President, not yet deeming that measure 
indispensable, disallowed it. A little later it was proposed to 
arm the blacks. To that also the President objected. He 
would do nothing prematurely which might offend the loyal 
slave States, and so hinder the restoration of the Union. 

But in war opinion ripens fast. Men quickly learned, 
under that stern teacher, to reason that, as slavery had caused 
the Rebellion, slavery should be extinguished. Congress met 
in December, with ideas which pointed decisively towards 
Abohtion. Measures were passed which marked a great 
era in the history of slavery. The slaves of men who were 
in arms against the government were declared to be free. 
Colored men might be armed and employed as soldiers. 
Slavery was abolished within the District of Columbia. Slav- 
ery was prohibited for ever within all the Territories. Every 
slave escaping to the Union armies was to be free. Wher- 
ever the authority of Congress could reach, slavery was now 
at an end. 

But something yet remained. Public sentiment in the 
North grew strong in favor of immediate and unconditional 
emancipation of all slaves within the revolted States. This 
view was pressed upon Lincoln. He hesitated; not from 
reluctance, but because he wished the public mind to be 
thoroughly made up before he took this decisive step. At 
length his course was resolved upon. He drew up a Procla- 
mation, which gave freedom to all the slaves of the rebel 
States. He called a meeting of his Cabinet, which cordially 



i863- Proclamation of Emancipation. 435 

sanctioned the measure. After New Year's Day of 1863 all 
persons held to slavery within the seceded territory were 
declared to be free. "And upon this act," — thus was the 
Proclamation closed, — " sincerely believed to be an act of 
justice, wan-anted by the Constitution upon military neces- 
sity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the 
gracious favor of Almighty God." 

This — one of the most memorable of all State papers — • 
gave freedom to over three millions of slaves. It did not 
touch slavery in the loyal States ; for there the President had 
no authority to interfere. But all men knew that it involved 
the abolition of slavery in the loyal as well as in the rebeUious 
States. Henceforth slavery became impossible on any por- 
tion of American territory. 

The deep significance of this great measure was most fully 
recognized by the Northern people. The churches gave 
thanks to God for this fulfilment of their long-cherished de- 
sire. Congress expressed its cordial approval. Innumerable 
public meetings resolved that the President's action deserved 
the support of the country. Bells pealed joyfully in the great 
cities and quiet villages of the East, and in the infant settle- 
ments of the distant West. Charles Sumner begged from 
the President the pen with which the Proclamation had been 
signed. The original draft of the document was afterwards 
sold for a large sum, at a fair held in Chicago for the benefit 
of the soldiers. 

The South, too, understood this transaction perfectly. It 
was the triumphant and final expression of that Northern 
abhorrence to slavery which had provoked the war. It made 
reconciliation impossible. President Davis said to his Con- 
gress that it would calm the fears of those who apprehended 
a restoration of the old Union. 

It is a painful reflection that the English government 
utterly misunderstood this measure. Its official utterance on 



436 YouJig Folks' History of America. 

the subject was a sneer. Earl Russell, the Foreign Secretary 
of that day, wrote to their ambassador at Washington that the 
Proclamation was " a measure of a very questionable kind." 
" It professes," he continued, " to emancipate slaves where 
the United States cannot make Emancipation a reality, but 
emancipates no one where the decree can be earned into 
effect." Thus imperfectly had Earl Russell yet been able to 
comprehend this memorable page of modern history. 

Circumstances that no human wisdom foresaw thus com- 
pelled Emancipation. When the slave in his cabin, or hunted 
in the swamps, had ten years before prayed for liberty and 
the freedom of his race, it seemed impossible that such a 
prayer could be answered. No political prophet ever saw the 
opening of those doors of events that made his freedom a 
necessity to the life of the nation. The Red Sea opened as 
by the dividing hand of God. 

McClellan's failure disappointed but did not dishearten the 
Northern people. While McClellan was hastening away from 
Richmond the governors of seventeen States assured the 
President of the readiness of their people to furnish troops. 
The President issued a call for an additional three hundred 
thousand men ; and his call was promptly obeyed. 

McClellan lay for two months secure beside his gunboats 
on the James River. General Lee, rightly deeming that there 
was little to fear from an army so led, ranged northward with 
a strong force and threatened Washington. The Federal 
troops around the capital were greatly inferior in num- 
ber. President Lincoln summoned McClellan northward. 
McClellan was unready ; and a small Federal army under 
General Pope was left to cope unaided with the enemy. 
Pope received a severe defeat at Manassas, and retired to 
the fortifications of Washington. 

General Lee was strong enough now to carry the war into 
Northern territory. He captured Harper's Ferry, and passed 



i862. Battles of Antietarn and Fredericksburg. 439 

into Maryland. McClellan was at length stimulated to action, 
and having carried his troops northward, he attacked Lee 
at Antietam. The Northern army far outnumbered the 
enemy. The battle was long and bloody. When darkness 
sank down upon the wearied combatants no decisive advan- 
tage had been gained. McClellan 's generals urged a renewal 
of the attack next morning. But this was not done, and 
General Lee crossed the Potomac and retired unmolested 
into Virginia. McClellan resumed his customary caution. 
The President ordered him to pursue the enemy and give 
battle. He even wished him to move on Richmond, which 
he was able to reach before Lee could possibly be there. In 
vain. McClellan could not move. His horses had sore 
tongues and sore backs ; they were lame ; they were broken 
down by fatigue. Lincoln had already been unduly patient. 
But the country would endure no more. General McClellan 
was removed from command of that army whose power he 
had so long been able to neutralize ; and his place was taken 
by General Burnside. 

Bumside at once moved his army southward. It was not 
yet too late for a Virginian campaign. He reached the banks 
of the Rappahannock, beside the little town of Fredericks- 
burg. He had to wait there for many weary days till he 
obtained means to cross the river. While he lay, impatient, 
General Lee concentrated all the forces under his command 
upon the heights which rose steeply from the opposite bank 
of the stream. He threw up earthworks and strongly in^ 
trenched his position. There he waited in calmness for the 
assault which he knew he could repel. 

When Burnside was able to cross the Rappahannock he 
lost no time in making his attack. One portion of his force 
would strike the enemy on his right flank ; the rest would 
push straight up the heights and assault him in front. A slight 
success in his flanking movement cheered General Burnside ; 



440 You Jig Folks' History of America. 

but in the centre his troops advanced to the attack under a 
heavy fire of artillery which laid many brave men low. The 
Northern soldiers fought their way with steady courage up 
the height. They were superior in numbers, but the enemy 
fought in safety within a position which was impregnable. 
The battle was no fair trial of skill and courage, but a useless 
waste of brave lives. Burnside drew off his troops and re- 
crossed the Rappahannock, with a loss of twelve thousand men, 
vainly sacrificed in the attempt to perform an impossibility. 

In the West there had been no great success to counter- 
balance the long train of Confederate victories in the East. 
The year closed darkly upon the hopes of those who strove 
to preserve the Union. The South counted with certainty 
that her independence was secure. The prevailing opinion of 
Europe regarded the enterprise which the North pursued so 
resolutely, as a wild impossibility. But the Northern people 
and government never despaired of the Commonwealth. At 
the gloomiest period of the contest a bill was passed for the 
construction of a railroad to the Pacific. The Homestead 
Act offered a welcome to immigrants in the form of a free grant 
of one hundred and sixty acres of land to each. And the 
government, as with a quiet and unburdened mind, began to 
enlarge and adorn its Capitol on a scale worthy of the ex- 
pected greatness of the reunited country. 

The real hero of the war was now about to appear, the 
William the Silent of this struggle for liberty. 

The North had not yet established her supremacy upon 
the Mississippi. Two hostile strongholds, Vicksburg and 
Port Hudson, had successfully resisted Federal attack, and 
maintained communication between the revolted States on 
either side the great river. The reduction of these was 
indispensable. General Ulysses S. Grant was charged with 
the important enterprise, and proceeded in February to begin 
his work 



1863. Siege of Vicksburg. 441 

Grant found himself with his army on the wrong side of the 
city. He was up the river from Vicksburg, and could not 
hope to win the place by attacks on that side. Nor could he 
easily convey his army and siege appliances through the 
swamps and lakes which stretched away behind the city. It 
seemed too hazardous to run his transports past the guns of 
Vicksburg. He attempted to cut a new channel for the river, 
along which he might convey his army safely. Weeks were 
spent in the vain attempt, and the country, which had not 
yet learned to trust in Grant, became impatient of the unpro- 
ductive toil. Grant, undismayed by the failure of his project, 
adopted a new and more hopeful scheme. He conveyed his 
soldiers across to the western bank of the Mississippi, and 
marched them southward till they were below Vicksburg. 
There they were ferried across the river ; and then they stood 
within reach of the weakest side of the city. The transports 
were ordered to run the batteries of Vicksburg and take the 
chances of that enterprise. 

When Grant reached the position he sought he had a diffi- 
cult task before him. One large army held Vicksburg. An- 
other large army was gathering for the relief of the endangered 
fortress. Soon Grant lay between two armies which, united, 
greatly outnumbered his. But he had no intention that they 
should unite. He attacked them in detail. In every action 
he was successful. The Confederates were driven back upon 
the city, which was then closely invested. 

For six weeks Grant pressed the siege with a fiery energy 
which allowed no rest to the besieged. Confederate General 
Johnston was not far off, mustering an army for the relief of 
Vicksburg, and there was not an hour to lose. Grant kept a 
strict blockade upon the scantily provisioned city. From his 
gunboats and from his owm lines he maintained an almost 
ceaseless bombardment. The inhabitants crept into caves in 
the hill to find shelter from the intolerable fire. They slaugh- 



442 Young Folks History of America. 

tered their mules for food. They patiently endured the inev- 
itable hardships of their position ; and their daily newspaper, 
printed on scraps of such paper as men cover their walls with, 
continued to the end to make light of their sufferings, and to 
breathe defiance against General Grant. But all was vain. 
On the 4th of July — the anniversary of Independence — 
Vicksburg was surrendered with her garrison of twenty- three 
thousand men, much enfeebled by hunger and fatigue. 

The fall of Vicksburg was the heaviest blow which the Con- 
federacy had yet sustained. Nearly one-half of the rebellious 
territory lay beyond the Mississippi. That river was now 
firmly held by the Federals. The revolted States were cut 
in two, and no help could pass from one section to the other. 
There was deep joy in the Northern heart. The President 
thanked General Grant for "the almost inestimable service " 
which he had done the country. 

But long before Grant's triumph at Vicksburg another 
humiliation had fallen upon the Federal arms in Virginia. 

Soon after the disaster at Fredericksburg, the modest Burn- 
side had asked to be relieved of his command. General 
Hooker took his place. The new chief was familiarly known 
to his countrymen as "fighting Joe Hooker," a title which 
sufficiently indicated his dashing, spirited character. Hooker 
entered on his command with high hopes. " By the bless- 
ing of God," he said to the army, "we will contribute some- 
thing to the renown of our arms and the success of our 
cause." 

After three months of preparation, General Hooker an- 
nounced that his army was irresistible. The Northern cry 
was still, " On to Richmond ! " The dearest wish of the 
Northern people was to possess the hostile capital. Hooker 
marched southward, nothing doubting that he was to fulfil 
the long -frustrated desire of his countrymen. His confi- 
dence seemed not to be unwarranted ; for he had under 



1863. Death oj '' StonewalV Jackso7i. 443 

his command a magnificent army, which greatly outnum- 
bered that opposed to him. But, unhappily for Hooker, 
the hostile forces were led by General Lee and Stonewall 
Jackson. 

On the I St of May, Hooker was in presence of the enemy 
on the line of the Rappahannock. Lee was too weak to give 
or accept battle ; but he was able to occupy Hooker with a 
series of sham attacks. All the while Jackson was hasting to 
assail his flank. His march was through the Wilderness, a 
wild country thick with ill-grown oaks and a dense under- 
growth, where surprise was easy. Towards evening, on the 
2d, Jackson's soldiers burst upon the unexpectant Federals. 
The fury of the attack bore all before it. The Federal hne fell 
back in confusion and with heavy loss. 

In the twilight Jackson rode forward with his staff to ex- 
amine the enemy's position. As he returned, a North Caro- 
lina regiment, seeing a party of horsemen approach, presumed 
it was a charge of Federal cavaky. They fired, and Jackson 
fell from his horse, with two bullets in his left arm and one 
through his right hand. They placed him on a litter to cany 
him from the field. One of the bearers was shot down by the 
enemy, and the wounded general fell heavily to the ground. 
The sound of musketry wakened the Federal artillery, and 
for some time Jackson lay helpless on ground swept by the 
cannon of the enemy. When his men learned the situation 
of their beloved commander, they rushed in and carried him 
from the danger. 

Jackson sunk under his wounds. He bore patiently his 
great suffering. " If I live, it will be for the best," he said ; 
" and if I die, it will be for the best. God knows and directs 
all things for the best." He died eight days after the battle, 
to the deep sorrow of his countrymen. He was a great sol- 
dier ; and although he died fighting for a wrong cause, he was 
a true-hearted Christian man. 



444 Young Folks History of America. 

During two days after Jackson fell, the battle continued at 
Chancellorsville. Lee's superior skill in command more than 
compensated for his inferior numbers. He attacked Hooker, 
and always at the point of conflict he was found to be stronger. 
Hooker discovered that he must retreat, lest a worse thing 
should befall him. After three days' fighting he crossed the 
river in a tempest of wind and rain, and along the muddy 
Virginian roads carried his disheartened troops back to their 
old positions. He had been baffled by a force certainly not 
more than one-half his own. The splendid military genius of 
Lee was perhaps never more conspicuous than in the defeat 
of that great army which General Hooker himself regarded as 
invincible. 

But Emancipation had already turned the scale of the war, 
and the victory in the West was soon to lead to a series of 
decisive victories. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

GETTYSBURG AND RICHMOND. 

The Confederate government had always been eager 
to carry the contest into Northern territory. It was satis- 
fying to the natural pride of the South_, and it was thought 
that some experience of the evils of war might incline the 
Northern mind to peace. Lee was ordered to march into 
Pennsylvania. He gathered all the troops at his disposal, 
and with seventy-five thousand men he crossed the Poto- 
mac, and was once more prepared to face the enemy on his 
own soil. The rich cities of the North trembled. It was 
not unlikely that he would possess himself of Baltimore 
and Philadelphia. Could he once again defeat Hooker's 
army, as he had often done before, no further resistance 
was possible. Pennsylvania and New York were at his 
mercy. 

Lee advanced to the little Pennsylvanian town of Gettys- 
burg. Hooker, after marching his army northward, had 
been relieved of the command. A battle was near ; and 
in face of the enemy a new commander had to be chosen. 
Two days before the hostile armies met, General Meade was 
appointed. Meade was an experienced soldier, who had 
filled with honor the various positions assigned to him. It 
was seemingly a hopeless task which he was now asked to 
perform. With an oft-defeated army of sixty thousand to 
seventy thousand men, to whom he was a stranger, he had 



44^ Young Folks' History of America. 

to meet Lee with his victorious seventy-five thousand. 
Meade quietly undertook the work appointed to him, and 
did it, too, Hke a brave, prudent, unpretending man. 

The battle lasted for three days. On the first day the 
Confederates had some advantage. Their attack broke 
and scattered a Federal division with considerable loss. 
But that night the careful Meade took up a strong posi- 
tion on a crescent-shaped line of heights near the little 
town. 

Next day Lee attempted to dislodge the enemy. The 
key of the Federal position was Cemetery Hill, and 
there the utmost strength of the Confederate attack was 
put forth. Nor was it in vain. Part of the Federal 
line was broken. At one point an important position 
had been taken by the Confederates. Lee might fairly 
hope that another day's fighting would complete his suc- 
cess and give him undisputed possession of the wealthiest 
Northern States. His loss had been small, while the 
Federals had been seriously weakened. 

Perhaps no hours of deeper gloom were ever passed in 
the North than the hours of that summer evening when the 
telegraph flashed over the country the news of Lee's suc- 
cess. The lavish sacrifice of blood and treasure seemed 
in vain. A million of men w^ere in arms to defend the 
Union, and yet the northward progress of the enemy could 
not be withstood. Should Lee be victorious on the mor- 
row, the most hopeful must despond. 

The day on which so much of the destiny of America hung 
opened bright and warm and still. The morning was occu- 
pied by Lee in preparations for a crushing attack upon the 
centre of the Federal position ; by Meade, in carefully 
strengthening his powder of resistance at the point where he 
was to win or to lose this decisive battle. About noon all was 
completed. Over both armies there fell a marvellous still- 




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1863 Battle of Gettysburg. 449 

ness, — the silence of anxious and awful expectation. It was 
broken by a solitary cannon-shot, and the shriek of a Whit- 
worth shell as it rushed through the air. That was the signal 
at which one hundred and fifty Confederate guns opened 
their fire. The Federal artillery replied. For three hours a 
prodigious hail of shells fell upon either army. No decisive 
supremacy was, however, established by the guns on either 
side, although heavy loss was sustained by both. While 
the cannonade still continued, Lee sent forth the columns 
whose errand it was to break the Federal centre. They 
marched down the low range of heights on which they had 
stood, and across the little intervening valley. As they 
moved up the opposite height the friendly shelter of Con- 
federate fire ceased. Terrific discharges of grape and 
shell smote but did not shake their steady ranks. As 
the men fell their comrades stepped into their places, 
and the undismayed lines moved swiftly on. Up to the 
low stone wall which sheltered the Federals, up to the 
very muzzles of guns whose rapid fire cut every instant 
deep lines in their ranks, the heroic advance was con- 
tinued. 

General Lee from the opposite height watched, as Napo- 
leon did at Waterloo, the progress of his attack. Once 
the smoke of battle was for a moment blown aside, and the 
Confederate flag was seen to wave within the enemy's 
position. Lee's generals congratulate him that the vic- 
tory is gained. Again the cloud gathers around the com- 
batants. When it lifts next, the Confederates are seen 
broken and fleeing down that fatal slope, where a man can 
walk now without once putting his foot upon the grass, so 
thick lie the bodies of the slain. The attack had failed. 
The battle was lost. The Union was saved. 

General Lee's business was now to save his army. 
"This has been a sad day for us," he said to a friend, "a 

29 



450 Yoimg Folks History of America. 

sad day ; but we can't expect always to gain victories." 
He rallied his broken troops, expecting to be attacked by 
the victorious Federals. But Meade did not follow up his 
success. Next day Lee began his retreat. In perfect 
order he moved towards the Potomac, and safely crossed 
the swollen river back into Virginia. 

The losses sustained in this battle were terrible. Forty- 
eight thousand men lay dead or wounded on the field. 
Lee's army was weakened by over forty thousand men, 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. Meade lost twenty-three 
thousand. For miles around, every barn, every cottage, 
contained wounded men. The streets of the little town 
were all dabbled with blood. Men were for many days 
engaged in burying the dead, of whom there were nearly 
eight thousand. The wounded of both armies, who were 
able to be removed, were at once carried into hospitals and 
tenderly cared for. There were many so mangled that their 
removal was impossible. These were ministered to on the 
field till death relieved them from their pain. 

The tidings of the victory at Gettysburg came to the 
Northern people on the 4th of Jul}^, side by side with the 
tidings of the fall of Vicksburg. The proud old anniver- 
sary had perhaps never before been celebrated by the 
American people with hearts so thankful and so glad. 
Mr. Lincoln, who had become grave and humble and 
reverential under the influence of those awful circumstances 
amid which he lived, proclaimed a solemn day of thanks- 
giving for the deliverance granted to the nation, and of 
prayer that God would lead them all, " through the paths 
of repentance and submission to the divine will, to unity 
and fraternal peace." 

The deep enthusiasm which in those anxious days 
thrilled the American heart sought in song that fulness of 
expression which speech could not afford. Foremost among 



1863. Battle-Hymn of the Republic. 45 1 

the favorite poetic utterances of the people was this, by 
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe : — 



BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC. 

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord ; 
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; 
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword; 
His Truth is marching on. 

I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps; 
They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; 
I have read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps ; 
His Day is marching on. 

I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnished rows of steel, — 
" As ye deal with my contemners, so with you My grace shall deal ; " 
Let the Hero born of woman crush the serpent with His heel, 
Since God is marching on. 

He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat ; 
He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment-seat ; 
Oh ! be swift, my soul, to answer Him ; be jubilant, my feet, — 
Our God is marching on. 

In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, 
With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me; 
As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, 
While God is marching on. 

These strangely musical verses were sung at all public 
meetings in the North, the audience ordinarily starting to 
their feet and joining in the strain, often interrupted by 
emotion too deeply stirred to be concealed. President 
Lincoln has been seen listening to the hymn with tears 
rolling down his face. When the battle of Gettysburg was 
fought there were many hundreds of Northern officers cap- 
tive in the Libby prison, — a huge, shapeless structure, 



452 Young Folks History of America. 

once a tobacco factory, standing by the wayside in a 
suburb of Richmond. A false report was brought to them 
that the Confederates had gained. There were sleepless 
eyes and sorrowing hearts that night among the prisoners. 
But next morning an old negro brought them the true 
account of the battle. The sudden joy was too deep for 
words. By one universal impulse the gladdened captives 
but-st into song. Midst weeping and midst laughter the 
Battle-Hymn of the Republic was caught up until live hun- 
dred voices were joining in the strain. There, as else- 
where, it was felt with unutterable joy and thankfulness 
that the country was saved. 

The victory at Gettysburg lifted a great load from the 
hearts of the Northern people. There was yet a work 
vast and grim to be accomplished before a solid peace 
could be attained. But there was now a sure hope of final 
success. It was remarked by President Lincoln's friends 
that his appearance underwent a noticeable change after 
Gettysburg. His eye grew brighter; his bowed-down 
form was once more erect. In the winter after the battle, 
part of the battle-ground was consecrated as a cemetery, 
into which were gathered the remains of the brave men 
who fell. Lincoln took part in the ceremon}^, and spoke 
these memorable words : " It is for us, the living, to be 
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who 
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is for us 
to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us ; 
that from these honored dead we take increased devotion 
to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of 
devotion ; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall 
not have died in vain ; that this nation, under God, shall 
have a new birth of freedom ; and that government of the 
people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish 
from the earth." 



1864- At Gettysburg, 453 



"first in the foremost line." 

I stood to-day upon the ridge 

Where once the blue brigades were massed 

And gazed across the plain below 

O'er which the charging column passed — ■ 

That long, low line of gray, flame-tipt, 

Which still its onward movement kept 

Until it reached the sandy slope 

By twice a hundred cannon swept. 

And sauntering downward, somewhat sad, 
Among the stones no longer stained, 
I halted at a little mound 
That only the front rank had gained,— 
A little mound left all alone, 
Unmarked by flower or cypress wreath 
To show that some regretful heart 
Remembered him who slept beneath. 

But, half-way hidden by the grass, 
I found a broken barrel-stave. 
The head-board which some foeman's hand 
Had kindly placed above his grave ; 
And on one side I traced these words, 
In letters I could scarce divine : 
" Soldier, name unknown, who fell 
First in the foremost line." 

The field was bare. No grinning skulls 

Gleamed ghastly in the clear noontide, 

For on a hill not far away 

The dead were gathered side by side. 

Yet none had touched the little mound ; 

Mayhap by chance, or by design, 

They left him where death struck him down. 

" First in the foremost line." 

And they did well ; there let him rest i 
A fitter spot there could not be. 
No monument upon the earth, 
No sepulchre within the sea, 



454 Young Folks History of America, 

Could match the tomb that Nature gives. 
The shroud she spreads o'er his remains. 
The green turf kissed by summer suns, 
And washed by summer rains. 

Perchance for him a mother's soul 
Sought God upon that bitter night, 
When first the dirgeful breezes bore 
Disastrous tidings from the fight ; 
And in the autumn twilight gray 
Belike sad eyes, in tearful strain, 
Gazed northward very wistfully 
For one that did not come again. 

Perchance for him some fresh young life 
Drooped wearily from week to week, 
Struggling against the gnawing grief 
That ate the roses in her cheek, 
Till pitying Death, with gentle touch, 
Set sleep eternal in her face, 
And, sorrowing for the roses gone, 
Planted his lilies in their place. 

God's peace be with thee in thy rest, 
Lone dweller in a stranger's land, 
And may the mould above thy breast 
Lie lighter than a sister's hand! 
On other brows let Fame bestow 
Her fadeless wreath and laurel twine ; 
Enough for thee thy epitaph : 
" Dead in the foremost line." 

Even before the disasters of Gettysburg and Vicksburgj 
and while General Lee was still pursuing a course of daz- 
zling success, it had become evident to many that the cause 
of the South was hopeless. A strict blockade shut her out 
from the markets of Europe. Her supplies of arms were 
running so low that even if she could have found men in 
sufficient numbers to resist the North, she could not have 



1864. Resources of the North and South. 455 

equipped them. Food was becoming scarce. Already the 
pangs of hunger had been experienced in Lee's army. 
Elsewhere there was much suffering, even among those 
who had lately been rich. The soldiers were insufficiently 
provided with clothing. As winter came on they deserted 
and went home in crowds so great that punishment was 
impossible. 

The North had a million of men in the field. She had 
nearly six hundred ships-of-war, seventy-five of which were 
iron-clads. She had boundless command of every thing 
which could contribute to the efficiency and comfort of her 
soldiers. The rolls of the Southern armies showed only 
four hundred thousand men under arms, and of these it 
was said that from desertion and other causes seldom more 
than one-half were in the ranks. 

Money was becoming very scarce. The Confederate 
government borrowed all the money it could at home; but 
the supply received was wholly out of proportion to the ex- 
penditure. A loan was attempted in England, and there 
proved to be there a sufficient number of rich but unwise 
persons to furnish three millions sterling, — most of which 
will remain for ever unpaid to the lenders. No other meas- 
ure remained but to print, as fast as machinery would do 
it, government promises to pay at some future time, and to 
force these upon people to whom the government owed 
money. These promises gradually fell in value. In 1862, 
when the Rebellion was young and hopes were high, one 
dollar and twenty cents in government money would pur- 
chase a dollar in gold. In January, 1863, it required three 
dollars to do that. After Gettysburg it required twenty 
dollars. Somewhat later it required sixty paper dollars to 
obtain the one precious golden coin. 

It became every day more apparent that the resources 
of the South were being exhausted. Even if the genius of 



456 Young Folks History of America. 

her generals should continue to gain victories^ the South 
must perish from want of money and want of food. There 
was a touching weakness in many of her business arrange- 
ments. Government appealed to the people for gifts of 
jewelry and silver plate, and published in the Richmond 
newspapers lists of the gold rings and silver spoons and 
teapots which amiable enthusiasts bestowed upon them J 
When iron-clad ships-of-war were needed, and iron was 
scarce, an association of ladies was formed to collect old 
pots and pans for the purpose ! The daring of these peo- 
ple and the skill of their leaders might indeed gain them 
victories ; but it was a wild improbability that they should 
come successfully out of a war in which the powerful and 
sagacious North was resolute to win. 

The Northern government, well advised of the failing 
resources of the South, hoped that one campaign more 
would close the war. Bitter experience had corrected their 
early mistakes. They had at length found a general wor- 
thy of his high place. Grant was summoned eastward to 
direct the last march on Richmond. The spirit of the 
country was resolute as ever. The soldiers had now the 
skill of veterans. Enormous supplies were provided. 
Every thing that boundless resources, wisely administered, 
could do, was now done to bring the awful contest to a 
close. 

When the campaign opened, Grant with one hundred and 
twenty thousand men faced Lee, whose force was certainly 
less by one-half. The little river Rapidan flowed between. 
The Wilderness — a desolate region of stunted trees and 
dense undergrowth — stretched for many miles around. At 
midnight, on the 3d of May, Grant began to cross the river, 
and before next evening his army stood on the southern 
side. Lee at once attacked him. During the next eight 
days there was continuous fighting. The men toiled all 



^864. 



Battles in the Wilderness. 



457 



day at the work of slaughter, lay down to sleep at night, 
and rose to resume their bloody labor in the morning, as 
men do in the ordinary peaceful business of life. Lee di- 
rected his scanty force with wondrous skill. It was his 
habit to throw up intrenchments, within which he main- 
tained himself against the Federal assault. Grant did not 
allow himself to be hindered in his progress to Richmond. 
When he failed to force the Confederate position he 




THE WILDERNESS. 



marched southward round its flank, continually obliging 
Lee to move forward and take up a new position. His 
losses were terrible. From the 5th to the 12th of May he 
had lost thirty thousand men in killed, wounded, and 
missing. The wounded were sent to Washington. Trains 
of ambulances miles in length, laden with suffering men, 
passed continually through the capital, filling all hearts 
with sadness and gloomy apprehension. The cost was 
awful, but General Grant knew that the end was being 



458 Young Folks History of America, 

gained. He knew that Lee was weakened irrecoverably by 
the slaughter of these battles, and he wrote that he would 
"fight it out on this line, if it should take all summer." 

Grant found that a direct attack on Richmond was as 
yet hopeless. He marched southward past the Confederate 
capital to the town of Petersburg, twenty-two miles off. 
His plan was to wear down the rebel army by the contin- 
ual attack of superior forces, and also to cut the railways 
by which provisions were brought into Richmond. By the 
middle of June he was before Petersburg, which he hoped 
to possess before Lee had time to fortify the place against 
him. It might have been taken by a vigorous assault, but 
the attacking force was feebly led, and the opportunity was 
missed. 

And now there began the tedious bloody siege of Peters- 
burg. The armies had chosen their positions for the final 
conflict. The result was not doubtful. General Lee was 
of opinion, some time before, that the fortunes of the Con- 
federacy were desperate. The Northern government and 
mihtary leaders knew that success was certain. Indeed, 
General Grant stated afterwards that he had been at the 
front from the very beginning of the war, and that he had 
never entertained any doubt whatever as to the final suc- 
cess of the North. 

All around Petersburg, at such distance that the firing 
did not very seriously affect the little city, stretched the 
earthworks of the combatants. Before the end there were 
forty miles of earthworks. The Confederates established 
a line of defence. The Federals established a line of at- 
tack, and gradually, by superior strength, drove their antag- 
onists back. Lee retired to a new series of defences, where 
the fight was continued. The Federals had a railway run- 
ning to City Point, eleven miles away, where their ships 
brought for them the amplest supplies. Lee depended 



1864. Siege of Petersburg. 459 

upon the railways which communicated with distant por- 
tions of Confederate territory. These it was the aim of 
Grant to cut, so that his adversary might be driven by want 
of food from his position. The outposts of the armies were 
within talking distance of each other. The men lay in 
rifle-pits or shallow ditches, watching opportunity to kill. 
Any foe who incautiously came within range died by their 
unerring fire. For ten long months the daily occupation 
of the combatants had been to attack each the positions of 
the other. The Confederates, by constant sallies, attempted 
to hinder the advance of their powerful assailant. Grant 
never relaxed his hold. He '"had the rebellion by the 
throat," and he steadily tightened his grasp. By City Point 
he was in easy communication with the boundless resources 
of the North. Men and stores were supplied as he needed 
them by an enthusiastic country. On the Southern side the 
last available man was now in the field. Half the time the 
army wanted food. Desertions abounded. It was not that 
the men shunned danger or hardship, but they knew the 
cause was hopeless. Many of them knew also that their 
families were starving. They went home to help those who 
were dearer to them than that desperate enterprise whose 
ruin was now so manifest. The genius of Lee was the sole 
remaining buttress of the Confederate cause. 

Once the Federals ran an enormous mine under a portion 
of the enemy's works. In this mine they piled up twelve 
thousand pounds of gunpowder. They had a strong col- 
umn ready to march into the opening which the explosion 
v^'ould cleave. Early one summer morning the mine was 
fired. A vast mass of earth, mingled with bodies of men, 
was thrown high into air. The Confederate defence at 
that point was effaced. The attacking force moved for- 
ward. But from some unexplained reason they paused and 
sheltered themselves in the huge pit formed by the explo- 



460 Young Folks History of America. 

sion. The Confederates promptly brought up artillery and 
rained shells into the pit, where soon fifteen hundred men 
lay dead. The discomfited Federals retired to their lines. 

When Grant began his march to Richmond, he took care 
that the enemy should be pressed in other quarters of his 
territory. General Sherman marched from Tennessee 
down into Georgia. Before him was a strong Confederate 
army and a country peculiarly favorable for an army con- 
tented to remain on the defensive. Sherman overcame 
every obstacle. He defeated his enemy in many battles 
and bloody skirmishes. His object was to reach Atlanta, 
the capital of Georgia. Atlanta was of extreme value to the 
Confederates. It commanded railroads which conveyed 
supplies to their armies. It had great factories where they 
manufactured cannon and locomotives; great foundries 
where they labored incessantly to produce shot and shell. 
Sherman, by brilliant generalship and hard fighting, over- 
came all resistance, and entered Atlanta September 2. It 
was a great prize, but it was not had cheaply. During 
these four months he had lost thirty thousand men. 

When Sherman had held Atlanta for a few weeks he re- 
solved to march eastward through Georgia to the sea. He 
had a magnificent army of sixty thousand men, for whom 
there was no sufficient occupation where they lay. On the 
sea-coast there were cities to be taken. And then his 
army could march northward to join Grant before Pe- 
tersburg. 

When all was ready Sherman put the torch to the public 
buildings of Atlanta, telegraphed northward that all was 
well, and cut the telegraph wires. Then he started on his 
march of three hundred miles across a hostile country. 
For a month nothing was heard of him. When he reap- 
peared, it was before Savannah, of which he quickly pos- 
sessed himself. His march through Georgia had been 



1864. Battle of Winchester. 463 

unopposed. He severely wasted the country for thirty 
miles on either side of the line from Atlanta to Savannah. 
He carried off the supplies he needed. He destroyed 
what he could not use. He tore up the railroads. He 
proclaimed liberty to the slaves, many of whom accompa- 
nied him eastward. He proved to all the world how hol- 
low a thing was now the Confederacy, and how rapidly its 
doom was approaching. 

At the north, in the valley of the Shenandoah, a strong 
Confederate army, under the habitually unsuccessful Gen- 
eral Early, confronted the Federals under Sheridan. 
Could Sheridan have been driven away, the war might 
again have been carried into Pennsylvania or Maryland, 
and the North humbled in her career of victory. But 
Sheridan was still triumphant. At length General Early 
effected a surprise. He burst upon the Federals while 
they looked not for him. His sudden attack disordered 
the enemy, who began to retire. Sheridan was not with 
his army. He had gone to Winchester, twenty miles away. 
The morning breeze from the south bore to his startled ear 
the sounds of battle. Sheridan mounted his horse, and rode 
with the speed of a man who felt that upon his presence 
hung the destiny of the fight. His army was on the verge 
of defeat, and already stragglers were hurrying from the 
field. But when Sheridan galloped among them, the battle 
was restored. Under Sheridan the army was invincible. 
The Confederates were defeated with heavy loss, and were 
never again able to renew the war in the valley of the 
Shena'ndoah. 

The slave question was not yet completely settled. The 
Proclamation had made free the slaves of all who w^ere in 
the army, and nothing stood between them and liberty but 
those thin lines of gray-coated, hungry soldiers, upon whose 
arms the genius of Lee bestowed an efficacy not naturally 



464 Yotmg Folks History of America: 

their own. But the Proclamation had no power to free the 
slaves of loyal citizens. In the States which had not 
revolted, slavery was the same as it had ever been. 
The feeling deepened rapidly throughout the North that 
this could not continue. Slavery had borne fruit in the 
hugest rebellion known to history. It had proclaimed 
irreconcilable hostility to the government. It had brought 
mourning and woe into every house. The Union could not 
continue half-slave and half -free. The North wisely and 
nobly resolved that slavery should cease. 

Most of the loyal slave States freed themselves of this 
evil institution by their own choice. Louisiana, brought 
back to her allegiance not without some measure of force, 
led the way. Maryland followed, and Tennessee and Mis- 
souri and Arkansas. In Missouri, whence the influence 
issued which murdered Lovejoy because he was an aboli- 
tionist, which supplied the border ruffians in the early days 
of Kansas, the abolition of slavery was welcomed with 
devout prayer and thanksgiving, with joyful illuminations 
and speeches and patriotic songs. 

One thing was yet wanting to the complete and final 
extinction of slavery. The Constitution permitted its 
existence. If the Constitution were so amended as to for- 
bid slavery upon American soil, the cause of this huge 
discord which now convulsed the land would be removed. 
A constitutional amendment to this effect was submitted 
to the people. In the early months of 1865, while General 
Lee — worthy to fight in a better cause — was still bravely 
toiling to avert the coming doom of the slave empire, the 
Northern States joyfully adopted the amendment. Slavery 
was now at length extinct. This was what Providence had 
mercifully brought out of a rebellion whose avowed object 
it was to establish slavery more firmly and extend it more 
widely. 



[865- Lincoliis Second Inauguration. 467 

But freedom was not enough. Many of the black men had 
faithfully served the Union. Nearly two hundred thousand 
of them were in the ranks, fighting manfully in a cause 
which was specially their own. There were many black 
men, as Lincoln said, who " could remember that, with 
silent tongue and clenched teeth and steady eye and well- 
poised bayonet, they had helped mankind to save liberty in 
America." But the colored race was child-like and help- 
less. They had to be looked upon as " the wards of the 
nation." A Freedmen's Bureau was established, to be the 
defence of the defenceless blacks. General Howard, a 
man peculiarly fitted to give wise effect to the kind pur- 
poses of the nation, became the head of this department. 
It was his duty to provide food and shelter for the slaves 
who were set free by military operations in the revolted 
States. He settled them, as he could, on confiscated lands. 
After a time he had to see to the education of their chil- 
dren. In ail needful ways he was to keep the negroes from 
wrong till they were able to keep themselves. 

Four years had now passed since Lincoln's election fur- 
nished the slave-owners with a pretext to rebel. Another 
election had to be held. Lincoln was again proposed as 
the Republican candidate. The Democratic party nomi- 
nated McClellan. Mr. Lincoln was re-elected by the largest 
majority ever known. " It is not in my nature," he said, " to 
triumph over any one; but I give thanks to Almighty God 
for this evidence of the people's resolution to stand by free 
government and the rights of humanity." 

He was inaugurated according to the usual form. His 
address was brief, but high-toned and solemn, as beseemed 
the circumstances. Perhaps no State paper ever produced 
so deep an impression upon the American people. It 
closed thus : " Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, 
that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. 



4-63 Yoicng Folks' History of America. 

Yet if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled 
by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited 
toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with 
the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as 
was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, 
^ The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous alto- 
gether.' With malice towards none, with charity for all, 
with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, 
let us finish the work we are in, — to bind up the nation's 
wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, 
and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may 
achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among our- 
selves and with all nations." 

During the winter months it became very plain that the 
Confederacy was tottering to its fall. These were the 
bitterest months through which Virginia had ever passed. 
The army was habitually now on short supply. Occasion- 
ally, for a day, there was almost a total absence of food. 
One day in December, Lee telegraphed to Richmond that 
his army was without meat, and dependent on a little bread. 
And yet the soldiers were greatly better off than the citi- 
zens. Provisions were seized for the army wherever they 
could be found, and the owners were mercilessly left to 
starve. The suffering endured among the once cheerful 
homes of Virginia was terrible. 

Every grown man was the property of the government. 
It was said the rich men escaped easily. But a poor man 
could not pass along a street in Richmond without immi- 
nent risk of being seized and sent down to the lines at 
Petersburg. At railroad stations might be constantly seen 
groups of squalid men on their way to camp, caught up 
from their homes and hurried off to fight for a cause which 
they all knew to be desperate, in the service of a govern- 
ment which they no longer trusted. It was, of course, the 



1865. Wreck of the Confederacy. 469 

earliest care of these men to desert. They went home. 
They surrendered to the enemy. The spirit which made 
the Confederacy formidable no longer survived. 

General Lee had long before expressed his belief that 
without the help of the slaves the war must end disastrously. 
But all men knew that a slave who had been a soldier could 
be a slave no longer. The owners were not prepared to 
free their slaves, and they refused therefore to arm them. 
In November, with utter ruin impending, a bill was intro- 
duced into the Confederate Congress for arming two 
hundred thousand negroes. It was debated till the follow- 
ing March. Then a feeble compromise was passed, merely 
giving the President power to accept such slaves as were 
offered to him. So inflexibly resolute were the leaders of 
die South in their hostility to Emancipation. It was wholly 
unimportant. At that time government could have armed 
only another five thousand men ; and could not feed the 
men it had. 

The finances of the Confederacy were an utter wreck. 
Government itself sold specie at the rate of one gold dollar 
for sixty dollars in paper money. Mr. Davis, by a measure 
of partial repudiation, relieved himself for a short space 
from some of his embarrassments. But no device would 
gain public confidence for the currency of a falling power. 
A loaf of bread cost three dollars. It took a month's pa) 
to buy the soldier a pair of stockings. The misery of the 
country was deep, abject, unutterable. President Davis 
came to be regarded by many with abhorrence, as the cause 
of all this wretchedness. Curses, growing ever deeper 
and louder, were breathed against the unsuccessful chief. 

General Grant, well aware of the desperate condition of 
the Confederates, pressed incessantly upon their enfeebled 
lines. He had one hundred and sixty thousand men under 
his command. Sheridan joined him with a magnificent 



470 Young Folks' History of America. 

force of cavalry. Sherman with his victorious army was 
near. Grant began to fear that Lee would take to flight, and 
keep the Rebellion alive on other fields. A general move- 
ment of all the forces around Richmond was decided upon. 
Lee struggled bravely, but in vain, against overwhelming 
numbers. His right was assailed by Sheridan, and driven 
back with heavy loss, — five thousand hungry and disheart- 
ened men laying down their arms. On that same night 
Grant opened, from all his guns, a terrific and prolonged 
bombardment. At dawn the assault was made. Its 
strength was directed against one of the Confederate forts. 
The fight ceased elsewhere, and the armies looked on. 
There was a steady advance of the blue-coated lines ; a 
murderous volley from the little garrison ; wild cheers from 
the excited spectatorso Under a heavy fire of artillery 
and musketry the soldiers of the Union rush on ; they 
swarm into the ditch and up the sides of the works. Those 
who first reach the summit fall back slain by musket-shot or 
bayonet-thrust. But others press fiercely on. Soon their 
exulting cheers tell that the fort is won. Lee's army is cut 
in two. His position is no longer tenable. He telegraphed 
at once to President Davis that Richmond must be 
evacuated. 

It was Communion Sunday in St. Paul's Episcopal 
Church, and President Davis was in his pew among the 
other worshippers. No intelligence from the army had been 
allowed to reach the public for some days. But the sound 
of Grant's guns had been heard, and the reserve of the 
government was ominous. Many a keen eye sought to 
gather from the aspect of the President some forecast of 
the future. In vain. That serene, self-possessed face had 
lost nothing of its habitual reticence. In all that congre- 
gation there was no worshipper who seemed less encumbered 
by the world, more absorbed by the sacred employment of 



1865. Capture of RicJwiond. 473 

the hour, than President Davis. The service proceeded, 
and the congregation knelt in prayer. As President Davis 
rose from his knees, the sexton handed him a sHp of paper. 
He calmly read it. Then he calmly lifted his prayer-book, 
and with unmoved face walked softly from the church. 
It was Lee's message he had received. Jefferson Davis's 
sole concern now was to escape doom. He fled at once, 
by special train, towards the South. Then the work of 
evacuation commenced. The gunboats on the river were 
blown up. The bridges were destroyed. The great ware- 
houses in the city were set on fire, and in the flames 
thus wickedly kindled a third part of the city was con- 
sumed. All who had made themselves prominent in the 
Rebellion fled from the anticipated vengeance of the 
Federals. The soldiers were marched off, plundering as 
they went. Next morning Richmond was in possession of 
the Northern troops. Among the first to enter the cap- 
ital was a regiment of negro cavalry. 

About midnight on Sunday Lee began his retreat from 
the position which he had kept so well. Grant promptly 
followed him. On Tuesday morning Lee reached a point 
where he had ordered supplies to wait him. By some 
fatal blunder, the cars laden with the food which his men 
needed so much had been run on to Richmond, and were 
lost to him. Hungry and weary the men toiled on, hotly 
pursued by Grant. Soon a hostile force appeared in their 
front, and it became evident that they were surrounded. 

General Grant wrote to General Lee asking the sur- 
render of his army, to spare the useless effusion of blood. 
Lee did not at first admit that surrender was necessary, and 
Grant pressed the pursuit with relentless energy. Lee 
at last wrote to request a meeting, that the terms of sur- 
render might be arranged. The two leaders met in a way- 
side cottage. They had never seen each other before, 



474 Young Folks' History of America. 

although they had both served in the Mexican war, and 
Lee mentioned pleasantly that he remembered the name of 
his antagonist from that time. Grant drew up and pre- 
sented in writing the terms which he offered. The men 
were to lay down their arms, and give their pledge that 
they would not serve against the American government till 
regularly exchanged. They were then to return to their 
homes, with a guarantee that they would not be disturbed 
by the government against which they had rebelled. Grant 
asked if these terms were satisfactory. 

"Yes," said Lee, "they are satisfactory. The truth is, I 
am in such a position that any terms offered to me must be 
satisfactory." 

And then he told how his men had been for two days 
without food, and begged General Grant to spare them 
what he could. Grant, generously eager to relieve his 
fallen enemies, despatched instantly a large drove of oxen 
and a train of provision wagons. In half an hour there 
were heard in the Federal camp the cheers with which the 
hungry Confederates welcomed those precious gifts. 

Lee rode quietly back to his army. The surrender was 
expected. When its details became known, officers and 
men crowded around their much-loved chief to assure him 
of their devotion, to obtain a parting grasp of his hand. 
Lee was too deeply moved to say much. 

"Men," he said, with his habitual simplicity, "we have 
fought through the war together, and I have done the best 
I could for you." 

A day or two later the men stacked their arms and went 
to their homes. The history of the once splendid Army of 
Northern Virginia had closed. 

Lee's surrender led the way to the surrender of all the 
Confederate armies. Within a few days there was no 
organized force of any importance in arms against the 
Union. The War of the Great Rebellion was at an end. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE MARTYR PRESIDENT. 

When the closing operations against Richmond were being 
arranged, President Lincoln went down to General Grant's 
head-quarters at City Point. He remained there till Lee's 
surrender. He visited Richmond on the day it was taken, and 
walked through the streets holding his little boy by his hand. 
The freed slaves crowded to welcome their deliverer. They 
expressed in a thousand grotesque ways their gratitude to the 
good " Father Abraham." There had been dark hints for 
some time that there were those among the Confederates who 
would avenge their defeat by the murder of the President. 
Mr. Lincoln was urged to be on his guard, and his friends 
were unwilling that he should visit Richmond. He himself 
cared little, now that the national cause had triumphed. 

He returned unharmed to Washington on the evening of 
Lee's surrender. The next few days were perhaps the 
brightest in his whole life. He had guided the nation 
through the heaviest trial which had ever assailed it. On 
every side were joy and gladness. Flags waved, bells rang, 
guns were fired, houses were illuminated ; the thanks of innu- 
merable grateful hearts went up to God for this great deliver- 
ance. No heart in all the country was more joyful and 
more thankful than Mr. Lincoln's. He occupied himself 
with plans for healing the wounds of his bleeding country, 
and bringing back the revolted States to a contented occupa- 



4yS Yotcng Folks History of America. 

tion of their appointed places in the Union. No thought of 
severity was in his mind. Now that armed resistance to the 
government was crushed, the gentlest measures which would 
give security in the future were those most agreeable to the 
good President. 

On tJ^e 14th he held a meeting of his Cabinet, at which 
General Grant was present. The quiet cheerfulness and 
hopefulness of the President imparted to the proceedings 
of the council a tone long remembered by those who were 
present. After the meeting he drove out with Mrs. Lincoln, 
to '^\'hom he talked of the good days in store. They had had 
a hard time, he said, since they came to Washington ; but 
now, by God's blessing, they might hope for quieter and 
happier years. 

In the evening he drove, with Mrs. Lincoln and two or 
three friends, to a theatre where he knew the people expected 
his coming. As the play went on, the audience were startled 
by a pistol-shot in the President's box. A man brandishing 
a dagger was seen to leap from the box on to the stage, 
and with a wild cry, "The South is avenged ! " he disappeared 
behind the scenes. The President sat motionless, his head 
sunk down upon his breast. He was evidently unconscious. 
When the surgeon came, it was found that a bullet had 
pierced the brain, inflicting a deadly wound. He was carried 
to a house close by. His family and the great officers of 
State, by whom he was dearly loved, sat around the bed of 
the dying President. He lingered till morning, breathing 
heavily, but in entire unconsciousness, and then he passed 
away. 

At the same hour the President was murdered, a ruffian 
broke into the sick-room of Mr. Seward, who was suffering 
from a recent accident, and stabbed him as he lay in bed. 
His bloody work was happily interrupted, and Mr. Seward 
recovered. 



[865- 



Assassination of Lincoln. 



481 



The assassin of Mr. Lincoln was an actor called Booth, a 
fanatical adherent of the fallen Confederacy. His leg was 
broken in the leap on to the stage, but he was able to reach 
a horse which stood ready at the theatre door. He rode 
through the city, crossed the Potomac by a bridge, in the 




ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN. 

face of the sentinels posted there, and passed safely beyond 
present pursuit. A week later he was found hid in a barn, 
and well armed. He refused to surrender, and was preparing 
to fire, when a soldier ended his miserable existence by a 
bullet. 

31 



482 Young Folks' History of America. 

The grief of the American j^eople for their murdered Presi- 
dent was beyond example deep and bitter. Perhaps for no 
man were there ever shed so profusely the tears of sorrow. 
Not in America alone, but in England too, where President 
Lincoln was at length understood and honored, his loss was 
deeply mourned. It was resolved that he should be buried 
beside his old home in Illinois. The embalmed remains were 
to be conveyed to their distant resting-place by a route which 
would give to the people of the chief Northern cities a last 
opportunity to look upon the features of the man they loved 
so well. The sad procession moved on its long journey of 
nearly two thousand miles, traversing the States of Maryland, 
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Indiana, and 
Illinois. Everywhere, as the funeral train jjassed, the weeping 
people sought to give expression to their reverential sorrow. 
At the great cities the body lay in state, and all business was 
suspended. 

At length Springfield was reached. The body was taken to 
the State House. His neighbors looked once more upon 
that well-remembered face, wasted, indeed, by years of anx- 
ious toil, but wearing still, as of old, its kind and placid 
expression. 

Four years ago Lincoln said to his neighbors, when he was 
leaving them, " I know not how soon I shall see you again. 
I go to assume a task more difficult than that which has 
devolved upon any other man since the days of Washington." 
He had nobly accomplished his task ; and this was the man- 
ner of his home-coming. 

A week before the assassination, the bells of almost every 
village in the North and West had rung for joy over the fall of 
Richmond ; now they were heard tolling in every place, and 
half-mast flags were seen on every public square and village 
green where yesterday they were waving in victory. Those 
were days ever to be remembered, when strong men stood 
dumb in their fields and wept. 



1865. " The Patriot's Remembrances^ 483 



THE PATRIOT S REMEMBRANCES. 

Sweet spring is in tlie air, good wife, 

The bluer sky appears, 
The robin sings the welcome note 

He sung in other years. 
Twelve times the spring has oped the rills, 

Twelve times has autumn sighed, 
Since hung the war clouds o'er the hills, 

The year that Lincoln died. 

The March wind early left the zone 

For distant northern seas, 
And wandering airs of gentle tone 

Came to the door-yard trees ; 
And sadness in the dewy hours 

Her reign extended wide 
When spring retouched the hills with flowers, 

The year that Lincoln died. 

We used to sit and talk of him, 

Our long, long absent son ; 
We 'd two to love us then, good wife, 

But now we have but one. 
The springs return, the autumns burn 

His grave unknown beside ; 
They laid him 'neath the moss and fern, 

The year that Lincoln died. 

One day I was among the flocks 

That roamed the April dells, 
When floating from the city came 

The sound of many bells. 
The towns around caught up the sound, 

I climbed the mountain side. 
And saw the spires with banners crowned. 

The year that Lincoln died. 

I knew what meant that sweet accord, 

That jubilee of bells, 
And sang an anthem to the Lord 

Amid the pleasant dells. 



484 Young Folks History of America. 

But when 1 thought of those so young 
That slept the James beside, 

In undertones of joy I sung, 
The year that Lincoln died. 

And when the tidings came, good wife, 

Our soldier boy was dead, 
I bowed my trembling knee in prayer, 

You bowed your whitened head. 
The house was still, the woods were calm, 

And while you sobbed and cried, 
I sang alone the evening psalm, 

The year that Lincoln died. 

I hung his picture 'neath the shelf, 

It still is hanging there ; 
I laid his ring where you yourself 

Had put a curl of hair. 
Then to the spot where willows wave 

With hapless steps we hied. 
And *' Charley's " called an empty grave. 

The year that Lincoln died. 

The years will come, the years will gO; 

But never at our door 
The fair-haired boy we used to meet 

Will smile upon us more. 
But memory long will hear the fall 

Of steps at eventide, 
And every blooming year recall 

The year that Lincoln died. 

One day I was among the flocks 

That roamed the April dells, 
When at the noonday hour I heard 

A tolling of the bells. 
With heavy heart and footsteps slow 

I climbed the mountain side, 
And saw the blue flags hanging low, 

The year that Lincoln died. 



1865. " TJie Patriot's Remembrances !' 485 

That eve I stopped to rest awhile 

Beside the meadow bars, 
Where, years before, poor Charley watched 

The comet 'mong the stars. 
Then from his night-encumbered way 

A traveller stepped aside ; 
And told the dreadful news that day, 

The year that Lincoln died. 

Ah ! many a year, ah ! many a year, 

The birds will cross the seas. 
And blossoms fall in gentle showers 

Beneath the door-yard trees. 
And still will tender mothers weep 

The soldier's grave beside. 
And fresh in memory ever keep 

The year that Lincoln died. 

Where many sow the seed in tears 

Shall many reap in joy. 
And harvesters in golden years 

Shall bless our darling boy. 
With happy homes for other eyes 

Expands the future wide ; 
And God will bless our sacrifice. 

The year that Lincoln died. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

PEACE. 

The cost of the war had been very terrible. On the 
Northern side, two million seven hundred thousand men bore 
arms at some period of the war. Of these there died in- 
battle, or in hospital of wounds received in battle, ninety- 
six thousand men. There died in hospital of disease, one hun- 
dred and eighty-four thousand. Many went home wounded, 
to die among the scenes of their infancy. Many went home 
stricken with lingering and mortal disease. Of these there 
is no record but in the sad memories which haunt nearly 
every Northern home. 

In nearly all civil strifes, until now, the woe which waits 
upon the vanquished has been mercilessly inflicted. After 
resistance has ceased, the grim scaffold is set up, and brave 
men who have escaped the sword stoop to the fatal axe. It 
was assumed by many that the Americans would avenge 
themselves according to the ancient usage. Here, again, it 
was the privilege of America to present a noble example to 
other nations. Nearly every Northern man had lost relative 
or friend. But there was no cry for vengeance. There was 
no feeling of bitterness. Excepting in battle, no drop of blood 
was shed by the Northern people. The great republic had 
been not merely strong, resolute, enduring ; it was also sin- 
gularly and nobly humane. 

Jefferson Davis fled southward on that memorable Sunday 
when the sexton of St, Paul's Church handed to him General 



1865. Capture of Jejfersofi Davis. 489 

Lee's message. He had need to be diligent, for a party of 
American cavalry were quickly upon his track. They fol- 
lowed him through gaunt pine wildernesses, across rivers and 
dreary swamps, past the huts of wondering settlers, until at 
length they came upon him near a little town in Georgia. 
They quietly surrounded his party. Davis assumed the gar- 
ments of his wife. The soldiers saw at first nothing more 
formidable than an elderly and not very well-dressed female. 
But the unfeminine boots which he wore led to closer inspec- 
tion, and quickly the fallen President stood disclosed to his 
deriding enemies. 

There was at first suspicion that Davis encouraged the 
assassination of the President. Could that have been proved, 
he would have died by the hand of the hangman. But it 
became evident, on due examination being made, that he 
was not guilty of this crime. For a time the American peo- 
ple regarded Davis with just indignation, as the chief cause 
of all the bloodshed which had taken place. Gradually their 
anger relaxed into a kind of grim, contemptuous playfulness. 
He was to be put upon his trial for treason. Frequently a 
time was named when the trial would begin. But the time 
never came. Ultimately Davis was set at liberty. 

What were the Americans to do with the million of armed 
men now in their employment ? It was believed in Europe 
that these men would never return to peaceful labor. Gov- 
ernment could not venture to turn them loose upon the 
country. Military employment must be found for them, and 
would probably be found in foreign wars. 

While yet pubhc writers in Europe occupied themselves 
with these dark anticipations, the American government, all 
unaware of difficulty, ordered its armies to march on Wash- 
ington. During two days the bronzed veterans who had 
followed Grant and Sherman in so many bloody fights passed 
through the city. Vast multitudes from all parts of the 



490 Young Folks History of America, 

Union looked on with a proud but chastened joy. And 
then, just as quickly as the men could be paid the sums 
which were due to them, they gave back the arms they had 
used so bravely, and returned to their homes. It was only six 
weeks since Richmond fell, and already the work of disband- 
ing was well advanced. The men who had fought this war 
were, for the most part, cidzens who had freely taken up arms 
to defend the national life. They did not love war, and when 
their work was done they thankfully resumed their ordinary 
employments. Very speedily the American army numbered 
only forty thousand men. Europe, when she grows a little 
wiser, will follow the American example. The wasteful folly 
of maintaining huge standing armies in time of peace is not 
destined to disgrace the world for ever. 

What was the position of the Confederate States when the 
war closed? Were they provinces conquered by the Union 
armies, to be dealt with as the conquerors might deem neces- 
sary ; or were they, in spite of all they had done, still mem- 
bers of the Union, as of old? The Confederates themselves 
had no doubt on the subject. They had tried their utmost to 
leave the Union. It was impossible to conceal that. But they 
had not been permitted to leave it. They had never left it. As 
they were not out of the Union, it was obvious they were in it. 
And so they claimed to resume their old rights, and re-occupy 
their places in Congress, as if no rebellion had occurred. 

Mr. Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, a man whose 
rough vigor had raised him from the lowly position of tailor 
to the highest office in the country. He was imperfectly 
educated. He clung to the strictly logical view that there 
could be no such thing as secession ; that the rebel States 
had never been out of the Union ; that now there was noth- 
ing required but that the Confederates, having accepted their 
defeat, should resume their old posidons, as if " the late 
unpleasantness " had not occurred. 



1 868. The Fourteenth Ame7idme7it. 491 

The American people were too wise to give heed to the 
logic of the President. They had preserved the life of their 
nation through sacrifices which filled their homes with sor- 
row and privation. They would not be tricked out of the 
advantages which they had bought with so great a price. 
Slavery had imposed upon them a great national peril, which 
it cost them infinite toil to avert. They would take what 
securities it was possible to obtain that no such invasion of 
the national tranquillity should occur again. 

It was out of the position so wrongfully assigned to the 
negro race that this huge disorder had arisen. The North, 
looking at this with eyes which long and sad experience had 
enlightened, resolved that the negro should never again divide 
the sisterhood of States. No root of bitterness should be left 
in the soil. Citizenship was no longer to be dependent upon 
color. The long dishonor offered to the Fathers of Indepen- 
dence was to be cancelled. Henceforth American law would 
present no contradiction to the doctrine that " all men are 
born equal." All m.en now, born or naturaHzed in America, 
were to be citizens of the Union and of the State in which 
they resided. No State might henceforth pass any law 
which should abridge the privileges of any class of American 
citizens. 

An amendment to the Constitution was proposed by Con- 
gress to give effect to these principles. It was agreed to by 
the States, not without reluctance on the part of some. The 
Revolution, so vast and so benign, was now complete. The 
negro, who so lately had no rights at all which a white man 
was bound to respect, was now in full possession of every 
fight which the white man himself enjoyed. The successor 
of Jefferson Davis in the Senate of the United States was a 
negro ! 

The task of the North was now to " bind up the nation's 
wounds ; " the task to which Mr. Lincoln looked forward so 



492 Young Folks History of America. 

joyfully, and which he would have performed so well. Not 
a moment was lost in entering upon it. The South was 
utterly exhausted and helpless, without food, without cloth- 
ing, without resources of any description. The land alone 
remained. Government provided food, without which pro- 
vision there would have been in many parts of the country a 
great mortality from utter want. 

With little delay the Confederates received the pardon of 
the Government, and applied themselves to the work of re- 
storing their broken fortunes. Happily for them the means 
lay close at hand. Cotton bore, still an extravagantly high 
price. The negroes rem.ained, although no longer as slaves. 
They had now to be dealt with as free laborers, whose ser- 
vices could not be obtained otherwise than by the induce- 
ment of adequate wages. In a revolution so vast, difficulties 
were inevitable. But, upon the whole, the black men played 
their part well. It had been said they would not consent to 
labor when they were free to choose. That prediction was 
not fulniled. When kindly treated and justly paid, they 
showed themselves anxious to work. Very soon it began to 
dawn upon the planters that slavery had been a mistake. 
They found themselves growing rich with a rapidity unknown 
before. Under the old and wasteful system, the growing 
crop of cotton was generally sold to the Northern merchant 
and paid for to the planter before it was gathered. Now it 
had become possible to carry on the business of the planta- 
tion without being in debt at all. 

At first the proud Southerners were slow to accept the 
terms offered them. They had frankly accepted Emancipa- 
tion. They had learned to look upon their slaves as free 
men. But it was hard to look upon them as their equals in 
political privilege. It was hard to see negroes sitting in the 
State legislatures, regulating with supreme authority the con- 
cerns of those who so lately owned them. Some of the 



*868. Restoration of the Uniojt. 493 

States were unable to acquiesce in a change so hateful, and 
continued for five years under mihtary rule. But the North- 
ern will was inflexible. The last rebellious State accepted the 
condition which the North imposed, and the restoration of 
the Union was at length complete. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

PROSPERITY. 

When the war was over, the Americans addressed them- 
selves sadly and reverently to the work of gathering into 
national cemeteries the bones of those who had fallen. The 
search was long and toilsome. The batde-ground had been 
a continent, and men were buried where they died. Every 
batde-field was searched. Every line by which an army had 
advanced, or by which the wounded had been removed, was 
searched. Sometimes a long train of ambulances had carried 
the wounded to hospitals many miles away. At short inter- 
vals, during that sad journey, it was told that a man had died. 
The train was stopped ; the dead man was hfted from beside 
his dying companions, a shallow grave was dug, and the 
body, still warm, was laid in it. A soldier cut a branch from 
a tree, flattened its end with his knife, and wrote upon it the 
dead man's name. This was all that marked his lowly rest- 
ing-place. The honored dead, scattered thus over the conti- 
nent, were now piously gathered up. For many miles around 
Petersburg the ground was full of graves. During several 
years men were employed in the melancholy search among 
the ruins of the wide-stretohing lines. In some cemeteries 
he ten thousand, in others twenty thousand, of the men who 
died for the nation. An iron tablet records the name of 
the soldier and the batde in which he died. Often, alas ! 
the record is merely that of " Unknown Soldier." Over the 
graves floats the flag which those who sleep below loved so 



ri,ilil|i.P':'|i|iiil'Mi''|'j 

, 1 IJ FilliiillMMl 




1867. The National Cemeteries. 497 

well. Nothing in America is more touching than her national 
cemeteries. So much brave young life given freely, that the 
nation might be saved ! So .much grateful remembrance of 
those who gave this supreme evidence of their devotion ! 

THE patriots' UNKNOWN GRAVES. 

Or where the ring-dove's notes, sweet summer's augur, 
Float from the hillsides o'er the Tennessee, 

Or by the James, or by the Chickamauga, 
Or where the Gulf winds dip the sails a-lee, 

Or where the Schuylkill cleaves the vernal shadows. 
Or stretches far the commerce-gathering arms 

Of the broad Hudson, through the freshened meadows 
Of village rims and harvest-blooming farms, 

Where'er we meet the friends once fondly cherished, 
And hands all warm with old affection take, 

Breathe ye with love the names of those who perished 
And sleep in graves unknown, for freedom's sake. 

The wooded slope of Chattanooga shadows 
The level fields where they repose, alone; 

In serried rows in Arlington's green meadows, 

Their headstones speak the one sad word, " Unkncru.m/'- 

In silver airs we hear the bugles blowing 

The notes of peace on Freedom's natal days ; 

They hear no more, in sweet, suave numbers flowing, 
The strains that raise the patriot-hero's praise. 

Balm-breathing Junes, to old home-farms returning, 
Bear from green fields no pleasant airs to them, 

Nor rose and lily's odorous censers burning 
In morning suns, from dew-bejewelled stem. 

The west winds blow by Chickamauga River, 
The south wunds play the Rapidan beside, 

But they are dead, and we shall see them never, 
Till heaven's armies follow Him who died. 
32 



4.9^ young Folks' History of America. 

The blue Potomac hears no battle marches, 
On Mission Ridge the fruiting fields increase, 

Janus is closed, and o'er her crumbling arches. 
Stands the white angel of the nation's peace. 

Peace ! Let us mingle love's sweet tears with pity's 
For those who bought the heritage we own, 

Who gave their all, and in death's silent cities 
Have but the nameless epitaph, " Unknown.'" 

Rest in peace, ye honored martyrs of liberty ! Alexanders 
may weep for more worlds to conquer ; Caesars may wage 
bloody wars and bring subjugated princes to crown their tri- 
umphal entries into the Eternal City ; Napoleons may sweep 
with the besom of destruction all Europe, from the Tuileries 
to the Kremlin ; but all the treasure expended, and all the 
blood spilled in winning their glittering conquests, are of not so 
much worth in the cause of humanity, and in the sight of God, 
as the humblest of your nameless lives freely offered in de- 
fence of your country. While the spirit that animated you 
shall dwell in the hearts of this people, our broad continent 
shall be your monument ; " Dulce et decorum est pro pat?'-ia 
mori,'' inscribed in letters of light upon our proud flag floating 
free, shall be your epitaph ; and " They died for their country,'' 
shall be your noblest record upon the pages of history. 

The nation had tenderly cared for its soldiers during the 
war. The people established two great societies, called the 
Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission. Into 
the coffers of these societies they poured money and other 
contributions to the amount of twenty million dollars. The 
Sanitary Commission sent medical officers of experience into 
the armies to guide them in the choice of healthy situations 
for camps ; to see that drainage was not neglected ; to watch 
over the food of the soldiers, and also their clothing ; to 
direct the attention of the government to every circumstance 
which threatened evil to the health of the array. Its agents 



1861-65. The Peoples Commissions. 501 

followed the armies with a line of wagons containing all man- 
ner of stores. Every thing the soldier could desire issued 
in profusion from those inexhaustible wagons. There were 
blankets and great-coats and every variety of underclothing. 
There were crutches for the lame, fans to soothe the wounded 
in the burning heat of summer, bandages and sponges and 
ice, and even mosquito-netting for the protection of the poor 
sufferers in hospital. Huge wheeled-caldrons rolled along in 
the rear, and ever, at the close of battle or toilsome march, 
dispensed welcome refreshment to the wearied soldiers. 

The Christian Commission undertook to watch over the 
spiritual wants of the soldiers. Its president was George H. 
Stuart, a merchant of Philadelphia, whose name is held in 
enduring honor as a symbol of all that is wise and energetic 
in Christian beneficence. Under the auspices of this society 
thousands of clergymen left their congregations and went to 
minister to the soldiers. A copious supply of Bibles, tracts, 
hymn-books, and similar reading matter was furnished. The 
agents of the Commission preached to the soldiers, conversed 
with them, supplied them with books, aided them in com- 
municating with friends at home. But they had sterner duties 
than these to discharge. They had to seek the wounded on 
the field and in the hospital ; to bind up their wounds ; to 
prepare for them such food or drink as they could use ; in 
every way possible to soothe the agony of the brave men who 
were giving their lives that the nation might be saved. Hun- 
dreds of ladies were thus engaged tending the wounded and 
sick, speaking to them about their spiritual interests, cooking 
for them such dishes as might tempt the languid appetite. 
The dying soldier was tenderly cared for. The last loving 
message was conveyed to the friends in the far-off home. 
Nothing was left undone which could express to the men who 
gave this costly evidence of their patriotism the gratitude 
with which the country regarded them. 



502 Young Folks History of America. 

The fall of slavery relieved America from the chief hin- 
derance to her progress, and the country resumed her career 
of peaceful industry. The ten years which followed Mr. Lin- 
coln's first election witnessed great changes. The population 
of thirty-one millions had grown to forty millions, and was 
increasing at the rate of a million annually. From all Euro- 
pean countries the enterprising and the needy flocked into 
the Eastern States. Asia was sending her thousands to the 
West, — the first drops of an ample shower beneficial alike 
to her that gives and her that takes. Every year tlii^ee 
hundred and fifty thousand emigi-ants sought a home in the 
great republic. The annual earnings of the people were 
estimated at thousands of millions. There were forty- 
eight thousand miles of railroad in operation, and twenty 
thousand miles in course of formation. The iron highway 
stretched across the continent, and men travelled now in five 
or six days from New York to San Francisco. Notwithstand- 
ing the enormous waste of the war, the wealth of the people 
had nearly doubled. And yet the great mass of the rich lands 
which America possessed lay unused. Of nearly two thou- 
sand millions of acres only five hundred millions had been 
even sur\'eyed. In the vast residue, yet useless to man, the 
Great Father had made inexhaustible provision for the wants 
of his children. 

Although slavery had fallen, maiiy evils remained to vex 
the American people. The debt incurred in putting down 
the Rebellion was large, and the management of the finances 
became a most important poHtical issue. 

The triumphs of peace nov.^ began. The Atlantic Cable 
uniting the United States and England was successfully laid 
in 1866. Alaska was purchased from the Russian govern- 
ment in 1867. General Ulysses S. Grant was elected Presi- 
dent by a great majority in 1868, and after his inauguration 
the leading public questions and issues which had grown out 



1876. The Centennial. 505 

of the war began to be peaceably settled, and a remarkable 
reduction of the war debt took place year by year. The 
Union Pacific Railroad, a grand work whose inception is 
due to a much-maligned capitahst, Hon. Oakes Ames, who 
offered his fortune that the enterprise might save the Pacific 
States to the Union at a time of uncertainty and depression, 
now linked together the East and West. In 1870 the Fif- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution, guaranteeing to every 
man the right of suffrage, having been ratified by the legisla- 
tures of two thirds of the States, became a part of the national 
law. General amnesty was proclaimed to those who had 
taken arms against the government. In 1872 General Grant 
was re-elected by another great majority. 

The Centennial, a world's fair held at Philadelphia on the 
one hundredth year of Independence, was the great event 
of 1876. It opened in May, and brought to Philadelphia 
strangers from all parts of the world. The delightful Penn- 
sylvania Railroad was crowded with trains for months. The 
buildings for the exhibition occupied three hundred acres of 
Fairmount Park. They were industrial palaces, into which 
were gathered the products of all lands. The Emperor of 
Brazil was present. At the opening six hundred voices sang 
the Hallelujah Chorus, cannon thundered, and the bells of 
the city rang for joy. The main building of the exhibition 
covered twenty-one acres. Memorial Hall, an art gallery 
built by the State of Pennsylvania, alone cost ^1,500,000. 
Machinery Hall, another building, was fourteen hundred feet 
long. In the main building thirty-five countries were repre- 
sented. 

On the 7th of November, 1876, the national election 
resulted in a nearly drawn batde between the two great polit- 
ical parties. The Republican candidate for President was 
Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, and the Democratic candi- 
date, Samuel J. Tilden of New York. Mr. Tilden had a 



5o6 Youjig Folks History of America. 

popular majority, but Mr. Hayes had a majority of one in 
the final count of the national electors. No great political 
events occurred during Mr. Hayes's administration, but 
among the Presidents during years of peace, few have won 
such general esteem. Himself a Christian gentleman, of 
broad and cultured views, his administration will long influ- 
ence the future by its high aims and moral power. In 1880 
General James A. Garfield, Repubhcan, was elected Presi- 
dent. The Republican party have thus been in power twenty 
years. 

The sunlight falls on no people more happy and prosper- 
ous. From the Atlantic to the Pacific, all the wheels of 
industry are in motion ; the wheat fields multiply to feed the 
world, the school bell and the church bell ring, prosperity and 
progress are in the air, the land, and the great watercourses, 
and the nation is at peace. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



1880— 1895. 

A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE UNITED STATES 
UNDER THE RESPECTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS OF 
PRESIDENTS GARFIELD, ARTHUR, CLEVELAND, 
HARRISON AND CLEVELAND. 

From the year 188 1 the United States began an era 
of the greatest prosperity. 

James A. Garfield was installed in office as the twen- 
tieth President of 
the United States, at 
noon on the 4th of 
March, 188 1. The 
simple ceremony, 
which under a re- 
pubhcan form re- 
lieves one citizen of 
the duties of Chief 
Executive of the na- 
tion, and invests an- 
other citizen with 
those same duties, 
was Derformed in 
the presence of a 
throng of people, 
larger than had ever before witnessed such a scene. 

A brilliant assembly gathered in the Senate Chamber. 
The senators were seated on one side. The galleries were 
filled with notable persons from all parts of the country. 




JAMES A. GARFIELD. 



5IO YottHg Folks' History of America. 

The diplomatic corps, headed by the British Minister, Sir 
Edward Thornton, resplendent in court costumes ; the jus- 
tices of the Supreme Court in their silk robes ; General 
Hancock, and a throng of the best-known men in the 
country, — entered the chamber before twelve o'clock, and 
took seats assigned to them. President Hayes and Mr. 
Garfield, followed by Mr. Chester A. Arthur, the Vice- 
President elect, and, finally, the House of Representatives, 
headed by Speaker Randall, entered ; and in presence of 
this assembly the oath of office was administered to the 
new Vice-President. After this had been done, the whole 
body of witnesses repaired to the eastern portico, where a 
platform had been erected for the President and those who 
were entitled by official or personal position to be present. 

General Garfield then arose, and, after taking the oath 
of office, read in a loud, clear voice his inaugural address, 
and the inauguration ceremonies were ended. 

General Garfield was born in the township of Orange, 
Ohio, fifteen miles from Cleveland, on November 19, 183 1. 
His father and mother were of New England stock, and he 
was the youngest of four children. 

He graduated with honor at Williams College, at Williams- 
town, Massachusetts, in 1856. He was immediately chosen 
professor in a college at Hiram, Portage County, Ohio, and 
two years afterwards became president of the college. 

In 1 86 1, when the war broke out, he was chosen colonel 
of the 42d Ohio Regiment. His army service was highly 
honorable. He was very soon in command of a brigade, 
served through the Western campaigns, and was made a 
major-general for his services at the battle of Chickamauga. 

While absent in the field he was nominated and elected 
to Congress, and from 1863 to 1880 continued to represent 
his district. He was chosen, by the Legislature of Ohio, a 
United States senator for the six years' term, beginning 




YOUNG GARFIELD AND THE SALT-BOILER. 



511 



512 YoiLHg Folks History of America. 

March 4, 1881, but was subsequently elected to the presi- 
dency of the nation. 

Such is a brief outKne of the history of a statesman who 
was to become the victim of an awful tragedy, under the 
shadow of which his past virtues were to brighten and win 
the love of the world, and impress themselves on the uni- 
versal mind and heart. 



THE SAD TRAGEDY. 

President Garfield was deeply attached to his Ahjia Mater , 
and he had promised to attend the Commencement exercises 
of 1881. 

He had struggled most heroically in his early years to obtain 
a college education. He was blessed with a good mother. 
When his father died, the boy was but two years old, and all 
the possessions of the family were a small farm and a little 
log cabin. The mother was so determined that James should 
receive an education that when but ii\'e }ears of age he was 
carried to the distant district school in the arms of his eldest 
sister. 

He sympathized with his mother's purpose. An education 
he would have. He worked as a carpenter, going to school 
at intervals, but always using his spare hours to master those 
branches by which he might ascend to the academy and 
thence to the college. 

"You kin read, you kin write, and you are death on 
figgers," said an illiterate salt-boiler, for whom James was 
working as a carpenter. " Stay with me, keep my accounts, 
tend to the saltery, and I '11 find you and give you fourteen 
dollars a month." 

The penniless boy worked for the salt-boiler, and kept to 
his studies. One day one of the family sneeringly called him 
a servant. Instantly the situation was thrown up, profitable 



i88i. 



The Sad Tragedy. 



513 



though it was. The act was the natural expression of the 
boy's spirit. He respected himself, and would work fOr no 
one who did not respect him. His subsequent life mani- 
fested the same knightly spirit. He compelled even his 
opponents to respect him. 

Chopping wood, driving a canal- 
boat team, and doing such jobs as 
came in his way added to the money 
he had saved at the saltery. He en- 
tered an academy. An iron pot, a 
frying-pan, and a few plates, supplied 





YOUNG GARFIELD AND THE iiOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

by his mother, enabled the boy to set up housekeeping in 

the room of a dilapidated building. He worked his way 

through the academy, supporting himself by laboring in spare 

hours, and then entered Hiram Institute. 
33 



514 Young Folks History of America. 

His entrance was characteristic. One day the Board of 
Trustees were surprised to see a striphng standing before 
them. 

"Gentlemen," said the lad, "I want an education. I 
will sweep the rooms and make the fires, and thus pay part 
of my expenses." 

The Trustees were pleased with the youth's pluck and frank- 
ness. James became Hiram's janitor. The rooms were well 
swept, the fires carefully watched, and the studies thoroughly 
mastered, until he entered the junior class of Williams Col- 
lege, and finally graduated. 

When he left college he was more than a scholar. He 
was also a man and a Christian. Twelve years of hard labor, 
wherein hands supported the brains at their work ; twelve 
years of moral and mental tenacity, of self-denial and adher- 
ence to the duty of the hour, had educated this resolute boy 
in mind, soul, and body. He stood ready for service. 

President Garfield was of heroic ancestry. In his veins 
flowed most noble blood of the Puritans and Huguenots. 
His ancestors came to New England with Wlnthrop in 1630. 
Of the seven generations of Garfields in America, each one 
was born in a frontiersman's dwelling. Five generations 
were honored with military titles. 

Garfield was one of those noblemen of nature who are 
royally endowed with moral courage and knightly Christian 
virtues. One of his classmates thus relates an incident of 
his college life : — 

^^ At the end of his Junior year, Garfield and several of his 
fellow-students went out to celebrate ' Mountain Day.' This 
was formerly a well-known annual observance of the Williams 
College classes, and meant generally an exhilarating morning 
chmb up old Mt. Graylock, ' a good time ' all day on the top 
of it, and a camp-out all night. 
• " Garfield and his young friends spent a satisfactory holi- 



1 88 1, The Sad Tragedy. 515 

day, and were tired enough at dark with their athletic pastime 
to he down and enjoy the perfect rest of healthy men. 

"They made their booth and beds of boughs, and pre- 
pared themselves for rest. 

" They were a sociable company, and, weary as they were, 
every fellow was in his best mood. At last there was a 
pause in their pleasantries. 

" Garfield took a little Testament out of his pocket. 

" *Boys,' he said, 'about this time, when I am at home, I 
am in the habit of reading a chapter with my mother. Shall 
I read now ? ' 

" ' Yes, read,' they all responded at once. And in a manly 
voice the young leader read an appropriate evening lesson 
from the sacred page, and called on the oldest member of 
the party to pray. Then they all lay down on the soft ever- 
greens and went to sleep, — and no doubt the sleep of every 
one was sweeter for the heroism of him who had been so 
true to his principles and his ancestry." 

On the morning of the 2d of July, 1881, the President 
left the White House in company with Secretary Blaine, and 
drove to the Washington Station of the Baltimore and Poto- 
mac Railroad, to take the cars for New England. 

It was to have been his first vacation since he became 
President. He was looking forward to it with almost boyish 
delight. He was to attend the Commencement exercises at 
Williams College, as he had promised, and great preparations 
had been made there to do him honor. 

Just as the President was crossing the waiting-room of the 
station, a man named Charles J. Guiteau stepped to his side 
and fired two shots at him from a large pistol. One ball 
grazed- his right arm ; the other entered his back. 

The assassin was seized, and hurried away to remove him 
from the violence of the mob. Meanwhile, the President 
had fallen to the floor, and though conscious, was evidently 
in a mcot critical condition. 



5i6 Young Folks History of America. 

The word ran through the station, ''The President has 
been shot ! " and a thrill of horror and indignation was felt 
throughout the whole land in the next hour ; for the tidings 
were spread with lightning speed to the farthest corner of 
the country. Medical aid was procured at once, the Presi- 
dent was conveyed back to the White House, and a careful 
examination of his injuries was made. 

From the moment the horrid crime was committed the 
people of the United States watched with intense anxiety for 
news from the bedside of the sufferer. The appearance of a 
favorable bulletin lightened the burden upon millions of 
hearts, while the reports that the President was not so com- 
fortable carried melancholy and gloom everywhere. 

The bearing of the illustrious victim of the assassin was 
most remarkable. His cheerfulness, his confidence, his for- 
titude in suffering, provoked the astonishment as well as the 
admiration of all who saw him. 

Realizing as fully as those about him the extreme peril he 
was in, he faced the future with confident hope of recovery, 
but also with Christian resignation. 

He calmly awaited the issue of life or death. His attitude 
expressed the spirit of the man. " I know not how it may 
turn out," he wrote to his pastor, after being nominated to 
the chief magistracy, " but I have always tried to meet the 
duty of every day as it came. I left the rest to God." 

Unbounded sympathy was expressed for him and his brave 
wife. From every part of the country, from men of all par- 
ties, from foreign lands the telegrams poured in, all expressing 
the most fervent wishes for the President's recovery. Until 
his life was assailed men seemed hardly to have been aware of 
their regard for him. They certainly were not aware of the 
greatness of the President's soul. His affliction alone could 
reveal that. 

The motive for the foul deed is a mystery. The assassin 



iB8i. The Sad Tragedy. 519 

appears to have been a self-conceited fool, whose chief wish 
was for notoriety, — a desire which was even satisfied by the 
loathing and disgust he has excited towards himself. Some 
people suspected that there was a conspiracy, and that Guiteau 
was only an agent in the hands of others. There is no evi- 
dence that such is the fact. 

For eleven long weeks the people of the United States 
watched with the most painful anxiety by the bedside of the 
sufferer. Never before were their feelings and their sympa- 
thies so keenly aroused. Party animosity was forgotten. 
Men of every shade of political opinion were intensely 
anxious that the Chief Magistrate should not die. 

All that surgical skill and careful nursing could do, was 
done. The President was sustained by the most cordial good 
wishes of the whole people. Millions of prayers were offered 
daily that if it were possible the cup of sorrow might pass 
from him, from his family, from the nation. 

On the night of the 19th of September there was heard the 
tolling of bells throughout the nation. People filled the 
streets of the cities and large towns, and returned to their 
homes in tears. President James A. Garfield had died at 
Long Branch, New Jersey, whither he had been taken for the 
sea air. He had suffered with heroic fortitude for eighty 
days. 

" Gone, the youth who dared the conflict 
Early for his Master's name ; 
Gone, the hero of the battle ; 
Gone, the martyr, in the flame. >- 

He has gone, and distant nations 
Bow with us to mourn his less ; 
Gone, the leader of the people ; 
Gone, the soldier of the cross." 

The funeral honors of this Christian knight of the republic 
have been touchingly and eloquently described by Senator 
Hoar of Massachusetts in a most noble eulogy : — 



520 Young Folks History of America. 

'' On the twenty-sixth day of September, the day of the 
funeral, a common feeling stirred mankind as never before 
in history. That mysterious law, by which in a great audience 
every emotion is multiplied in each heart by sympathy with 
every other, laid its spell on universal humanity. At the 
touch which makes the whole world kin, all barriers of rank, 
or party, or State, or nation disappeared. 

" From farthest South comes the voice of mourning for the 
soldier of the Union. Over fisherman's hut and frontiers 
man's cabin is spread a gloom, because the White House is 
desolate. The son of the poor widow is dead, and palace 
and castle are in tears. As the humble Campbellite disciple 
is borne to his long home, the music of the requiem fills 
cathedral arches and the domes of ancient synagogues. On 
the coffin of the canal boy a queen lays her wreath. As the 
bier is lifted word Comes beneath the sea that the nations of 
the earth are rising and bowing their heads. From many 
chmes, in many languages, they join in the solemn service. 
This is no blind and sudden emotion, gathering and breaking 
like a wave ; it is the mourning of mankind for a great char- 
acter, already perfectly known and familiar. If there be any 
persons who fear that religious faith is dying, that science 
has shaken the hold of the -moral law upon the minds of men, 
let them take comfort in asking themselves if any base or 
ignoble passion could have so moved mankind. A poor, 
weak fiend shoots off his little bolt : a single human life is 
stricken down, and a throb of divine love thrills a planet." 

Some men, when elevated, forget the humble people with 
whom they once associated. Early in life James A. Garfield 
joined a small denomination of Christians known as the 
Church of the Disciples. From the day he entered Wash- 
ington, he passed by fashionable churches to worship every 
Sunday in a humble wooden meeting-house, with a few plain 
folk, whom he was not ashamed to call brethren. 



i88i. Chester A. Arthur Becomes President. 521 

During the early hours of the morning following 
the death of the President — September 20th — the oath 
of office was administered to Chester A. Arthur, 
at his own house in the city of New York. On the 
22d the oath was readministered in a more official way 
in the Senate Chamber at Washington, by Chief Jus- 
tice Fuller. '' For the fourth time in the history of 
the republic," so ran in part the inaugural address, 
'* its Chief Magistrate has been removed by death. All 
hearts are filled with grief and horror at the hideous 
crime which has darkened our land ; and the memory 
of the murdered President, his protracted suffisrings, 
his unyielding fortitude, the example and achievement 
of his life, and the pathos of his death will forever 
illumine the pages of our history." 

In England the feeling was widespread ; the pro- 
foundest sympathy prevailed. The public prayers 
that had already been offered for.^ General Garfield's 
recovery, by the dignitaries of the established church, 
while he yet lived, were followed, now that he had 
passed away, by a decree of Queen Victoria that the 
court should wear mourning, in honor of the departed 
President. An event without precedent in English 
history. 

Chester Alan Arthur, the President elect, was born 
at Fairfield, Franklin County, Vermont, Oct. 5th, 1830, 
and was the eldest son of the Rev'd William Arthur.^ 
a Baptist clergyman who had emigrated from Antrim, 
Ireland. The President's early education was acquired 
in the schools of Vermont. In 1849 ^^ graduated from 
Union College, Schenectady, and having studied law 
was admitted to the bar. He soon distinguished him- 
self in the practice of his profession, and acquired 



522 Young Folks History of America. 1881. 

enviable notoriety as the successful champion of the 
legal rights of the colored race. He took an early and 
active interest in politics, as a disciple of the policy of 
the Whig school as formulated by Henry Clay, being a 
delegate to the convention at Saratoga, vs^hen the Repub- 
lican party of the State of New York was first founded. 
When Edwin D. Morgan became governor of New 
York in i860, he appointed Mr. Arthur engineer-in- 
chief of his staif, and later on, in acknowledgment of 
his marked taste for military administration, to the 
position of Inspector General and Quarter-master 
General. While occupying this latter position, the 
purchase of enormous quantities of supplies was sub- 
ject to his uncontrolled responsibility. Though involv- 
ing the outlay of millions of money, and offering 
every facility for the furtherance of his own interests, 
the trusts imposed in him were not only never abused, 
but opportunities for the acquisition of, what by some, 
were regarded as legitimate perquisites were never 
taken advantage of, and he left the service a poorer 
man than w^hen he entered it. In November, 187 1, he 
vs^as appointed by President Grant collector of the port 
of New York. Meanwhile he had become widely 
recognized as a political organizer. Shortly after the 
accession of General Hayes to the Presidency, an order 
was issued positively forbidding all persons employed 
in the Civil Service of the Government from taking 
part in the management of political affairs. As chair- 
man of the Republican Central Committee of New 
York City, Mr. Arthur neglected to comply with the 
President's order and, with others who ignored the 
executive ultimatum, was removed from his position. 
President Arthur retained for a time the Cabinet of 





RUTHERFORD B. HAYES 





CHESTER A. ARTHUR 



i88i. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 523 

his predecessor, but its composition eventually was as 
follows : Fred. T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary of State; 
Chas. J. Folger, Secretary of Treasury ; Robert T. 
Lincoln, Secretary of War ; Wm. E. Chandler, Secre- 
tary of the Navy ; Henry M. Teller, Secretary of the 
Interior; Timothy O. Howe, Postmaster General; 
Benj. Harris Brewster, Attorney General. 

For the first time in twenty years the inaugural 
address contained no reference to the Southern States 
as a distinct part of the nation. " The sectional con- 
test was at an end." During Arthur's term no new 
States were added to the Union, and his administration 
was an uneventful one. The foreign relations of the 
country during 188 1 were undisturbed. Diplomatic 
discussions and negotiations were confined chiefly to 
the subject of the Inter-Oceanic Canal at Panama and 
the war between Chili and Peru. In connection with 
the projected canal across the isthmus, and the right of 
the United States Government, under the Monroe 
Doctrine, to supreme control, as contended by Mr. 
Blaine in his communication to Minister Lowell, at 
London, the question of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 
of 1850 was revived,* and " the abrogation of such 

*In the letter addressed by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Secretary of State (May 8, 
1882), to Minister Lowell, in reply to Lord Granville's letter (of January 7th), 
the following occurs : — 

" The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was concluded in order to secure the construction 
of a canal, under the grant of 1849, from Nicaragua. They (the United States Gov- 
ernment) consented to agree with Great Britain not to occupy, fortify or colonize, or 
assume dominion over, any part of Central America, and further consented to admit 
Her Majesty's Government at some future day to a share in the protection which 
they exercised over the Isthmus of Panama. The Government and people of the 
United States, though rich in land and industry, were poor in money; the scheme 
for a canal, without the complications of the Mosquito protectorate, was too vast for 
the means of the Americans of that day. They went to England, which had what 
they had not, surrendered their exclusive privileges, and offered an equal share of 
all they had in those regions, undertaking that no time should be "unnecessarily 



524 You7ig Folks History of America. 1881. 

clauses as do not comport with the present obligations 
of the United States toward Colombia, or the present 
conditions of her home finances " was advocated. 

The mission of Mr. Trescott, about this time, to give 
aid and counsel to Chili in any negotiations which that 
country might desire to make with its vanquished foe, 
Peru, was unfortunately barren of practical result. 

The monetary conference, having for its object '*the 
rehabilitation of silver as money," was, upon the joint 
invitation of the Governmentof France and the Govern- 
ment of the United States, held at Paris in April, when 
delegates from fourteen countries, including Messrs. 
W. M. Evarts, A. G. Thurman, and T. O. Howe, repre- 
senting the United States, were present. Great Britain, 
who persisted in maintaining the single gold standard, 
except for India, instructing its delegates, while fur- 
nishing information, to abstain from voting. 

The delegates from the European countries, however, 
gave little encouragement for the hope of effective 
government aid for the restoration of silver to its former 
place in monetary circulation. 

lost in constructing and commencing the said canal." But the work was never 
begun and the concession failed. Guided by this view of the situation, the Presi- 
dent expressed it as his opinion that the United States were not called upon, by any 
prmciples of equity, to revive the provisions (as recited) of the Clayton-Bulwer 
Treaty which were especially applicable to the concessions referred to, and to apply 
them to any other concession which has been since, or may hereafter be, made. 
" The people of the United States have now abundance of surplus capital for such 
enterprises and have no need to call upon foreign capitalists. The conditions of 
1882 are not those of 1852. . . . Hence, the United States— the persons who 
held the grant under the provisions of the Treaty having failed to carry out the pro- 
posed enterprise — esteem themselves competent to refuse to afford their protection, 
jointly with Great Britain, to any other persons or company, and hold themselves 
free hereafter to protect any inter-oceanic communication in which they or their 
citizens may become interested in, in such way as treaties with the local sovereign 
powers may warrant and their interests may require." 

Fortunately, the want of harmony in the views of the two governments had no 
injurious influence at the time. 



i88i. Centennial of the Surrender of Yorktown, 525 

The coinage of silver dollars still continued, how- 
ever, during the year, by the home mint, under the pro- 
visions of the act of 1878, and at the rate of two mil- 
lion three hundred thousand per month. 

Prominent among the measures passed by the Forty- 
seventh Congress, was the Apportionment bill, based 
upon the Census of 1880, placing the number of new 
members in the House of Representatives at three hun- 
dred and twenty -five;* a Civil Service bill, providing 
for a system of examination, and methods of appoint- 
ment and promotion of civil servants; a bill reducing 
the rate of letter postage from three to two cents per 
half ounce , and a measure prohibiting the immigration of 
Chinese into the United States for a period of ten years. 

The centennial of the anniversary of the surrender of 
Yorktown was celebrated on October 19th, 1881, and 
in view of the recent manifestations of true British 
sympathy on the occasion of President Garfield's death, 
and " in grateful acknowledgment of the innate affection 
of the United States for Great Britain,"! and as an 
earnest of the growing disposition to banish remem- 
brance of painful bygones, the President directed that 
during this celebration, a national salute should be fired 
in honor of the flag of Great Britain. And so it came 
about that " on the historic field of Yorktown, where 
one hundred years before, British, French, and Amer- 
icans had striven in mortal combat, the lilies of France, 

='•'■ An addition of 32 members, the ratio of representation being 151, 912. 

The Census of 18S0 gave a total population of 50,152,866, an increase in 
ten years of 11,596,883. The centre of population moved, in the ten years, 
about 56 miles in a southwesterly direction. In 1870 it was 48 miles east 
by north of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 18S0 it was eight miles west by south 
of that city, the point being in Kentucky one mile from the south bank 
of the Ohio River, and one mile and a half southeast of the village of Tay 
lorville. 

t Barnes. 



526 Young Folks History of America, 1882. 

the cross of St. George, and the Stars and Stripes, 
floated 'in sweet harmony.'" 

A Tariff Commission was appointed in May, 1882, 
to consider the reduction in the existing imports and 
excise duties. The compounding fund of money under 
the control of Congress, owing to the annual excess of 
income over expenditure, and the systematic cancella- 
tion of government bonds and the consequent reduction 
of the public debt, led to a general desire for some 
material diminution of the revenue, so obtained. But 
none of the measures submitted and that became oper- 
ative, accomplished the purpose of the promoters. 
The Morrison Bill, which proposed a " horizontal re- 
duction" of twenty per cent, on nearly all imported 
articles, was defeated in 1884, and tariff reform re- 
mained before the country a vexed question, and a 
burning issue. The succeeding decade contributed 
practically nothing towards its true trade solution. 

After the fact was thoroughly established that Gar- 
field's death was not the outcome of any well-planned 
conspiracy, neither compassed through political hos- 
tility, as was that of Lincoln, " but the malignant ex- 
pression of the perverted mind of a disappointed office- 
seeker, "* the need for a thorough reorganization of 
the appointive system of the civil government was made 
apparent. "The chief abomination of the system, was 
that each party, while in office, had paid its party ex- 
penses by the use of minor offices for its adherents." 
The President's power of appointment was uncon- 
trolled. While a Civil Service Bill (Pendleton Act 

♦Johnston. The contention that Guiteau was irresponsible was clearly dis- 
proved after his execution (June 30th, 1SS2) at ^Vashington, when an autopsy 
revealed the fact that though his brain showed some slight deviation from 
the recognized type, the variation was of "absolutely no significance from 
the point of view of mental derangement." 



1882-3. Incidents of Arthur s Administration. 527 

1883) was passed, limiting the powers of the President 
in this respect, it y^t fermittcd him to make appoint- 
ments to certain designated offices, upon the recom- 
mendation of the Civil Service Board. 

The existence of corruption and fraud in the conduct 
of the Mail Service on the Star Routes, which it was 
alleged was prevalent under the late administration, 
was subjected to a searching investigation, and indict- 
ments were returned against some prominent officials, 
on a charge of conspiracy to defraud the Government. 

Of the chief events of importance during the period 
of the Arthur administration, other than political and 
governmental, was the opening of the Suspension 
Bridge between Brooklyn and New York, May 24th, 
1883, which had occupied three years and six months 
in construction.* In the spring of 1882 a disastrous 
flood overspread the Mississippi valley, and an appro- 
priation was voted by Congress to relieve the sufferings 
of the one hundred thousand persons rendered homeless. 

In November the forces under General Crook, in 
charge of the Department of Arizona, were called upon 
to quell an uprising of a band of Chiricahues Indians 
—a branch of the Apaches — who had crossed the fron- 
tier from Mexico, and had raided the scattered settle- 
ments. The Indians were surprised and defeated, and 
ultimately placed upon the San Carlos reservation as 
prisoners of war. The frauds perpetrated upon appli- 
cants for pensions by claim agents now developed into 
a great public scandal, resulting in the indicting of a 

♦The length of the suspended span from towerto towfer is 1596 feet, being- 
135 feet above high-water. The height of the towers is 278 feet. The four 
great sustaining cables are 15^ inches in diameter, each containing 5296 
parallel (not tw^isted) galvanized steel wires, and are unitedly capable of 
sustaining 48,800 tons. 



528 Young Folks History of America, 1883. 

number of the peculant agents before the Grand Jury 
of the District.* 

Railway construction still continued to be pushed 
along in the interests of colonization and trade. The 
last spike of the main line of the Northern Pacific road 
was driven in September, fifty miles west of Helena, 
and eight hundred miles from the Pacific slope. 

In 1883 a new extradition treaty was entered into 
with Spain, and consular and commercial treaties were 
perfected with Servia and Roumania. A Chinese con- 
sulate Avas established in New York, and an American 
representative was dispatched to Corea, and a resident 
minister was appointed to Teheran, Persia. The dip- 
lomatic relations of the Republic with foreign countries 
was expanding with the development of trade. The 
second trial of the alleged Star Route conspirators 
ended in an acquittal, and was remarkable for the un- 
usually long addresses delivered by the contending 
counsel. 

A Free Trade Congress was held at Detroit in June, 
and in view of the approaching presidential campaign 
its deliberations were regarded with interest. In an 
address setting forth the demands of the sympathizers 
of the movement, the following doctrine was enunciated : 

The American manufacturer needs cheaper materials in order 
to contend against foreign competition. . . . American labor 
is discovering that it gets no higher wages by protection. It 
can buy less with its money and save less. While there is abso- 
lute free trade in labor, the laborer is denied the right to buy 
goods in the cheapest markets. The Government has no consti- 
tutional right to impose taxes, except to provide money to pay 
the public debt, or provide for the common defense or the gen- 

* The total number of claims allowed since iSSi now reached 510,958, and 
the aggregate amount paid during the 22 years exceeded $621,000,000. 



1883. Tariff Revision a7id the National Debt. 529 

eral welfare, and all taxes called "protective," and levied -with 
different intent, should be abolished. Reciprocity should be 
promoted, and the navigation laws repealed. Republicans and ._ 
Democrats are losing faith in their own parties, and are waiting 
to unite for genuine revenue reform. But if the candidates of 
either party evade reform, revenue reformers must prepare for 
independent political action. 

The revision of the tariff, however, already indulged 
in, had failed to produce the expected reduction of 
revenue. The surplus revenue of the year amounted 
to one hundred and thirty-tw^o million eight hundred 
and seventy-nine thousand four hundred and forty-four 
dollars, while the public debt was decreased by one 
hundred and nine million five hundred and one thou- 
sand nine hundred and fifty-three dollars. The Presi- 
dent, in his message, declared there were "cogent 
reasons why the national indebtedness should not be 
thus rapidly extinguished." Chief among v^hich was 
the fact that only by "excessive taxation was such 
rapidity attainable." The net debt in 1883 amounted to 
one billion four hundred and ninety-eight million forty- 
one thousand seven hundred and twenty three dollars. 
The contention of the Anti-High Protectionists was 
based upon these facts. The "Morrison Bill" to re- 
duce import duties and "war-tariff taxes," when intro- 
duced at the second session of the Forty-eighth Con- 
gress in April, 1884, was repudiated. 

The tidings of the fate of the Arctic expedition of 
the steam yacht "Jeanette," fitted out by James Gordon 
Bennett, under the command of Lieutenant G. W. 
DeLong, excited profound sympathy. The vessel 
which had left San Francisco in July, 1879, foundered 
in the ice floes of the Arctic in June, 1881. The mem- 

34 



530 Young Folks' History of America. 1884. 

bers of the expedition, divided up into three separate 
parties, essayed to reach the Siberian coast, over four 
hundred miles away. One of these was never again 
heard from. Another, including DeLong, perished of 
cold and hunger while traversing the ice-locked wastes 
of the delta of the Lena; the third under the leadership 
of Lieutenant Danenhower and Chief-Engineer Mel- 
ville, after following the course of the same river in- 
land, was rescued by the natives. In pursuance of a 
plan to establish meteorological observatories in the 
the polar regions, and undaunted by previous ex- 
periences, an expedition was equipped and dispatched, 
in the summer of 1881, to Lady Franklin Bay, under 
command of Lieutenant Greely. Lieutenant Lockwood 
and Sergeant Brainard, at this time succeeded in 
reaching the farthest point north hitherto attained by 
man. The supplies which were to have followed and 
which did not arrive, necessitated going into winter 
quarters at Cape Sabine in August, 1883, where the 
diminishing stores were supplemented by a diet of 
moss, lichens, and sealskin bouillon. When dis- 
covered at Fort Conger in June, 1884, by the relief 
squadron under command of Commander Schley, only 
seven of the original party of twenty-five were found 
alive. Notwithstanding their pitiable condition, their 
scientific explorations had only been interrupted by 
death. The results of these researches — though ob- 
tained under such appalling hardships — have added 
much of extreme value to the records of science. 

The congressional discussion which subsequently 
arose over the ill-fated Greely expedition drew wide 
attention to the importance of the Signal Service 
Bureau. Indeed it was the indirect means of establish- 



1884. The Greely Expedition. 531 

ing, on an enlarged footing, the department of "weather 
probabilities," which at the present time is righteously 
regarded as one of the most valuable trade factors in 
existence. The forecasts issued by the various stations 
now located at all leading centers, having passed al- 
most out of the category of "probabilities" into the 
range of "facts," the changes of temperature, the 
direction of storm currents, and the precipitation of 
rain, all of which have a most important influence, not 
only on the movements of shipping, but the labors of 
the agriculturalist, and the markets of the world — are 
now hazarded as "predictions," and continue to be 
verified at the ratio of ninety per cent. 

The steamboat "Alert," which had been lent by the 
British Government to aid in the relief of the Greely 
explorers, was, after the successful close of the expe- 
dition, returned, and an ofl[icer of the navy was sent to 
Siberia, bearing the testimonials as voted by Congress 
to those who had succored the survivors of the ill-fated 
"Jeannette." 

The World's Industrial Exposition, which opened 
at New Orleans in December, 1884, with the co- 
operation of the Federal Government, proved a suc- 
cess. It was the celebration of the centenary ot 
the cotton industry, the first known exportation of 
the fiber from the United States having taken place 
in 1784, when six bags were shipped from Charles- 
ton, S. C. The representations of the Republics of 
Central America far excelled anything heretofore made 
at any world's fair, attracted immense attention, and 
proved of incalculable value in spreading before the 
large number of foreign visitors the possibilities of the 
expansion of reciprocal trade. 



532 ■ Young Folks History of America, 1884. 

The outcome of this exhibition was the appoint- 
ment of a commission, in 1884, to visit the Latin Re- 
publics with a view "of ascertaining the best modes of 
securing more intimate relations between the United 
States and the several countries of Central and South 
America." 

Later in the year a congress of scientists met at 
Washington, and held a Prime Meridian Conference. 
Among other important decisions reached, it was de- 
termined to select Greenwich as the zero meridian 
from which to reckon longitude, and a universal day 
was authorized. Four standard meridians were also 
adopted, to govern local time and the uniform running 
of trains."^ 

The political canvass for the election of a President 
and Vice-President for the term commencing March 
4th, 1885, and which was one of exceptional interest, 
resulted in the nomination of James G. Blaine, of Maine, 
and John A. Logan, of Illinois, by the Republicans, 
and Grover Cleveland, of New York, and Thomas 
Hendricks, of Indiana, by the Democrats. The South- 
ern issue was ignored during the compaign, the Re- 
publicans making their fight chiefly over the question 
of tariff', while the Democrats introduced civil service 
reform as the main plank of their platform. Cleveland 
was the champion of this movement, and a sufficient 
number of Republicans deserted Blaine in New Yorkj 

* These meridians — which equally divide the time belts — cover 15° ot space and 
one hour of time apart. The Eastern Meridian, 75° W. from Greenwich, passes 
near Philadelphia. The Central Meridian, 90° W. longitude, passes near New 
Orleans and St. Louis. The Mountain Meridian, 105° W. longitude, passes near 
Denver. The Pacific Meridian, 120° W. longitude, forms apart of the boundary line 
between Nevada and California. 

t The total vote stood, Cleveland, 4,911,017; Blaine, 4,848,334; St. John (Prohi- 
bitionist), 151,809; Butler (Peoples), 133,825. Of electoral votes Cleveland secured 
219 and Blaine 182. 



1884. Grover Cleveland Elected President. 533 

State to give Mr. Cleveland a plurality of one thou- 
sand and forty-seven, a slender majority, but, as the 
result depended upon the vote of the Empire State, 
sufficient to elect him. 

In his letter of acceptance President-elect Cleveland 
devoted much space to the condition of labor and the 
working man, and the protection that was due this 
class of the people from the dangers of " aggregated 
capital." He further said: "We proudly call ours a 
government by the people. It is not such when a 
class is tolerated which arrogates to itself the manage- 
ment of public affairs, seeking to control the people 
instead of representing them." Referring to the full 
and complete realization of " government by the 
people," he also declared that " of the means to this 
end, not one, in his judgment, would be more effective 
than an amendment to the constitution disqualifying 
the President from Re-election." 

Grover Cleveland, the *' man of destiny," was born 
in Caldwell, New Jersey, March i8th, 1837, ^^^ while 
yet a boy moved to Central New York with his 
father, who was a Presbyterian clergyman, and who 
died while his son was still at school and left him pen- 
niless. He borrowed sufficient money to pay traveling 
expenses, and started for Buffalo, where he subse- 
quently entered a law office and in due time was ad- 
mitted to the bar. His industry, courage and honesty 
marked him for promotion. In 1863, having studied 
the public questions of the hour, he entered active pol- 
itics, and was elected successively Assistant District- 
Attorney, Sheriff and Mayor of Buffalo, and in 1882, 
having received the nomination as a " reform candi- 
date" for the Governorship of New York, was elected 



^34 Young Folks History of America. 1885. 

to office by a majority of one hundred and ninety-two 
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four votes. His plu- 
rality in the contest brought him prominently to the 
front and earned for him a national reputation, and at 
the expiration of his term of office resulted in his being 
selected as the Democratic standard bearer in the fight 
for the Presidency. 

The inauguration of the twenty-second President 
introduced the Democratic party to the sweets of of- 
fice after a weary interval of over twenty-four years. 

The ceremonial which took place at Washington on 
March 4th was attended by an unusually spectac- 
ular display, military and civic. The address out- 
lined no special policy and differed little from the 
regulation speeches upon such an occasion. The appli- 
cation of business principles to public aff'airs, and re- 
form in the administration of the Government, were 
referred to as matters demanding the early solicitude 
of the Executive, but the temptation to improve the 
occasion by referring to party triumph, or exaltation, 
was resisted. The members of the cabinet selected by 
the new Democratic President were: Secretary of State, 
Thos. F. Bayard, of Delaware; Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, Daniel Manning, of New York; Secretary of War, 
William C. Endicott, of Massachusetts; Secretary of 
the Navy, William C. Whitney, of New York; Secre- 
tary of the Interior, L. Q^ C. Lamar, of Mississippi; 
Postmaster-General, William F. Vilas, of Wisconsin; 
Attorney-General, Augustus H. Garland, of Arkansas. 
Among the most important diplomatic appointments 
were those of Edward J. Phelps, Minister to Great 
Britain; Geo. H.Pendleton, to Germany; Robert M.Mc- 
Lane, to France; and George V. N. Lothrop,to Russia. 



1885. The Nicaragiian Canal. 535 

Adverse criticism of the President's methods of dis- 
pensing patronage was soon heard ; from the Democrats 
who hoped for a more wholesale system of decapita- 
tion, and from those who protested that no removals 
— except for cause — should be made of occupants of 
offices which had no connection with the public policy 
of the administration, before the expiration of their 
terms. The contentions of either class of objectors, 
however, had little influence on the predetermined 
policy of the administration. 

In order to fulfill its obligations and guarantees under 
the Treaty of 1846, the existing war in the United 
States of Colombia making such action imperative, an 
armed force was sent by the Government in March, 
1885, to maintain open transit across the Isthmus of 
Panama, and sustain the sovereignty of Colombia. 
The task was diplomatically a delicate and responsible 
one, but w^as successfully accomplished, and upon the 
restoration of peace between the conflicting Latin Re- 
publics, the American troops were withdrawn. In 
this connection it may be well to record that the Treaty 
negotiated by President Arthur, for the construction of 
a canal through Nicaraguan territory, by and at the 
sole cost of the United States, was withheld by Pres- 
ident Cleveland, who expressed himself in favor of 
maintaining the tenets of a line of precedents from 
Washington's day, which proscribe entangling al- 
liances with foreign states. "I do not favor," he 
wrote, "a policy of acquisition of new and distant ter- 
ritory, or the incorporation of remote interests with 
our own." 

The death of General Ulysses S. Grant, which oc- 
curred on July 23d, 1885, after a long and painful 



53^ Young Folks History of America. 1885. 

struggle against a baffling disease, removed one of the 
greatest living landmarks of the Republic. His history- 
has already been recorded and followed. His death 
was a shock to the American nation. Though a staunch 
believer in the might of Republican ideas, he was 
neither narrow nor exclusive, and while wholly free 
from race prejudice and national jealousy, he believed 
in the expansion of the country by peaceful means, and 
in the predominance of the English-speaking race. 
"The spirit of philanthropy animated his politics, 
and the doctrines of peace controlled his public 
policy."* 

On March ist, 1885, the national debt had been re- 
duced, during the four preceding years, four hundred 
and seventy-four million thirty-three thousand and 
sixty-two dollars and fifty-nine cents. 

On November 25th, 1885, the Vice-Presidential chair 
was left without an occupant through the sudden death 
of the Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks. His public serv- 
ices and his "complete integrity as a man" were recog- 
nized by a universal expression of sorrow. Through 
this untoward circumstance, attention was drawn to 
the fact that no legal provision existed for the selection 
of a President or Vice-President in the event of the 
death of the duly elected incumbent during his term of 
office. An act was accordingly passed in 1886, pro- 
viding for this possibility by making the Secretaries 
of State, Treasury, and War, the Attorney-General, 
the Postmaster-General, and the Secretaries of the 
Navy, Interior, and Agriculture, severally eligible for 
succession in the order named. 

The first session of the Forty-ninth Congress was 

*Boutwell. 



1885. The Forty-Ninth Congress. 537 

opened on December 7th, 1885.* The President's 
annual message was submitted on the following 
ing day. It consisted of over twenty thousand words, 
and was an exhaustive resume of the existing condition 
of affairs. The question of bi-metallism and the state 
of the currency was dwelt upon at length. The fact 
that every month two million dollars in gold was 
paid out, for two million or more of silver dollars, to 
be added to "the idle mass already accumulated," was 
severely criticised. "Prosperity," said Mr. Cleveland, 
"hesitates upon our threshold because of the dangers 
and uncertainties surrounding this question of silver 
coinage; capital timidly shrinks from trade, and in- 
vestors are unwilling to take the chance of the ques- 
tionable shape their money may be returned to them," 
and closed his reference by recommending "the sus- 
pension of the compulsory coinage of silver dollars, as 
directed by the law passed in 1878." The "princely 
grants and subsidies" of the national lands to railway 
and other corporations, was forced upon the attention 
of Congress. The people had already expressed in 
unmistakable terms their objections to the massing of 
large areas of the public lands, directly or through 
fraud, in the hands of individuals. Even at this time 
three-fifths of the national domain — exclusive of Alaska 
— had been disposed of, subject to contract or grant, 
and of the remaining two-fifths a considerable portion 
was either mountain or desert. It was time to call a 
halt. A controversy arose between the President and 
the Senate, over the right of that body to information on 

* Of the 76 members of the Senate, 41 were Republicans and 35 Democrats ; of 
the 325 members of the House of Representatives, 184 were Democrats, 139 Repub- 
licans and 2 Greenback-Laborites. John Sherman, of Ohio, was chosen temporar>' 
President of the Senate, and John G. Carlisle, of Kentucky, speaker of the House. 



538 Young Folks History of America. 1885. 

file in the departments, in regard to certain " suspen- 
sions from office." 

Passages were quoted from the President's message 
relative to Civil Service reform in support of their 
contention, and the attempted suppression of facts in 
connection w^ith dismissals was declared to be unjust to 
the persons affected, and unconstitutional, and savoring 
of the practice of the days of the Star Chamber. The 
threat conveyed in the resolutions subsequently passed 
by the Senate, that no confirmation would be made 
unless the demands of that body would be complied 
with, were not, however, strong enough to deter the 
President, who supported his argument by the para- 
graph from the Constitution, which declares that, 
" the executive power shall be vested in a President 
of the United States of America." 

While President Hayes, upon his accession in 1876, 
had promised to make " no dismissal except for 
cause, and no promotion except for merit," he after- 
wards discovered that he had committed himself to a 
policy of drastic reform almost impossible to fulfil. 
As greater interest was taken in the question, so 
greater diversity of opinion arose, until Civil Service 
reform became a recognized party issue, and in the 
presidential campaign of 1884 the candidates were 
called upon to declare their policy in this regard. 

* The platform of those agitating for civil govern- 
ment reform, comprised two chief planks, (i) The 
appointment to office to be based solely on the quali- 
fications of the candidates; (2) promotion and tenure 
to depend alone on the faithful and efficient discharge 
of duty. 

* Barnes. 



1 886. Civil Service Reform. 539 

The principle of " rotation in office," may be traced 
originally to Andrew Jackson, who, immediately 
upon his election in 1829, undertook to remove one 
hundred and sixty-seven of his most bitter political 
opponents, appointing his own friends to the vacant 
positions. Within a year he had displaced four hun- 
dred and ninety-one postmasters. Under Washing- 
ton's administration only nine officers had been 
removed, one of whom was a defaulter. The entire 
number removed by the six Presidents preceding 
Jackson, being but seventy-four. But the policy em- 
bodied in Marcy's maxim* had continued to gain in 
favor, until the only qualification hitherto imperative, 
was, that proof should be forthcoming of the appli- 
cants active service on behalf of the "party" that rep- 
resented his own political creed. 

An act was also passed regulating the sale of oleo- 
margarine, — and imposing a tax upon its manufacture 
and sale in the protective interests of the farmer and 
dairyman, — it having been proved, to the satisfaction 
of Congress that the average value of the cows through- 
out the entire country had been reduced to thirty 
dollars in place of forty, the prevailing price previous 
to the introduction of the artificial product. 

A long separate message was later addressed to Con- 
gress by the President, advocating the appointment of 
Labor Commissioners, regular officers of the govern- 
ment, charged with the settlement of all controversies 
arising between labor and capital. An act — in speak- 
ing significance of the times — was also introduced in 
1886 for the incorporating of National Trades Unions, 
and passed without a division. 

* " To the victors belong the spoils." 



540 Young Folks History of America 1880. 

With the urban centralization of population,* and 
the evil growth of combines which experienced little 
difficulty in selecting, from the ranks of the standing 
army of idle labor, all the recruits necessary, and the 
application of the "black-list," for the "disciplining" 
of the disaffected, inevitable results slowly followed. 
The unification of labor interests became imperative. 
An intermittent warfare of combinations against cor- 
porations ensued. The threatened "cut" in wages had 
to be resisted. Capital was arrayed against labor. 
Labor united to regulate chartered monopoly. Trades 
unions sprung up all over the land. The Knights of 
Labor enlarged the field of their endeavor. Oppres- 
sion of one class of toilers demanded the "sympathetic 
action" of more important and, if necessary, of all 
classes of labor, and out of this state of things was at 
last evolved the imported "boycott" as a set-off to the 
equally pernicious black-list. 

Labor agitations now disturbed the land. At Bay 
View, Wisconsin, five rioters were killed by the mili- 
tia in the month of May. Strikes also occurred in the 
car works at Detroit, and among the agricultural im- 
plement workers, the switch tenders, the molders, the 
box-makers and the painters in Chicago, while hun- 
dreds of miners on the Pan-Handle laid down their 
picks. The summer of 1886 was an epoch of diverse 

* In 1880 the total population of the United States was4g,37i,34o. Of the 36, 761,- 
607 persons over ten years of age, 4,225,945 were farmers and planters and 3,323,876 
agricultural laborers. The total number of all classes of farms, large and small, 
amounted to 4,008,907, comprising an acreage of 536,081,835, being less than 30 
per cent, of the whole area of the country, excluding Alaska and Indian Territory. 
During the decade ending 1880 the number of small farms actually decreased, and 
those between 50 and 100 acres only increased 30 percent, while those between 100 
and 500 trebled, those between 500 and 1000 quintupled, and those above 1000 in- 
creased more than eight times in number in the same period. The total urban pop- 
ulation was 11,318,547. In 1880 the total number of immigrants landed was 457,257. 



i886. Anarchist Outrages in Chicago. 541 

happenings, for while the French Senate was expell- 
ing the princes, and New York was busy imprisoning 
a fraudulent alderman, and Herr Most the Anarchist, 
— Edison was discovering the art of telegraphing from 
moving trains, Spain was following the example of 
wiser lands by liberating twenty-six thousand Cuban 
slaves, and the President of the United States was cele- 
brating his successes by entering the state of w^edlock. 
During the early summer labor agitation finally 
found more violent expression in Chicago. Over forty 
thousand laborers struck work, demanding the recog- 
nition of the eight hour movement, and the first seri- 
ous riot was precipitated by a large body of striking 
lumbermen, who attacked over seven hundred factory 
hands who had disregarded the ultimatum of the 
striking committee. Police interference ensued and a 
dozen of the mob wounded. A mass meeting of work- 
ing men was called for the following evening at the 
Haymarket Square, "to denounce the last atrocious 
act of the police." Of the fourteen hundred who 
responded to the invitation, half were driven away by 
a rain storm. The assemblage was addressed by 
August Spies, the editor of the "Arbiter-Zeitung," 
A. B. Parsons, the Anarchist, and one Fielden, an Eng- 
lishman. When the tenor of the latter's speech, which 
was of an inflammatory nature, was understood by the 
police, one hundred and seventy patrolmen were 
marched to the spot with orders to disperse the crowd. 
At the moment that Fielden stepped from the v/agon, 
— while saying, "We are peaceable," — and fired at the 
police, a bomb was thrown which instantly ex- 
ploded, frightfully injuring some of the constables, 
upon whom the crowd then opened a murderous fire. 



542 You7ig Folks History of America. 1886. 

Sixty of the police were wounded, seven subsequently 
dying from their injuries. At the conclusion of the 
trial, August 20th, the jury found a verdict of guilty 
of murder against the following persons, all of whom 
were proved to be active Anarchists or Socialists : 
August Spies, Michael Schwab, Samuel Fielden, 
Albert R. Parsons, Adolph Fischer, George Engel 
and Louis Ling. The death penalty was imposed. 
Neebe escaped with fifteen years imprisonment. 
Though their own newspapers had advocated the use 
of dynamite, by declaring that "enough of it to fill 
your vest pocket has power to do more for the wage 
slaves of this country than a bushel-basket full of bal- 
lots," and that a "piece of gas-pipe filled with the 
good stuff, properly plugged, with fuse and cap and 
touched oflf among a lot of rich loafers, would make a 
cheerful scattering of unemployed capitalists," — the 
enormity of their conspiracy was not clearly appre- 
hended by this band of misguided unfortunates until 
confronted by the prison bars. 

The case of the doomed men was carried to the Su- 
preme Court, by which the death penalty was con- 
firmed, but on November loth, 1887, the sentences of 
Fielden and Schwab"^ were commuted by the Governor 
to imprisonment for life, while Louis Ling committed 
suicide in his cell by exploding a dynamite bomb in 
his mouth. On the day following. Spies, Parsons, 
Engel, and Fischer expiated their crime upon the gal- 
lows, in accordance with the inexorable decree of the 
outraged law. 

Towards the close of the year, Bartholdi's statue 01 

*The surviving Anarchists were pardoned out of Joliet penitentiary by Gov- 
ernor Altgeld in 1895. 



i887. Centennial Anniversary of the Constitution. 543 

" Liberty Enlightening the World," erected on Bed- 
loe's Island, New York Harbor — the gift of the French 
people, in fraternal recognition of a sister republic — 
was unveiled with imposing international ceremonies. 
The statue was the largest ever made, the highest point 
of the torch being nearly three hundred and six feet 
above low water. The ensuing year (1887) offered 
but little material of historic interest, save perhaps 
the Centennial Anniversary of the Constitution, which 
was celebrated at Philadelphia on September 15th and 
two succeeding days, and attended with brilliant fes- 
tivities. In his speech on memorial day President 
Cleveland concluded his address by congratulating 
the Republic upon the fulness of the realization of the 
principles upon which the constitution had originally 
been based. *'llivery national peril and every national 
need has been met. . . . We receive it sealed 
with the tests of a century. . . . Another centen- 
nial day will come when millions yet unborn wil3 
inquire concerning our stewardship. God grant that 
the Constitution may be found unimpaired, so that 
those who follow us may rejoice in our fidelity and in 
our jealous love of constitutional liberty." As the 
Constitution and the laws are our real rulers, the na- 
tion is probably better off " under the law as admin- 
istered by such men as President Cleveland or Harri- 
son," says Judson Landon, the constitutional writer, 
" than if a Gladstone or a Bismarck was at the head of 
our government," and so it may well be to our national 
advantage, " to have as rulers honest men of moderate 
ability, who will strive diligently to know their duty 
and do it, than to have men of higher capacity, whose 
consciousness of their great abilities might tempt them, 



544 Young Folks History of America. 1887. 

in the interest of their ambition, to leave the old and 
safe ways and experiment in new and dangerous ones." 

In regard to the permanency of our institutions, and 
the possibilities for national expansion which exist 
under our form of government, it is satisfactory to note 
the opinion of a well-known English authority* whose 
criticisms upon the commonwealth may be accepted as 
the honest deductions of a dispassionate bystander. 
*' America," he writes, "has a long vista of years 
stretching before her, in which she will enjoy condi- 
tions far more auspicious than Englandf can count 
upon. And that America marks the highest level, not 
only of material well-being, but of intelligence and 
happiness, which the race has yet attained, will be the 
judgment of those who look not at the favored few for 
whose benefit the world seems hitherto to have framed 
its institutions, but at the whole body of the people." 

The noncompliance, by railroad and other corpora- 
tions, with the conditions imposed when becoming the 
recipients of large grants of lands, led to an investiga- 
tion by the Secretary of the Interior and the forfeiture 
to the Government of over twenty-one million acres of 
the public domain, while five million acres additional, 
unlawfully fenced in by cattle men, was also reclaimed. 
The interesting fact was further disclosed that out of 
the twenty-five million acres of land owned by large 
syndicates, in quantities of from fifty thousand up to 
four million five hundred thousand acres, four fifths of 
the whole was owned by aliens. Legislation was also 
introduced for the cession and acquisition, by govern- 

* James Brj'ce, M. P., author of the American Com^nonwealth. 

t When Napoleon sold the entire territory of old Louisiana to the United States 
in 1803, after Spain had given it back to France, he was filled with the spirit of 
commercia' prophecy, when in reply-to his Minister Rlarbois, who had informed 
him of the completion of the treaty he said, " I have given England her rival." 



1887. Reclamation of Allotted Lands. 545 

ment purchase, of a vast area of Indian lands, in pur- 
suance of a policy of " allotment in severalty " to the 
adult members of various bands in the north and 
v/estern States. This resulted in the direct restoration 
of nearly twenty million acres of territory — involving 
a money obligation of five million three hundred thou- 
sand dollars, which was funded for the benefit of the 
participating bands, besides claims to other large areas 
as yet undefined. It was found that it was becoming 
no longer possible for the Indians " to subsist by the 
chase and the spontaneous productions of the earth."* 
The Indian frontier had ceased to exist. Sympathizing 
with the efiforts of the Republic of Liberia to maintain 
its integrity, a smiall vessel was donated by the United 
States Government to protect its coastwise revenues, 
but the unauthorized action of the consul in the Samoa 
Islands who, during the civil disturbances there, under- 
took to grant the protection of the Government to King 
Malietoa, was promptly disavow^ed, and the over zeal- 
ous official recalled. 

The commission appointed by the Government to 
meet the representatives of Great Britain and Canada 
at Washington, for the purpose of settling the Canadian 
fisheries dispute, succeeded in perfecting a new treaty, 
by which it was confidently expected the long moot 
question would be disposed of for perpetuity. 

While the trade of the country for the fiscal year 
1886-7 showed a decrease in the export of bread stuffs 
alone, owing to the diminishing demand of foreign 
consumers — through depression in European trade 
— of thirty-five million dollars, the surplus in the 
treasury was over thirty million dollars in excess of 

* The total number of Indians remaining under the supervision of the agents 
amounted to 173,600. 

56 



54^ Young Folks History of America. 1887. 

that of the year previous, and forty-four million five 
hundred and fifty-one thousand and forty-three dollars 
w^as applied to the reduction of the public debt. 

Though incorporated companies had existed in the 
United States, and the business principle involved in 
the syndicate system had been in operation, for many 
years prior to 1830, it w^as with the introduction of the 
raiWay and the telegraph that chartered associations 
of money and brains became a prominent factor in 
trade development. Year by year the facilities for in- 
corporation increased. The old statutes, restricting the 
privileges sought to the one soliciting company alone, 
were gradually so amended in scope, until the time 
was reached when an unlimited numbei of "groups of 
persons" could incorporate themselves for almost any 
purpose, under the general provisions of the one act. 
While to the greater license so conferred is doubtless 
attributable the" marvelous development of the re- 
sources of the country and the vast expansion of trade, 
there is also little question that to the same reckless 
liberty of legislation and defective framing of law may 
be traced the sinister influences of doubtful trusts. 

*' The rise of a corporation, built upon the ruins of 
countless individual concerns, and showing that it can 
reduce railway corporations to an obedience which 
they refuse to the State, is," says a recent writer on 
constitutional history,'^ "too suggestive of an imferiujii 
in iinperio to be pleasant to a Democracy." "In 1887, 
the States to which the whole subject legitimately be- 
longs, confessed their inability to deal with it," and 
left Congress to pass the Inter-State Commerce Act. 

*Johnston. "A corporation which holds $400,000,000 of property, owns more 
than one State legislature, and has a heavy lien on several others, is not an easy 
creature to control or limit." 



1887. United States Supreme Court. 547 

The feeling with which corporate aggrandizement 
thus obtained is viewed sometimes by the individual, 
who conceives a " disrespect for property rights thus 
acquired," has of recent times been demonstrated in the 
attitude of the ordinary law-abiding citizen in witness- 
ing, "with hardly concealed satisfaction, the destruc- 
tion of such property thus obtained." 

It having been adjudged, by a decision of the Supreme 
Court, that the laws of the several States were inoper- 
ative to regulate rates of transportation on railroads, 
when such interfered with the rate from one State into 
another, a measure was passed during the Forty-ninth 
Congress to regulate interstate commerce. By this 
means it was hoped to equalize rates as regarded "long 
and short hauls," and to place a check upon other dis- 
criminating abuses. "The more the constitutional his- 
tory of the United States is examined, the stronger 
will be the conviction that the Supreme Court has been 
indispensable to the success of the federal system of the 
Government."* During the same Congress a bill was 
passed by the Senate, without division, enlarging the 
scope of the original pension bill, and providing for 
the relief of dependent parents, and honorably dis- 
charged soldiers now disabled, yet dependent upon 
their own labor for support, but was vetoed by the 
President; the bill, however, for the investigation of 
the various Pacific railroads — which had received aid 
from the Government — with a view of determining 
whether any of the funds or lands loaned, or money 

* In the case of an appeal taken to the Supreme Court ot the United States, and 
that court decides that the State law is void, that law is not only to all intents and 
purposes practically repealed, but declared never to have existed. In the same 
way that in the case of Congress enacting any law in conflict with the Constitution, 
the Supreme Court can declare such act void- 



548 Young Folks' History of America. 1888. 

earned had been diverted from their lawful use — 
received the presidential approval. 

The great snow storms which visited the Atlantic 
coast early in 1888, were repeated with still greater 
severity in the month of March. In the city of New 
York, a gale prevailed for forty-eight hours, railroad 
communication was cut off, telegraph service inter- 
rupted, and owing to the depth of the snowdrifts, busi- 
ness was wholly suspended for two days, and it was a 
a week before the normal condition of things was re-es- 
tablished. The price of provisions rose. Thousands of 
citizens were detained in their homes, or imprisoned on 
the railway trains and street cars; for forty-eight hours 
the suspension of mail transport was absolute. The 
climatic condition was such that many persons, both in 
city and suburbs, perished through exposure, the cold 
being sufficiently severe to form an ice bridge across the 
East river, which was utilized by hundreds of pedes- 
trians. The harbor was blocked and many shipwrecks 
were recorded. The year was marked by violent expres- 
sions of natures fractious mood. In January two hun- 
dred lives were lost in the smiting blizzards which 
traversed the Dakota's, Minnesota, and Iowa. In 
March the dome of the Capitol at Washington was 
struck by lightning. Later in the year rain and wind- 
storms of unprecedented severity visited the New Eng- 
land coast; cloud bursts and devastating floods occurred 
in Kansas; hail storms swept portions of Missouri; a 
terrific tempest deluged Wheeling, Virginia, resulting 
in serious loss of life; tornadoes and forest fires alarmed 
the people of Northern Michigan; in South Carolina 
the Congara River flooded its banks, with an accom- 
panying destruction of one million dollars worth of corn 



i888. Climatic and Social Disturbances. 549 

and cotton. Severe frosts wrought havoc in the Middle 
States, and in the fall of the year terrible storms again 
swept the Atlantic coast line. Labor agitations be- 
came the echo of weather disturhances. Strikes, 
among railway employes, miners, and iron workers, 
and in the other ranks of skilled and unskilled artisan 
labor, extended from New York to the Missouri, and 
from Philadelphia to St. Paul. Riots succeeded strikes 
and lockouts, followed by conflicts with the police, 
finally necessitating the calling out of the militia. 
After "Union Laborers," "United Laborers," "Equal 
Rights" advocates, "Industrial Reformers," and agi- 
tators for the extension of the "People's Rights," had 
arraigned the Constitution, the Government, the two 
dominant political parties and all the syndicates repre- 
senting capital and monopoly, the American Federa- 
tion of Labor unanimously decided upon May ist, 1890, 
as the day for inaugurating the long delayed working- 
mans war for an eight-hour day. Meanwhile dozens 
of collieries lay idle, as many factories w^ere smokeless 
and deserted, some of the greatest railway systems 
were temporarily tied up, the roar of the rolling mills 
had ceased, and in place of the white flag of uninter- 
rupted trade, bloodshed offered itself as a red book- 
mark for the stained annals of the times. 

Chief among the principles advocated by the Labor 
Party* was (i) taxation of land values, (2) the Aus- 
tralian ballot, (3) postal savings banks, (4) surplus to 
pay National debt, (5) arbitration in labor disputes, 
(6) service pensions, (7) Income tax, (8) woman suf- 
frage, (9) abolition of National banks, (10) Govern- 
ment telegraphs and railways, and (11) shorter hours 

* Malcolm Townsend. 



550 Young Folks History of America. 1888. 

of labor. They strenuously opposed ( i ) land monopo- 
ly, (2) importation of contract labor, (3) Chinese 
immigration, (4) taxes on industry and its products, 
and (5) minor factory labor. The four years since 
1887 had sped rapidly by, and the time was again at 
hand for the holding the national convention for the 
selection of the presidential candidates. At the Re- 
publican convention held at Chicago in June, the 
choice, after a protracted contest, fell upon ex-Senator 
General Benjamin Harrison, w^ith Mr. Levi P. Morton, 
of Nev^ York, for Vice-President. At a meeting of 
the Democratic national committee at Washington in 
February, President Cleveland's renomination was 
carried unanimously, and ex-Senator Allen G. Thur- 
man, of Ohio, was nominated for the Vice-Presidency. 
The Canadian Fishery Treaty, which had been com- 
pleted by the joint commissioners representing Great 
Britain and the United States, was rejected by the 
Senate by a strict party vote, the result of which was 
the sending by the President of a combative message 
to Congress, insisting that retaliatory measures were 
the only ones now to be adopted, and asking for 
power to carry them into effect. The request was 
regarded, by the Republican representatives, as a bid 
for support in the pending election and no action was 
taken. At the election which took place in Novem- 
ber following, the Democratic party carried, as usual, 
all the Southern States, besides New Jersey and Con- 
necticut, but while the State ticket was elected in 
New York, the National ticket gave a majority to the 
Republicans, who carried every Northern State, with 
the exceptions named, and Benjamin Harrison, greatly 
to the discomfiture of the Democrats, received two 



i888. British Minister Is Handed His Passports. 551 

hundred and thirty-three votes out of the four hundred 
and one electoral votes cast"^" for the tw^o principle 
candidates. A period of political counter mourning 
and rejoicing now ensued among active partisans. 

The chief controversy of the electoral campaign was 
that of protection versus free trade, and the tariff 
question became the absorbing topic of discussion dur- 
ing the canvass, and the issue, over which was destined 
to be determined, not only the present, but the future, 
presidential contestations. 

An incident of the camipaign, and historic in its 
way, was the lack of political diplomacy exercised by 
the British Minister at Washington, Lord Sack villa 
West. A correspondent, a naturalized citizen of Eng- 
lish birth, sought his advice as to w^iich political party 
it was his duty to support. The minister, unsuspicious 
of the trap prepared for him, responded. His recall 
was at once requested, upon the grounds of interfer- 
ence in the politics of the country. The request not 
being complied with promptly, the department of 
State handed Lord West his passports, and Sir Julian 
Pauncefoot was later on appointed his successor. 

While both of the two great parties were naturally 
pledged to reform and the redressing of all glaring 
evils, and were united in their protestations to reduce 
the treasury surplus, the methods suggested for effect- 
ing this manifestly righteous economic condition were 
widely dissimilar. While the Democrats, on the one 
hand, reaffirmed their platform of 1884, urging the 
reduction of the customs revenues and the application 
of the "Mills Bill," the Republicans, equally mindful 

* Of the whole of the " popular vote " cast, Harrison received 41.12 per cent., 
and Cleveland 49.06 per cent. 



552 Young Folks History of A nierica. 1 888. 

of the financial requirements of the land, advocated 
the reduction of the internal revenue taxes, the reten- 
tion of the protective tariff, the principle of bimetal- 
lism, and opposed free ^NOo\ and free ships, and de- 
nounced the "Mills Bill." 

The creation of fixed political platforms and perma- 
nent party lines, is but the adoption, by the masses, of 
originally divergent individual opinion, which, through 
partisan exigency or fixity of purpose, after being once 
promulgated, is more or less perpetuated through 
political compulsion. This being a natural condition 
of things inseparable from national development, all 
projectors of any defined policies, not obviously mis- 
chievous, should receive equal credit for being ani- 
mated by similar motives of honesty and loyalty. 

Public opinion, outside, perhaps, of its verdict upon 
abstruse questions of economic importance, is, generally 
speaking, as just an arbiter as it is a censor, and pre- 
sumably adjudicates upon all issues submitted to it as 
the ultimate referendum in a manner, which, if not 
analytically critical, is at least satisfactory to itself, 
and, as it certifies to the dominant wish of the people 
for the time being, should be accepted without pro- 
test. 

But, notwithstanding the heat and turmoil conse- 
quent upon political controversy and social disturb- 
ance, the ship of state sailed majestically on, the 
vanishing ripple of discord which, here and there 
flecked with foam the broad sea of its endeavor, only 
serving, by contrast, to bring into bolder relief the 
true tranquility of its progress, evidenced in the gleam- 
ing wake of its daily achievements, and in the inviting 
ocean of illimitable possibilities which lay before it, 



i888. The Natio7is Trhimphant Progress. 553 

the final exploitation of which no political interrup- 
tion, however ominous, could permanently prevent. 

If the nation fought bitterly over its political issues 
at the polls, and capital and labor were in a temporary 
state of rampant conflict, though deplorable while in- 
evitable, these occurrences served to emphasize the in- 
domitable nature of the American nation, and to trans- 
late to the outside world the secret of the masterful 
expansion and development of the country. Its as- 
tounding growth in trade and commerce, science and 
art, education and culture, called for some such unus- 
ual explanation. 

In 1888, in response to the eloquent, if silent, de- 
mands of mother earth, and in recognition of the 
fruitful labors of the husbandman, departmental honors 
w^ere conferred upon the Bureau of Agriculture, with a 
cabinet minister in charge. 

'•Take the w^orld over," says Landon, "the man 
w^ho owns the land that gives him support acquires 
a sense of personal independence and dignity that rises 
to an exalted height." The dignity of their calling, 
and the trade influence of their labors, at last compelled 
a higher official recognition of the millions of the till- 
ers of the soil. 

The rejection by the department of the dispatch- 
boat " Dolphin," completed in 1885, wdiich, though 
accepted by the Naval Advisory Board, was found to 
fall far short of the stipulated requirements, led to the 
suggested reorganization of the department of the navy, 
the Secretary advocating the division of the naval ad- 
ministration into three distinct branches, one to 
have control oi the per son jzel of the navy and the fleet, 
another to have control of construction and materials, 



554 Young Folks History of America. 1889. 

and another to have charge of the finance, contracts, 
purchases and accounts. 

The United States Navy, w^hich, prior to 1881, had 
fallen into " an unpardonable condition of decay," 
was nov\^, notably through the intelligent policy of re- 
form instituted by Secretary Chandler and perma- 
nently established by Secretary Whitney, assuming 
the proportions and character commensurate w^ith the 
rank of the United States among the nations, and nec- 
essary for the maintenance of her dignity, the preser- 
vation of peace, and the recovery of her status as a 
maritime nation. Betw^een March, 1883, and March, 
1889, thirty-five new vessels, armored and unarmored, 
had been added to the fieet, embracing some of the 
finest specimens of naval architecture afloat. Those 
of a still later date not only competing with, but, point 
for point, surpassing, the war ships of the same class of 
any other nation. The necessary forgings for heavy 
armament and certain component parts, indispensable 
to the construction of the most improved type of mod- 
ern war ships, and for which the United States had 
hitherto been dependent upon foreign aid, could now be 
supplied by the dockyards and arsenals of America. 

At the second session of the Fiftieth Congress ac- 
tion was taken for the admission of four new States 
into the Union, some of which had been wearily 
knocking for entrance for seven years, and on Novem- 
ber 3d, 1889, North Dakota and South Dakota were 
admitted, on the 8th, Montana, and on the nth, Wash- 
ington. Four additional stars were added to the 
national flag, and the full complement of the represent- 
ative constellation now numbered forty-four. In the 
matter of the exercise of the veto power the retiring 



1889. Centennial of Inauguration of Washington^ 555 

President had far exceeded the united efforts of all of 
his predecessors, since the days of Washington. Up 
to the time of President Cleveland's accession, only 
eighty-one acts had been refused presidential concur- 
rence; during his term of office, however, he returned 
the large number of tv^ro hundred and seventy-eight 
bills without approval.* 

Notwithstanding the fact that during the fiscal year 
ended June 30th, 1889, the receipts of the Government 
were only eight million dollars in excess of those of the 
previous year, while the increase in expenditure reached 
thirty-one million dollars, there was still a surplus of 
receipts amounting to one hundred and five million 
fifty-three thousand four hundred and forty-three 
dollars, independent of nearly twenty million dollars 
cash in the treasury which was available for the 
redemption and purchase of the debt. 

On the 29th of April the centennial of the inaugu- 
ration of George Washington was celebrated with 
befitting ceremonies in New York city; it was the last 
of a brilliant series of American centennial celebra- 
tions that began in 1875, with that of the battle of Lex- 
ington. The crowning event of all was witnessed by 
more than a million visitors. It took three days to 
exhaust the programme, and the participants and spec- 
tators were left bewildered and amazed at the magnifi- 
cence of the display. On the first day a review of his- 
toric and modern ships of war was held in the harbor, 
and on the second day occurred the greatest military pa- 
rade that had ever taken place in the city. It exceeded 
in numbers the army first called out by Abraham 

* During the Fiftieth Congress 12,664 bills were introduced in the House, and 
4,000 in the Senate — of all of these, 1,791 became law, of these latter, 1,241 were 
private measures. 



55^ Young Folks History of America. 1889. 

Lincoln, to suppress the rebellion. An open air con- 
cert was given in Madison Square, and two thousand 
trained voices sang the National Hymn, and a ban- 
quet was held in the Metropolitan Opera House, at 
which eight hundred of the most prominent men in 
the country participated, and five thousand other per- 
sons were present. 

In Washington, on March 4th, 1889, Mr. Benjamin 
Harrison took the oath as President of the United 
States, the occasion being accompanied by the usual 
ceremonies. Benjamin Harrison, the twenty-third 
President of the United vStates, was born in North 
Bend, Ohio, August 20th, 1833. He is the son of John 
Scott Harrison, who was the son of William Henry 
Harrison (ninth President of the United States), who 
was the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, whose ancestors in Eng- 
land fought against the Royalists under Cromwell. 
When sixteen he was sent to school at an institute in 
Cincinnati. "Here his literary tastes were fostered," 
and "political science became his chief delight." After 
graduating at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, he 
entered the law office of Storer and Gwynne in Cin- 
cinnati, and upon the conclusion of his studies, and 
after his marriage, removed to Indianapolis, Indiana, 
where for a time he was crier of the federal court. In 
i860 he was elected Reportei of the Supreme Court on 
the Republican ticket. A year later he undertook to 
recruit a regiment for active service — the Seventieth 
Indiana — and was commissioned colonel without solici- 
tation. A brigade was formed of the west wing of 
which he was given command, and for his bravery in 
the Atlanta campaign Colonel Harrison was promoted 



1889. President Benjamin Harrison. 557 

to the rank of General at the special recommendation 
of General Hooker.* Upon the close of the war he 
entered as partner the law firm of Porter, Harrison 
and Fishback, and by appointment of President Grant 
conducted the General Hovey defence case, in which he 
proved the Sons of Liberty guilty of conspiracy. In 
1880 he was elected United States Senator from 
Indiana, and during his six years of office advocated 
Civil Service reform and opposed the Greenback 
theory, and strongly favored legislative discrimination 
in favor of home industries, and "believed in placing 
upon the sea enough American ships v^ith improved 
ordnance to enforce the rights of cur people against any 
foreign aggressor." 

In his inaugural address he "upheld the principals 
of protection for native industries, and the reform of 
the Civil Service, approved of the augmentations of 
the navy, and suggested the restriction of immigration, 
steamship subsidies, and a reform of the electoral laws." 

The following cabinet appointments were immedi- 
ately confirmed: Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, 
of Maine; Secretary of the Treasury, William Windom, 
of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor, of 
Vermont; Postmaster-General, John Wanamaker, of 
Pennsylvania; Attorney-General, W^illiam H. H. Mil- 
ler, of Indiana; Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin F. 
Tracy, of New York; Secretary of the Interior, John 
W. Noble, of Missouri; Secretary of Agriculture, Jere- 
miah M. Rusk, of Wisconsin. Mr. Blaine, who had been 
Secretary of State under President Garfield, had also 
been twice nominated for the Presidency, first in 1884, 
and again in 1888, though against his expressed wishes. 

*General Wallace's Regimental Letters. 



558 Young Folks History of America. 1890. 

Among other fields of progress, and great construct- 
ive undertakings in which this country surpasses its 
commercial competitors, the extent of railway con- 
struction in the United States stands without paralle"* in 
the history of the nations of the world. While the nearly 
three million eight hundred thousand square miles of 
territory in Europe showed one hundred and thirty-six 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles of road com- 
pleted in 1890, the United States, with only two mil- 
lion nine hundred and seventy thousand square miles 
of area, actually possessed one hundred and sixty-three 
thousand five hundred and ninety-seven miles of operat- 
ing roads. While Europe offered but three and eighty- 
four hundredths of a mile to every ten thousand of her 
people, our country presented twenty two miles and 
thirty hundredths. Of the total railways of the world 
the United States possessed nearly one half. This 
mighty Republic, whose leagues of fertility and oppor- 
tunity were washed by the sounding tides of two 
vast oceans, off'ered an object lesson to the hesitating 
nations who critically scanned its amazing development. 

On the last day of May the memorial erected in 
honor of the late President Garfield, was dedicated at 
Lakeview Cemetery, Cleveland. 

On the 30th of August Oklahoma's first legislature 
met for the dispatch of business. The tariff' measure, 
ordinarily known as the McKinley Bill, which had for 
its purpose the equalizing of duties upon imports, and 
the reduction of the revenues of the Government, was 
introduced during the Fifty-first Congress. It was of 
course a drastic reform, and was stoutly opposed by 
the author of the "Mills Bill" and other Democrat^5. 

The silver question, its demonetization and its coin- 



1890. Center of Population. 559 

age, again became a vital theme for legislative contro- 
versy. 

One of the results of the census of 1890 and now 
made public, was that the center of population was 
found to be still drifting west. In establishing this 
focal point, the geographers had to seek the "center of 
gravity" of the population, each individual for this 
purpose " being assumed to have the same weight." 
This center was found close to Greensburg in south- 
ern Indiana. It had moved forty-eight miles west in 
ten years. With the increase of population came a 
corresponding increase in the spread of religion. 
Church edifices vied with "the little red school 
house."* Nearly two hundred thousand churches and 
meeting houses for religious purposes were scattered 
through the land. The bell of religious liberty echoed 
from Florida to Alaska. " Religious liberty and tol- 
eration," writes Landon, " has a marked influence on 
civil liberty. Religious liberty in the United States 
could not long thrive without civil liberty. Each is 
inseparable from the other. Without religious liberty 
civil liberty does not exist, and without civil liberty, 
religious liberty has no protection." 

An act was passed during the first session of the 
Fifty-first Congress, amending the Bland Act of 1878, 
and making the monthly purchase of four million 
five hundred thousand ounces of silver bullion, and 
the coining of two million ounces of the same, obliga- 
tory on the part of the Treasury. The Anti-Trust law 
also received presidential approval. It was passed 
for the ostensible purpose of protecting trade and 

*In 1890 there were 216,230 schoolhouses in the states and territories, with an 
enrollment of 12,291,259 pupils. 



560 Young Folks History of America. 1890. 

commerce against monopolies, and made every combi- 
nation, in the form of a contractor a trust, a conspiracy, 
and restraint of trade, either foreign or domestic, was un- 
lawful. Provision was made for the admission of Idaho 
and Wyoming, and for the creation of the Territory 
of Oklahoma, and the surrender of the Cherokee strip. 

At the Pan American Conference, which was held 
in Washington during the winter of 1889-90, at which 
representatives from sixteen Central and South Amer- 
ican nations were present, besides ten delegates repre- 
senting various branches of industry in the United 
States, twenty-five topics of international interest 
were disposed of by resolution. As the total com- 
merce of the nations represented was estimated at nine 
hundred and fifty-seven million dollars, the import- 
ance of concerted action, looking to the extension of 
reciprocal trade, can be appreciated. Among other 
things a policy of arbitration was also adopted. Chili 
alone declining to concur. 

The total population of the United States on June 
ist, 1890, exclusive of white persons in Indian Terri- 
tory, Indians on reservations, and of Alaska, was 
shown by the eleventh Census to be sixty-two million 
six hundred and twenty-two thousand two hundred 
and fifty, giving an increase of twelve million four 
hundred and sixty-six thousand four hundred and 
sixty-seven in the past decade, being a percentage of 
increase of twenty-four and eighty-six hundredths as 
against thirty, and eight hundredths between 1870 and 
1880, though the absolute increase had only been 
eleven million five hundred and ninety-seven thou- 
sand four hundred and twelve. The population of 
Alaska was given as twenty one thousand, nine hun- 



1890. Wealth, Debt and Population. 561 

dred and twenty-nine. "^ As an indication of the 
wealth of the country, the public debt, which, in 1870, 
was sixty dollars and forty-six cents per capita, and 
in 1880, thirty-eight dollars and twenty-seven cents, 
had, in 1890, been reduced to fourteen dollars and 
eighty-one cents per capita. The principal of this 
public debt (less six hundred and sixty-one million 
three hundred and fifty-five thousand eight hundred 
and thirty- four dollars cash in the Treasury) amounted 
to nine hundred and tw^enty-four million four hun- 
dred and sixty-five thousand two hundred and eigh- 
teen dollars. f A decrease of nearly nine hundred and 
ninety-five million dollars. 

The facts which this most elaborate census revealed, 
read almost like a dream. The social, the trade and 
the economic status of the United States were dis- 
sected and exposed for the contemplation and won- 
derment of the w^orld. The achievements in every 
branch of industry and art astounded, not only the 
analytical experts, but even the members of the great 
army of trade, who were not prepared for such a rec- 
ord of commercial aad inventive progress. 

The total wealth of the country, which in i860 
w^as sixteen billion one hundred and fifty-nine million 
six hundred and sixteen thousand dollars, amounted, 
in 1890, to sixty-two billion six hundred and ten million 
dollars, an increase of two hundred and eighty-seven 

*0f this number, 13,735 were natives and 2,128 Chinamen. 

tin 1867 the PubHc Debt, less §169,974,892 cash in Treasury, was $2,508,151,211. 

In 1870 the Public Debt, less §149,502,471 cash in Treasury, was $2,331,169,956. 

In 1880 the Public Debt, less $201,088,622 cash in Treasury, was =1,919,326,747. 
The wealth of the United States in 1888, according to Mulhall, was approxi- 
mately $61,600,000,000 or about $1,050 per each inhabitant. Though the wealthiest 
nation in the world, Australia, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France and Holland, 
all exceed the U. S. as regards wealth per inhabitant, the ratio for these being 
respectively §1,850 ; $1,235; $1,150; $1,120, and §1,080. 

36 



562 Young Folks History of America. 1890. 

per cent. The railway mileage increased four hun- 
dred and forty-eight per cent, in the same period. 
For the ten years ending June, 1S90, the increase of 
capital employed in seventy-five of the leading cities 
of the union amounted to one billion five hundred and 
tw^enty-two million seven hundred and forty-five 
thousand dollars ; in the value of the product, two 
billion twenty-four million two hundred and thirty- 
six thousand dollars ; in wages earned, six hundred 
and seventy-seven million nine hundred and forty- 
three thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine dollars, 
and in the number of wage earners employed, eight 
hundred and fifty-six thousand and twenty-nine. An in- 
crease in earnings per capita of five hundred and forty- 
seven dollars against three hundred and eighty-six dol- 
lars, or forty-one and seventy-one hundredths per cent. 
Over six hundred thousand new farms were added in 
the decade, the total amounting, at the present time, to 
four million five hundred and fifty-five thousand seven 
hundred and thirty-four. 

The import trade alone for the fiscal year was 
higher than ever before, and the exports, though enor- 
mously in excess of the preceding year, were only 
exceeded by those of 188 1."^ The total trade of the 
country, however, was the highest hitherto recorde-d. 
The agriculturalists still demonstrated that they were 
the commercial backbone of the republic. The vege- 
table and animal products of the farm, plantation and 
ranche, contributing about seventy per cent, of the entire 
amount and one hundred million dollars of the excess. 
By the co-operation of capital and skilled labor, and 

*The volume of trade for 1889-90 was: Imports, $789,222,228, and exports 
$857,824,834, making a total of $1,647,047,062, or about $159,600,000 more than 
the previous year. The chief exports were; raw cotton, about $251,000,000; bread- 
stuffs and provisions, $291,190,223; animals, $33,638,128. 



1890. Trade and Commerce. 563 

the enterprise of the American trader, the domestic 
manufactures of the United States had achieved so 
wide and just a reputation for their distinctive w^orth, 
that milHons of dollars w^orth of manufactured goods, 
machinery, notions and works of economic art, were 
now placed on the demanding markets of even the 
outer world. Trade followed the flag. The cup of 
America's commercial ambition was full. An honest 
pride in this remarkable march of material progress 
now stirred the hearts of the nation. 

It needed, however, the tangible and overwhelming 
display subsequently presented by the World's Colum- 
bian Exhibition, to verify the typographical state- 
ments of the census bureau, bristling with such 
seeming impossibilities. The four hundredth anniver- 
sary of the landing of Columbus would occur on 
October 12th, 1892. An ingenious mind had suggested 
that it should be celebrated by a universal exhibition 
in the United States. The matter was submitted to 
Congress and in April, 1890, an act was passed to pro- 
vide for the celebrating of the discovery of America 
by Christopher Columbus, by holding an international 
exhibition of arts, industries and manufactures, and 
the products of the soil, mine, and sea, and as Chi- 
cago's claims were conceded to be superior, the 
*' Windy City" was selected for the purpose. 

A World's Columbian Commission was constituted 
under the presidency of Thomas W. Palmer, of Mich- 
igan, with George R. Davis, of Illinois, as director- 
general. A Chicago local board, and a board of lady 
managers under the direction of Mrs. Potter Palmer, 
was also appointed. On December 24th, President 
Harrison issued a proclamation inviting all the nations 



564 Young Folks History of America. 1891. 

of the earth to participate. The site selected was 
Jackson Park, and as it was distinctly understood from 
the outset that it was the intention to eclipse, in the 
matter of magnitude and magnificence, all previous 
world's expositions, the plans for its construction were 
devised upon a gigantic scale, and with almost com- 
plete disregard for cost, and special commissioners 
were appointed to make a round of the European cap- 
itals and American republics, to disseminate the nee 
essary information. 

Treaties of extradition with several foreign nations 
and for other purposes were completed or revised dur- 
ing 1891, and the relations of the United States with 
the rest of the world remained peaceful and un- 
interrupted. The first reciprocity treaty under the 
provisions of the new tariff act was signed with 
Brazil. Others followed. The much discussed Direct 
Tax Bill, became at last law. It repealed the tax 
levied by Congress in 1861, and authorized the refund- 
ing of all money paid into the Treasury, in the interim, 
by the various states and territories, a sum amounting 
in all to over fifteen million dollars. In 189 1 Congress 
enacted a measure — influenced by the result of the 
census — increasing the number of members in the 
House of Representatives."^ An act more rigorously 
regulating the exclusion clause of the immigration 
laws was also passed, but the right of asylum to polit- 
ical refugees was still extended. 

The really monotonous peace of the country at this 
time was disturbed by an outbreak among the Sioux 
Indians at the Pine Ridge agency, in Nebraska, and a 

* By the former apportionment the number was fixed at 325. By the admission 
of new States seven members were added; the present bill authorized an increase 
of 356. 



1891. Oklahoma Thrown Open. 565 

battle was fought, by the troops under General Miles, 
ten miles from Gordon; but at a conference subse- 
quently held, the troubles were adjusted. United 
States troops were also called out to suppress a revolu- 
tion among the Mexican guerrillas of Garza's band. 
The latter made a stand at Remal Springs, in Texas, 
and were defeated. Strikes of railroad men and 
miners were instituted in various sections of the 
country. The eight hour movement was hotly agi- 
tated, and large bodies of union workmen were dis- 
charged. While labor disturbances threatened to 
seriously disrupt the progress of trade and create much 
suffering among the innocent, the Hebrew immigrants 
in this country were rejoicing over the munificent 
gift of two million five hundred thousand dollars, do. 
nated for their relief by Baron Hirsch, the Jewish 
philanthropist. 

The Indian lands at Oklahoma, which had been 
thrown open for settlement in September, attracted 
innumerable home-seekers. The incidents of their pro- 
tracted waiting at the very threshold of the new 
western Canaan-, forms material for a sensational 
story. A vast assemblage of land-grabbers and others, 
equipped with every conceivable method for locomo- 
tion, was camped on the boundary for days, and when 
the booming of the guns announced the opening of the 
promised land, fifteen thousand persons started on a 
wild obstacle race for five thousand allotments. An 
enormous area w^as also thrown open for settlement 
on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota. 

The temporary solution of the vexed question of 
"free-coinage" and acceptance of silver certificates was 
also effected. A bill was approved making the ' ' dollar" 



566 Young Folks History of America. 1891. 

the unit of value in the United States, to be coined 
of four hundred and twelve and one-half grains of 
standard silver, or twenty-five and eight-tenths grains 
of standard gold; either coin to be a legal tender for 
all debts. In 1889 the production of gold in the Uni- 
ted States was valued at thirty-two million eight 
hundred and eighty-six thousand seven hundred and 
forty-four dollars, showing a gradual decrease from 
former years; the value of the silver product, on the 
other hand, had steadily increased from thirty -nine 
million two hundred thousand dollars in 1880 to sixty- 
six million three hundred and ninety-six thousand nine 
hundred and eighty-eight dollars in 1889. 

The imprisonment in New York of John Most, the 
anarchist refugee, was shortly followed by the sig- 
nificant and inspiring sight of forty thousand veterans 
of the Grand Army of the Republic, parading the 
streets of Detroit, at their twenty- fifth annual reunion. 
In the summer of 189 1 the "whaleback," C. W. Whet- 
more, the first of a new type of lake freight carriers, 
reached Liverpool with a cargo of grain, preparatory 
to undertaking the more adventurous voyage around 
Cape Horn to Seattle. The introduction of this class 
of ship was expected to revolutionize the established 
system of marine transport. 

Of the several international emeutes that occurred 
during the year, and that tested diplomatic finesse and 
the patient fixity of purpose of the nation, was the un- 
provoked assault, by a Valparaiso mob two thousand 
strong, upon a party of petty oflficers and sailors of the 
United States man-of-war Baltimore, in October, and 
which at one time seemed likely to terminate in war. 
Of the one hundred and seventeen men attacked, some 



1S91. The Valparaiso and New Orleans Outrages. 567 

were killed and seventeen brutally stabbed. The out- 
rage was supposed to have been inspired by the alleged 
sympathy of Americans for Balmaceda. The reference 
to the matter in the President's message excited the re- 
sentment of Senor Manuel Matta, the then Minister 
of Foreign Affairs, who issued an insulting circular 
accusing the resident American Minister — Mr. Egan 
— and the naval officers, of making false statements 
and reflecting upon the President, and the demanding 
of the Minister's recall. When three months had been 
wasted in an empty investigation by the Chilean 
authorities, Mr. Blaine served an ultimatum on the 
Chilean Government. It contained three specific de- 
mands. In brief they were as follows: (i) An 
apology for the murderous assault. (2) A satisfac- 
tory indemnity for the injured and the families of the 
killed. (3) The absolute withdrawal of the insulting 
circular. Four days after its receipt the terms of the 
ultimatum were complied with. The sum of seventy- 
five thousand dollars was paid as indemnity. 

Another deplorable affair was the indefensible killing 
of eleven Italians, incarcerated in the city prison at 
New Orleans, by a mob, on suspicion of the murder of 
the Chief of Police. Though outside the control of the 
United States Government, the occurrence was the 
means of temporarily interrupting the friendly relations 
existing between the two countries. Baron Fava, the 
Italian Minister, was recalled. Later the United 
States Government, from, motives of justice and comity, 
and without committing itself to the recognition of 
any claim for indemnity, restored the status quo by 
proffering twenty-five thousand dollars for the benefit 
of the families of the victims. 



568 Young Folks History of America. 1892. 

During the year 1891 the Dominion of Canada had 
undertaken to discriminate unjustly against American 
ships navigating Canadian canals. The President, 
when after the lapse of some months the injustice had 
been laid before him, issued a proclamation in June, 
suspending the right of free passage of Canadian 
vessels through the St. Mary's Falls Canal (Sault Ste. 
Marie). Kingston, Ontario, and Ogdensburgh, Nevi^ 
York, were the two points where lake grain vessels- 
transferred their cargoes, for transshipment to Montreal 
by river barges, for ocean transport. On ail grain 
hitherto bound for export, a rebate of eighteen cents 0/ 
the twenty cents per ton canal toll levied at the Web 
land Canal had been allowed. Owing to Ogdens- 
burgh's better elevator facilities and more modern 
business ways, Kingston's trade was languishing. A 
Canadian order in council was passed, that canal tolls 
would no longer be rebated on grain transshipped from 
lake vessel to river barges, unless at a Canadian port. 
Ogdensburgh's forced retirement from the grain trade 
followed. The manifest unfairness of the action of the 
Dominion Government was not, however, allov^ed to 
pass tamely without protest. The machinery of retal- 
iatory legislation was promptly set in motion, and the 
Sault Ste. Marie embargo equalized the im.position. 

During this session of Congress, in order to assist in 
defraying the cost of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, an act was passed authorizing the coining of five 
million half dollar souvenir pieces in special com- 
memoration of the event. While a number of bills 
were introduced during the first session, few of 
national importance were passed. The explanation of 
this rests in the fact that while the House of Repre- 



1892. Political Platforms, 569 

sentatives was dominantly Democratic, the Senate 
was Republican. Legislation, however, was effected 
by which American registration was granted foreign 
built vessels of a certain class engaged in United States 
commerce, and when the controlling share in which 
was held by citizens of the United States. By this 
means American shipping was greatly encouraged, 
and the nation looked forvvard to the substantial pro- 
motion of its maritime status. The stringent applica- 
tion of the Chinese exclusion law was also author- 
ized. 

In June, 1892, the views of the two great wings of 
the political factions once more found expression in 
"platform utterances." Republicanism again declared 
for bimetallism, the rigid recognition of the Monroe 
Doctrine and protection ; while Democracy especially 
expressed its belief in the parity of gold and silver 
coinage, free trade, the enforcement of the immigra- 
tion laws, the especial protection of railway employes 
and other wage workers, the restoration to the State of 
illegally retained public lands, and a cessation of a 
"foreign policy of irritation and bluster, apt to lead 
to humiliation or war." On the broad question of op- 
position to trusts, civil service reform and pensions, 
the construction of the Nicaragua Canal as a means of 
maintaining American commerce, and for purposes of 
national defence — both parties professed to agree. 

Another faction, the "People's Party of America," 
which was destined to become no small factor in the 
moulding of the nation's policy, also asserted its right 
to recognition, and upon the ii6th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence, met and adopted its 
"bill of rights" at Omaha, "invoking upon its action" 



570 Young Folks' History of America. 



i8q2. 



= — it was the first national convention- — -"the blessing 
of Almighty God." Summarized, its declaration of 
principles were (i) the permanence and perpetuity 
of the union of labor forces of the United States ; (2) 
that wealth belongs to him who creates it, that every 
dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is 
robbery; (3) that, *'in view of the fact that the time 
has come when the railroad corporations will either 
own the people, or the people must own the rail- 
roads," the control of the railways should be vested in 
the Government ; (4) free and unlimited coinage of 
silver ; and the increase of the " amount of circulation 
medium" to fifty dollars per capita; (5) an income 
tax to relieve taxation on domestic industries ; (6) 
Government postal savings banks; (7) the prohi- 
bition of alien ownership of lands ; (8) telephone 
and telegraph to be operated by the Government ; (9) 
the rigid enforcement of the eight-hour law by Gov- 
ernment ; (10) the abolition of the standing army of 
mercenaries, known as the Pinkerton system ; ( n ) the 
establishment of the " initiative" and the " referen- 
dum" in the legislative system; (12) the limiting of 
the oflnce of President of the United States to one 
term ; (13) the election of Senators by direct vote of 
the people; (14) abolition of national aid to private 
corporations. 

Though the actual celebration of the quadri-centen- 
nial of the discovery of America began in New York 
City, October 8th, by the holding of services in the 
Jewish vSynagogues, and while the city continued in a 
state of intermittent rejoicing, the great naval parade 
which took place in the harbor on the nth, and the 
military parade upon the day following, really consti- 



1892. Dedication of the '* World's Fair'' 571 

tuted the great features of the festival. On the 19th a 
reception and ball was held at the Auditorium, Chi- 
cago, to which the most distinguished men of the 
world had been invited. In the absence of President 
Harrison, Vice-President Morton occupied the post of 
honor. On the 20th an immense civic parade composed 
of seventy-five thousand persons, and which took over 
three hours to pass the saluting point, was reviewed 
by the Vice-President. On the 2 ist Columbus Day was 
celebrated throughout the entire United States, but 
che crowning event was the dedication of the World's 
Fair buildings in Jackson Park, Chicago. After an 
imposing military review in Washington Park, the 
dedicatory services were held in the huge building de- 
voted to Liberal Arts and manufactures — with its 
area of forty-four acres — in the presence of a seated 
audience of over one hundred thousand persons. The 
scene was a grandly impressive one, a feature being 
the rendering of the Columbus hymn by thousands of 
trained voices. Bishop Fowler and Cardinal Gibbons 
opened the proceedings with prayer. Fireworks and 
illuminations followed, while scores of fire balloons 
were released from the various parks in the city, dis- 
charging in mid-air parti-colored rockets. Over a 
quarter of a million persons were conveyed to Jackson 
Park by railway and street car, while additional thou- 
sands followed on foot. While the "magnitude and 
magnificence" of the as yet incomplete Columbian Ex- 
position was stirring the pride and patriotism of the 
nation, the ominous cloud of labor discontent again 
darkened the social horizon. Upon the shutting down 
of the great Carnegie steel works, three thousand idle 
men were thrown upon their own resources. Riots 



572 Young Folks History of America. 1893. 

occurred among the locked out employes at Home- 
stead, and the entire State division of the National 
Guard was called upon to preserve the peace. 

During the year other vast monuments of modern 
engineering skill vs^ere completed. The great Canti- 
lever Bridge across the Mississippi at Memphis — the 
third largest of the kind in the v^orld — v^as opened 
for travel. The huge tunnel at Niagara Falls was 
also all but finished. It was constructed to convey 
for utilization, precipitated river water, representing, 
with turbine wheels, one hundred and twenty-five 
thousand horse power. With such an enormous force 
available, the transmission of electricity for the light- 
ing of cities hundreds of miles away, was recognized 
as being easily practicable. The tribunal of arbitrators 
which had been in session in Paris from March to 
August (1893), to settle the differences betwfeen the 
United States and Great Britain, regarding certain 
exclusive pelagic rights in reference to seal fishing in 
Bering Sea, claimed by the United States, consequent 
upon the purchase of Alaska from Russia, finally sub- 
mitted its finding. This left the subject in such a po- 
sition, however, that the concurrence of Great Britain 
was declared by a majority of the arbitrators as neces- 
sary to the establishment of any protective or preserv- 
ative regulations.* 

The International Monetary Conference, which met 
in Berlin in response to invitations sent out by Presi- 
dent Harrison, resulted in nothing practical, so far as 

*The following constituted the Court of Arbitrators; — Justice John M. Harlan 
and Senator John T. Morgan, United States ; Sir James Hannen and Sir John S. D. 
Thompson, Great Britain and Canada; Baron De Courcelles, France; Marquis 
Venosta, Italy; Judge Gram, Sweden and Norway. The American Counsel con- 
sisted of E. J. Phelps, Henry W. Blodgett, James C. Carter and Fred R. Courdeit- 



1893. Insurrection in Hawaii. 573 

devising any measures to increase the use of silver in 
the currency system of the nations. Great Britain 
again declared the impossibility of its abandoning its 
present monometallic standard. In August of the fol- 
lov^ing year, a National Silver Convention, in response 
to the expanding interest in the subject, met in Chi- 
cago, at which forty-two States were represented. A 
series of elaborate resolutions were passed, all based 
upon the declaration ** that the only remedy for our 
metallic financial troubles is to open the mints of the 
nation to gold and silver on equal terms." 

Perhaps the most important political event of 1893, 
next to the change in the administration, was the at- 
tempted annexation of the island of Hawaii.* With 
a heterogeneous population, insurrections and polit- 
ical dissensions had kept the country in a constant 
state of foment and active discord. Within six years, 
five revolutions had been attempted. Annexation to 
the United States, geographically, socially and com- 
mercially, the most inviting of any great possible fos- 
ter power, seemed the only solution of the perplexities 
of the islanderSo A first attempt at annexation had 
been made in 1854, under the Pierce administration, 
at which time Great Britain virtually exercised a pro- 
tectorate over the island. As American interests were 
in jeopardy, the United States protested, Great Britain 
withdrew, and the independent establishment of the 
kingdom followed. All hopes for annexation were 
shattered by the sudden death of King Alexander, the 
night previous to the day proclaimed for the signing 
of the treaty. His several successors to the throne 

* The population of Hawaii is considerably mixed. Of the 90,000 inhabitants of 
their kingdom, 45,000 were natives, 15,000 Chinese, 20,000 Japanese, 4,000 Portu- 
gese, 2,000 American, 1,000 English and 2,000 other Europeans. 



574 Young Folks History of America. 1893. 

were bitterly opposed to the surrender of the crown, 
and the plans of the more prominent proportion of 
the island population, were checkmated. After the 
death of King Kalakaua, the third succeeding mon- 
arch, which occurred at San Francisco, in 1891, the 
Princess Liliuokalani became Queen. Her continued 
violations of the constitution, and autocratic pro- 
pensities, resulted in a rapid decline of monarchical 
prestige. An uprising of the protesting people took 
place in 1893, a mass meeting was held, a " committee 
of safety" of thirteen members was appointed, and a 
proclamation promptly issued abrogating the mon- 
archy, and establishing a provisional government. 
The American minister plenipotentiary to the Hawa- 
iian court, John L. Stevens — who, in response to a 
request from American citizens for protection, had 
instructed the landing of a force of marines from the 
United States man-of-war, ^{?5/(9;2— immediately rec- 
ognized the provisional government as "the de facto 
government of the Hawaiian Islands."* Word had 
meanwhile been sent to the representatives of lead- 
ing foreign countries, requesting similar recognition. 
Great Britain and Japan were the only powers that 
refused to comply. Queen Liliuokalani, whose un- 
qualified surrender of authority and state property had 
been demanded, "yielded under protest to the superior 
force of the United States of America, until such time 
as the Government of the United States should undo 
the action of its representative and reinstate her in 
authority." Prior to the time that an ocean mail boat 

* In a dispatch announcing the assertion of a protectorate, Minister Stevens 
wrote: "The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe and this is the golden hour for the 
United States to pluck it." 





BENJAMIN HARRISON 





GROVE;r CI.BVELAND 



i893- The United States Abandons Hawaii. 575 

was bearing the deposed Qiaeen's letter of indignant 
protest to President Harrison, a commission of Ameri- 
can and English residents was hurrying to Washing- 
ton on a specially chartered steamer, clothed with full 
authority, to conclude a treaty for immediate annexa- 
tion. On February 15th, within one week after their 
arrival, a presidential message was on its way to the 
Senate, transmitting, for ratification, a treaty of annex- 
ation already concluded between John W. Foster, Sec- 
retary of State, and the Hawaiian commissioners.* It 
provided for the establishment of the paramount au- 
thority of the United States, the assuming of the public 
debt, three million two hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars ; an annual allowance to the Queen of twenty 
thousand dollars, and a lump sum of one hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars to the Princess Kaiulani, the heir 
apparent to the throne. 

A radical diff'erence of opinion, however, existed be- 
tween the administrators of the two great political par- 
ties in America, on the vital question of foreign diplo- 
macy. Upon Mr. Cleveland's resumption of office, he 
requestea the return of the unratified treaty for exam- 
ination, dispatched Mr, Blount as special plenipoten- 
tiary to Hawaii, and in pursuance of his policy of 
nonacquisition of more territory, withdrew the Ameri- 
can protectorate. The Hawaiian ensign now flew 
over the Government buildings in place of the United 
States flag. The provisional government, however, 
still remained in power. The new commissioner pub- 
licly attributed the success of the revolution of January 

*The Hawaiian Commission consisted of Lorin A. Thurston, W. R. Castle, W. 
C. Wilder, C. L. Carter, and Joseph Marsden. Mr. Carter was subsequently killed 
during the rebellion of 1895, when the Queen was deposed and a republic proclaimed. 



5 7^ Young Folks History of A merica. 1893. 

17th to the encouragement given by ex-Minister 
Stevens, and further declared that no annexationist 
could be found, v^illing to submit the question of 
the surrender of island autonomy to popular vote. 
Upon the strength of these representations Secre- 
tary Gresham, in his report to President Cleve- 
land, recommended that the treaty should not be re- 
submitted to the Senate. ' 'A great v^rong," he insisted, 
*'done to a feeble State should be undone by restoring 
legitimate government. Can the United States con- 
sistently insist that other nations shall respect the 
independence of Hawaii, v^hile not respecting it them- 
selves? Our Government w^as *the first to recognize 
the independence of the islands, it should be the 
last to acquire sovereignty over them by force or 
fraud." 

In his message to Congress December 4th, 1893, 
President Cleveland declared that "the constitutional 
government of Hawaii had been subverted with the 
active aid of the United States representative, by the 
presence of an armed naval force and by our unjustifi- 
able interference." The conflicting statements as to 
alleged intervention of Mr. Stevens and the motive 
accredited for the landing of United States troops, 
while they excited general interest, did not disturb the 
peace of the provisional government. Mr. Blount was 
recalled, Mr. Willis was appointed Minister in place 
of Mr. Stevens, and Sanford B. Dole continued to be 
addressed as "His Excellency the President of the Pro- 
visional Government of Hawaii." 

The total forest area of the United States was placed 
by recent investigation at four hundred and eighty 
million acres; the annual consumption of the products of 



1893. Cleveland Again Elected President. 577 

our forests, which is approximated at over twenty-two 
billion cubic feet, was found to have so enormously 
taxed the forest area of the country, that legislation 
was found necessary in 1891 to partially protect the 
standing timber, and over thirteen million acres of 
forest reservations have been created since that 
time. 

Following the presidential nomination in June, at 
which Benjamin Harrison was selected to succeed him- 
self and Grover Cleveland again became the Demo- 
cratic nominee, an appeal to the people witnessed the 
renouncement of the policy declared for in 1888 and 
the recall of the Democratic party. With the return 
of the Democrats the process of the promised "reduc- 
tion in the tariff charges upon the necessaries of life" 
again predominantly absorbed public attention, and if 
incidentally, none the less seriously, by reason of a 
second reversal of existing laws within so short a time, 
disturbed the commerce of the nation, and offered 
unpalatable food for trade reflection. A state of 
feverish haste possessed the administration to correct 
the "legislative mistakes" accredited to their predeces- 
sors. A special session of the fifty-third Congress was 
called by the President in order, as he stated, "that the 
people might be relieved through legislation from 
present and impending danger and distress." 

This perilous condition was attributed to the pre- 
vailing distrust concerning the financial situation, 
which had now not only caused great pecuniary loss, 
but threatened to "stop the wheels of manufacture and 
withhold from the workingman his wage." That the 
commercial condition was one calculated to arouse 
the gravest apprehension, there can be no ques- 

37 



578 Young Folks History of America. 1893. 

tion.* In the face ofa possible change of front in the tariff 
poHcy of the country , capital had been reasonably timid, 
and a few waves, not of hope, but of distrust, created by 
no one specific act, entered mysteriously from those un- 
determined regions where trade winds and trade doubt 
are both generated, and finally possessed the land. As 
events proved, had the existing trade policy, whether 
right or wrong, been left severely alone, the country 
would doubtless have recovered its trade balance after a 
reasonable time. The commercial pulse, already too low 
to justify a resort to heroic remedies, needed good nurs- 
ing more than drastic alteratives, and so what with a 
threatened change of treatment, which suspense of 
application made still harder to endure, the trade 
invalid grew worse instead of better. 

At the special session of Congress the Sherman Act 
was repealed, and the disparity of gold and silver re-es- 
tablished, and tarifT reform, the kind called for, by "the 
voice that spoke at the polls," was promised in due course. 

During the month of April, 1893, and a few days 
preceding the opening of the World's Fair, an in- 
ternational naval display was held in New York Har- 
bor. As this formidable and imposing '-''armada''' 
passed the picturesque heights of the Navesink High- 
lands, where a lofty flag staff had been erected, the 
vessels, friend and stranger, one by one, with roar of 
pacific cannon saluted the stars and stripes. The fleet, 
which consisted of thirty-five ships of war,f was divided 

* The total trade of the country for the year ending June 30th, 1893, showed a 
decrease from that of the corresponding twelve months previous of $198,154,673. 
Imports 113,455,447. Exports $184,699,226. The export of bullion during the same 
period was $149,418,163, while the import only amounted to $44,367,633. 

t Thirteen United States ships of war, four British, three French, three Russian, 
thrfee Brazilian, two Italian, two Spanish, one Holland, one Argentine, and one 
German comprised the fleet. 



1 893- The World' s Columbian Exposition. 579 

into two squadrons, and advanced in double column 
three hundred yards apart up the Hudson. The port 
column composed of the American fleet was led by the 
"Philadelphia," Admiral Gherardis' flagship. The 
starboard column was led by the British cruiser 
*'Blake," in command of Vice Admiral Sir John 
Hopkins. The Spanish caravels, "Santa Maria," 
"Nina" and "Pinta" also participated. The subse- 
quent rendezvous of the fleet was Hampton Roads, 
where the President reviewed the joint fleet the fol- 
lowing day. 

On the first of May, 1893, the World's Columbian 
Exposition was formally opened to the public by 
President Cleveland, who, after a brief address of con- 
gratulation, touched an electric button and set in 
motion all of the vast and complex machinery through- 
out the various buildings. As the huge wheel of the 
great engine that furnished the power began its revo- 
lutions, cheer after cheer broke the morning air and 
swept over the blue bosom of Lake Michigan. The 
electric fountains forced their parti-colored streams 
skyward; the statue of the Republic, in heroic mould, 
in the unrivalled Court of Honor, slowly disclosed its 
golden majesty, in dazzling contrast to the back- 
ground of snow-white peristyle, and turquoise colored 
sky ; the boom of cannons from the lake answered the 
challenge thrown from shore, a multitude of flags and 
pennants of divers colors and of all nations answered 
the summons and obeyed the wind, while from every 
quarter of the mighty city, the echo of a tumultuous 
clamor of firearms, big guns, church bells, and the 
pervading roar of human voices, announced the open- 
ing of the greatest industrial fair the world has ever 



58o Young Folks History of A7nerica. 1893. 

known* A brief history and description of the splen- 
did grandeur of its conception and construction would 
but detract from its true magnificence. A detailed ac- 
count would be an impossibility in these pages. •[ The 
crispest of cold uncolored facts can alone be submitted 
as a text upon which the reader can build the story, 
and as the total attendance amounted to twenty-seven 
million five hundred and twenty-nine thousand four hun- 
dred, it is reasonable to suppose that a majority of the 
present generation became personally familiar with the 
gorgeous panorama presented by the great "White 
City." The total cost of the "Fair" exceeded thirty- 
one million dollars; the receipts from all sources thirty- 
three million two hundred and ninety thousand. The 
smallest attendance on any one day was ten thousand 
seven hundred and ninety-one, the largest, Chicago 
day, seven hundred and twenty-nine thousand two 
hundred and three. The total number of paid admis- 
sions was twenty -one million five hundred and thirty 
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four. The total of all 
admissions exceeded those to the last Paris exposition 
by nearly one million. There were sixty-five thousand 
four hundred and twenty-two exhibitors, over two 
hundred and fifty thousand separate exhibits were 
reported upon, and medals were awarded to twenty- 
three thousand seven hundred and fifty-seven exhib- 
itors. A smaller percentage than of those similarly 
honored at any previous international show. The 

* The area of the grounds was 633 acres, 80 ot this being devoted to the Mid- 
way Plaisance, and 77 acres occupied by the Wooded Island. The total area of 
exposition buildings under roof was over 199 acres. Of this the Manufactures build- 
ing had a floor area of 44 acres, the total length of outside walls lacking less than 
300 feet of one mile. The largest building ever erected. 

t An official history, to consist of 30 octavo volumes of about 600 pages each, is 
now in course of preparation. 



i893- America s Resources and Industrial Arts. 581 

exhibits of France and Norway were withdrawn from 
competition. 

For extent of grounds, "magnitude and general mag- 
nificence" of the buildings, federal, state and foreign, 
for landscape effect, and for industrial and economic 
display, it eclipsed all other previous efforts. The Ferris 
Wheel, and the Midway Plaisance with its ollapodrida 
of all nations were each sui generis. The gates of this 
earthly paradise were closed the last day of October. 

From start to finish it was the exemplification of the 
high achievements of United States progress, a 
tribute of the nations to the commercial status of the 
American republic, a graphic advertisement of the 
wealth of our capabilities and resources, and established 
the trade fact that in the industrial arts, notwithstand- 
ing that we were an undiscovered country four short 
hundred years ago, we could to-day safely challenge 
the competition of the world. 

In direct connection with the World's Fair was a 
World's Congress Auxilliary, under the auspices of 
which a series of congresses to discuss the living 
questions of the day in every department of enlight- 
ened life, were participated in by some of the most 
eminent men and women of modern times. 

A gloom was cast over the closing days of the ex- 
position by the death of Carter Harrison, Mayor of the 
city of Chicago, who was assassinated by a miscreant 
of the Guiteau type, who after a protracted trial ex- 
piated his wanton offence upon the scaffold. 

A wild rush was made in the fall of the year for the 
Cherokee country, where a strip of Indian territory 
had been thrown open for settlement. Over one hun- 
dred thousand people fought for sqatters' rights and 



582 Young Folks History of America. 1893. 

settlers' claims, and the incidents of the Oklahoma 
affair were repeated in a wilder and more lawless way. 
The work of relocating the boundary between Mexico 
and the United States was nearly completed in 1893, 
but the cession by the Government of Liberia to 
France of certain territory, was strenuously objected to 
by our Government, pending voluntary surrender by 
the smaller Republic without constraint. Extradition 
treaties were also concluded with France, Norway, and 
Russia, and the representative of the latter empire at 
Washington was raised to the rank of an ambassador. 
The noncompliance by the Chinese with the exclusion 
act (the Geary Bill of 1893), which provided for com- 
pulsory registration of all Chinese in the United 
States, and deportation if its enactments were evaded, 
led to an appeal in the Supreme Court. The law, how- 
ever, was sustained. Justice Gray (three justices 
dissenting) deciding that the law was constitutional, 
*' it being a fundamental principle of the law of nations 
that every independent nation had the inherent right 
to keep aliens out of its territory, when their presence 
was considered inconsistent to the public welfare." 

The year of 1S94 — just closed — the last recorded of 
our history, with its chronicles of financial panic and 
trade dilemma, was perhaps chiefly remarkable for the 
most bitter and disastrous labor revolts in the annals of 
the country. Anticipating an increasing foreign de- 
mand for American breadstuffs, the farmers had added 
enormously to the wheat area under cultivation. The 
ranchmen, relying on an expanding cattle trade, had 
replenished their stocks and herds, but the price of 
wheat in Liverpool steadily declined until it touched 
the lowest figure ever known, and American beef was 



1894. ^>^^ Financial Panic. 583 

relatively a drug on the European market. As for 
domestic consumption, it was a slowly diminishing 
quantity. Overtrading, overproduction, business ex- 
travagance, unlicensed speculation, the creation of 
trusts, and the "uncertainty as to the result of tariff 
reform," were the chief causes which led to a condi- 
tion of commercial collapse, the gravest in the annals 
of our times. Gold continued to pour out of the 
country in a steady stream. Capital concealed itself, 
and though the expenses of civil government had been 
reduced nearly sixteen million dollars, the treasury re- 
ceipts fell far short of the expenditures, leaving an 
annual deficit of over sixty nine million. Wages were 
reduced ; the wheels of industry were clogged ; inevitable 
strikes and "boycotts" followed, and labor and capital, 
with locked arms, looked sternly on. 

The first movement evolved out of this abnormal 
state of things, was the organization of the "Common- 
weal Army" by one J. S. Coxey, an Ohio horse- 
breeder. Its purpose was the march of the unemployed 
to Washington, where, through a mass representation 
of the rights of starving labor, it was believed that the 
Government might be induced to issue five hundred 
million dollars of legal tender notes to be expended at 
the rate of twenty million dollars a month in the con- 
struction of public roads. It was hoped that one hun- 
dred thousand men would fall into line. Five hundred 
only responded to the invitation. Similar armies were 
organized in other places. California, Montana, 
Illinois, Oregon and scattered points, contributed a 
varying quota, until some ten thousand marchers, 
"homeless, ragged and tanned," turned their weary 
steps towards the nation's capital. The majority of all 



584 Young Folks History of America. 1894. 

of whom, says Professor Hourwich, the sociologist, 
— who subjected a large number to examination — 
"were not tramps, but unfortunate citizens, unem- 
ployed workingmen." The progress of Coxey's army 
was slow, but orderly. The statutes governing the 
District of Columbia prohibit unauthorized proces- 
sions in the grounds of the Capitol. On the arrival of 
the Common wealers at the entrance to these grounds, 
they found their further progress barred by police. 
Coxey and two of his lieutenants hurried across the 
lawns, banners in hand, to the steps of the Capitol, to 
address the assemblage. They were arrested, tried, 
and sentenced to twenty days' imprisonment. The 
army went into camp outside the city of Washington, 
where it was joined from time to time by the rem- 
nants of other armies, and was maintained on charity 
until its disappointed recruits were sent to their homes 
or dispersed by the authorities. 

The march of these " industrials" was more than an 
incident. It was a lesson of the gravest character, 
and to those who "read between the lines," a message 
of the deepest import to the nation. The spirit that 
sustained a march across the continent— a longer 
tramp than that of Napoleon from Paris to Moscow — 
was capable of sterner things. Acts of pillage, how- 
ever, on the part of Kelly's California army, ruined 
the record, and "forcible borrowing" of railway trains 
was righteously resented by the law. 

Meanwhile, low wages resulted in strikes all over 
the land. The workers in bituminous coal were the 
first to lay down their picks. By the end of May, one 
hundred and seventy-five thousand miners had joined 
the strike. Four-fifths of the entire soft coal produc- 



1894- The Pullman Car Company '' Boycott T 585 

tion of the United States was stopped. In Pennsyl- 
vania the strikers attacked the Uniontown coke works. 
Five men were killed. In Illinois the strike developed 
into a rebellion. Indiana and Ohio caught the infec- 
tion. Large bodies of the militia were called out. In 
Ohio alone three thousand troops were under arms. 
Hundreds of arrests took place, and after a loss of 
twelve million dollars in wages, a compromise was 
effected and the men returned to work.* Thirty-five 
thousand cotton spinners in Massachusetts "went out" 
about the same time, and the trainmen on the Great 
Northern Railway struck in a body. These disturb- 
ances and others of a similar kind were but the pre- 
lude, however, to the trouble in the car works at 
Pullman, and the "sympathetic boycott" by the 
American Railway Union of the Pullman Palace Cars. 
The wages of the employes had been reduced upon an 
average about one-third. There was no correspond- 
ing reduction, however, in rents or water-rates col- 
lected monthly by the company. In some instances 
wages barely sufficed to meet the rent. Widespread 
suffering prevailed. While charged with operating at 
a profit, the company claimed it was working at 
a loss. But when requested by the Executive of the 
American Railway Union to arbitrate the differences, 
it refused to do so. Sympathizing with the Pullman 
em.ployes, who were not organized or equipped for a 
united standj the F-ailway Union, with a view of com- 
pelling the company to listen to the demands of the 
workmen, ordered a "boycott" on Pullman cars. 
This order carried with it a threat of a strike on any 
railroad not refusing to draw the obnoxious convey- 

* Twenty million dollars was the estimated loss in other departments of business. 



586 Young Folks History of America. 1894. 

ances. Against this mandate the railway companies 
protested, and united to resist the "unjustifiable and 
unwarranted proposition." On May 26th an Illinois 
Central Railway express train, hauling Pullman 
coaches, got no further than the suburbs of Chicago, 
when the trainmen deserted their posts upon invitation 
of union representatives. From that day on, the strike 
— which proved to be a '^costly blunder" — gained in 
magnitude; while only a few roads were unmolested, 
twenty-two systems centering in Chicago were tied up. 
For brief periods, and at short intervals, the "boycott" 
was raised on some of the lines; in the case of others, 
physical force was resorted to, to carry out the will of the 
strikers, who, while perhaps pacifically inclined them- 
selves, received the uninvited assistance of irresponsible 
and lawless mobs. Cars were ditched and burned by 
the hundreds, and an enormous amount of costly mer- 
chandize destroyed, other acts of vandalism were per- 
petrated, and traffic was at a standstill. Lacking 
confidence in the ability of the police, or special 
United States marshals, to control the mob law now 
rampant in South Chicago, to insure protection to 
property, and to guard the mail service, the President 
instructed the regulars, stationed at Fort Sheridan, to 
proceed to that city. Governor Altgeld, of Illinois, 
at once challenged the right of the President to send 
federal troops into his state, without the request com- 
ing through the authorized channel, viz : himself, and 
insisted that the state troops would be all-sufficient to 
cope with the disorder. To this the President replied 
he was acting in strict accordance with the Constitu- 
tion, and in response to the demand of the post office 
de3;'5irtment to remove obstructions to the transporta- 



1894. Strike of the American Railway Union. 587 

tion of the mails. A remarkable correspondence then 
aro^e between President Cleveland and Governor Alt- 
geld, the latter protesting against the action of sending 
United States troops, who were neither needed nor 
invited, as unwarranted, maintaining that "the prin- 
ciple of local self-government was just as fundamental 
in our institutions as that of federal supremacy," to 
which the President responded that "he was persuaded 
that he was neither transcending his authority nor his 
duty in the emergency." He subsequently issued a 
proclamation on the 8th of July, warning the people of 
the lawless obstructions of the mobs, which rendered 
the calling out of United States troops necessary, and 
admonishing all good citizens to retire to their respect- 
ive abodes before twelve o'clock noon of the day fol- 
lowing; those disregarding the proclamation would be 
regarded as public enemies." 

Whatever differences of opinion may have existed 
in regard to methods of procedure — in regard to the 
necessity for the immediate restoration of law and or- 
der, the nation was a unit. Advisedly or inadvisedl)^, 
more federal troops were hurried to the scene of insur- 
rection,"^ and after several serious conflicts had taken 
place between rioters and regulars, which partook, \xi 
some notable instances, of the character of pitched 
battles, and after serious loss of life— the innocent suf- 
fering with the guilty — the dignity of the law w^as sus- 
tained. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the American 

* At one time 1,936 "regulars" (of all branches of the service), 4,000 militia, 
5,250 deputy marshals and sheriffs, together with 3,000 local police, were either in 
camp or detailed for service in Chicago. Of the 656 arrests made, 575 were 
made by the police; of the 190 arrested by the U. S. marshals, indictments were 
returned against 71. The number fatally wounded was 12. According to the gov- 
ernment commission, appointed to investigate the strike, the railroads lost, by cash 
outlay and destruction of property, 5685,308. The loss of earnings was estimated 
at S4. 672,916. The loss of wages by 100,000 railway employes on the 24 roads af- 
fected was placed at $1,390,000, while the 3,000 Pullman workmen lost $350,000. 



588 Young Folks History of America. 1894. 

Railway Union, was arrested on a charge of con- 
spiracy against the United States, but was released 
on bonds. A letter addressed by him to the Board of 
Railway Managers (an organization constituted for 
their joint protection), notifying them that *^the 
strikers were ready to return to work in a body, if 
restored to their former positions without prejudice/^ 
remained unanswered.* An effort to call out the 
Knights of Labor failed, and on July loth the trains 
were once more running on schedule time and the 
strike was at an end. 

Though the law has declared with no uncertain 
sound against the principle of both "boycott" and 
"black-list," much yet remains to be accomplished, if 
the social problem of the conflicting rights of labor 
and capital is to be solved during the present century. 
The tyranny of organization is apparent, not only 
where it is brought into operation by the exercise of 
despotic authority., as made possible hy the co-opera- 
tion of capital, but in the system of defence and pro- 
tection established by co-operative labor itself. '*A 
method of treatment which inflicts a tyrannous pun- 
jshment upon men of the same class, who, for reasons 
of personal liberty and freedom of conscience, may de- 
cline to enlist as members of any description of labor 
union, leads to the inevitable conclusion that the rem 
edyis as unpalatable as the disease." Voluntary lame- 
ness is better than compulsory amputation. But this 
is merely a phase of the condition of the social prob- 
lem. A vast mass of the population, says Thompson, 

'■■• Mr. Debs and some of his immediate associates were subsequently tried for 
contempt and sentenced to six months' imprisonment, and were in jail for a few 
weeks when they were released on a habeas corpus and granted a new trial The 
decision reached at this last hearing yet remains to be made public. 



1894. Congress Resists Tariff Reform. 589 

is discontented. No way appears to be open for the 
removal of this discontent, except by the serious cur- 
tailment of the corporate system, which has been so 
powerful an agent in American expansion and wealth. 
Under these conditions, how are the English common 
law, its statutory development and jury system, to ex- 
ist? The '^ reconciliation of Democracy with the 
modern condition of production," is the problem 
which now confronts us, and is clamoring for solution 
with grave insistence. Upon its righteous explanation 
and application rests the unimpaired integrity of the 
nation^ 

The treaty b)etween the United States and Japan, al- 
ready referred to, was submitted to the Senate in Novem- 
ber; it provided for reciprocal freedom of commerce 
and navigation between the two countries, and was in 
keeping with the broad spirit of progress that charac- 
terized the national policy of commercial expansion. 
The Income Tax at the second session of the same Con- 
gress, after much hostility, became law. Everyone in 
enjoyment of an income over and above four thou- 
sand dollars was now subject to a tax of two per cent. 
per annum. 

The great congressional fight of the session, per- 
haps one of the most stubbornly contested legis- 
lative battles ever waged, preceded the passage of 
the new tariff' law.* The reforms contemplated 
were so radical — it was proposed to abolish about 
thirty-eight per cent, of the existing duties on imports 
within one year, besides providing for free coal, lum- 
ber, sugar and iron ore — that many Democrats united 
with the Republicans to resist its passage. The bill, 

* The "Wilson Bill." drafted and introduced by M. L. Wilson, of West Virginia. 



590 Voting Folks History of America, 1894. 

however, passed the House, but the political complex- 
ion of the Senate* made its final passage doubtful. 
Discordant elements had to, be harmonized, diverse in- 
terests were threatened, and the measure was entrusted 
to the finance committee. The principal of free raw 
material was in a great measure eliminated, and after 
much amputation and engrafting it was reported. A 
general debate lasting three weeks followed ; the con- 
sideration of the bill by paragraph consumed seventy 
days, it finally passing the Senate after five months' 
consideration by a majority of five votes. The 
amended bill was denounced in a letter written by 
the President as a "treacherous departure from demo- 
cratic principles," and the Senators were accused of 
"perfidy." 

The conference committees of the two Houses 
"locked horns," compromise seemed impossible, and a 
deadlock resulted. This lasted for six weeks, when 
the House yielded and accepted the mutilated measure, 
which finally became law, but without the approval of 
the President. 

While the relations of our Government with all the 
foreign powers continued to remain on an amicable 
footing, the Bluefields affair on the Mosquito reserva- 
tion of the Nicaragua coast offered food for concern, 

* The Senate consisted of 44 Democrats, 37 Republicans and four Populists, 
besides three vacancies. The affirmative vote cast was 37 Democrats and two 
Populists; the negative vote consisted of 31 Republicans, two Populists and one 
Democrat (Mr. Hill, of New York), who objected to the income tax. 

At the time of the contemplated creation of the Constitution (1787) much differ 
ence of opinion existed as to the advisability of having two legislative chambers 
Jefferson contended that one was enough, citing France as an example. Washingto>* 
contended for two. During the argument Jefferson poured his tea from his cup into 
his saucer to cool, and was asked by Washington why he did so. " To let the tea 
cool," said Jefferson, "Quite right," replied Washington, " and just so do we 
need two legislative chamljers to give the judgments of legislators a chance to cool.' 



1894. Nicarariia and the Mosquito Coast. 591 

The sovereignty of Nicaragua over the Mosquito 
country has alvi^aysbeen regarded as nominal, owing to 
the treaty between Nicaragua and Great Britain, which 
guaranteed its autonomy. American enterprise had of 
late years developed Bluefields into a prosperous trade 
center. Nicaragua viewed its growth with envy, 
coveted and sent troops to occupy the village, and raise 
the national flag. An appeal to the British consul for 
protection was answered by the landing of a force of 
marines. The soldiers of both countries ultimately 
withdrew. The project for the establishment of a pro- 
visional government failed. In March, 1894, an 
American — William Wilson — was killed by the gov- 
ernor of a Nicaraguan town, within the line of the 
Mosquito reservation, who, with others, now threat- 
ened to seize Bluefields. The " Kearsarge, " which 
was ordered to the colony to protect the lives of our 
citizens, was wrecked however, on Roncador reef before 
completing its mission, and Admiral Benham was dis- 
patched to the scene of trouble. The Government 
of Nicaragua now withdrew the exequaturs of both 
the British and American consuls at Bluefields, and 
sent a special commissioner to establish a temporary 
government until the parties to the treaty of 1S50* 
could arrange their difficulties. A reign of intolerance 
and oppression followed, with the incarceration and 
banishment of American citizens. In July Chief Clar- 
ence — the Indian King — declared him.self the heredi- 
tary ruler of Mosquito, captured the military post and 
raised the Mosquito flag over the town. United States 
troops were now landed, the position taken by the 
Government being to recognize Nicaraguan authority 

* Bulwer-Clayton treaty, see page 523. 



592 Young Folks^ History of America. 1894. 

over the coast ; the country was placed under martial 
law, and Nicaragua assumed control. The British 
and American forces were again withdrawn, but 
against the protests of American and British citizens, 
w^ho were almost immediately subjected to renewed 
indignities, arrested and imprisoned for alleged com- 
plicity in the late riots. A decree of banishment was 
again issued against all Englishmen and Americans, 
Meanwhile Colombia and Honduras objected to the 
acquisitiveness of Nicaragua, and insisted upon the 
preservation of the autonomy of Alosquito-Jand, while 
those of our outraged countrj^men with trade interests 
at Bluefields, anxiously awaited the redress they felt 
was their due, and for the protective interference of 
the United States Government.* 

The year of 18945 the one hundred and twenty- 
eighth year of United States history, was witness to a 
number of remarkable occurrences other than those 
already recited^ and w^hich, if not of national historic 
importance, should yet find mention in the record of 
our country's life^ The Midwinter Fair at San Fran- 
cisco—an echo of the World's Columbian Exposition 

■"Great Britain In the meantime took steps to obtain satisfaction from the 
Nicaraguan Government for the indignities inflicted upon its citizens. On February 
26th. 1895, the following ultimatum was issued: — A money indemnity ot $77,500 for 
alleged personal injuries to P-ritish subjects ; the revocation of the declaration ot 
banishment, and the formation of a commission to decide by arbitration the damage 
done to the property of those expelled. An answer was expected within seven 
weeks. The decree of banishment had meanwhile been revoked. In April Nicar- 
agua submitted her replj'. She agreed, in order to preserve friendly relations with 
her Majesty's government and for the purpose of fairness and justice, to refer all 
questions of paj'ment for personal injury, and injury to property', to an impartial 
commission of arbitration. Great Britain's answer to this is awaited with interest, as 
upon the final action of that country will largely depend the interpretation by the 
United States Government of the provisions of the Rlonroe Doctrine, and its practi- 
cal application in the treatment of European pretensions in the Central and South 
American Republics. Great Britain's attitude in regard to the Venezuela-Guiana 
boundary will also be appreciably affected by the decision reached. 



i894- Recuperative Powers of the Republic. 593 

— was opened in January, but following so close upon 
the glowing realities with which the people were 
saturated at Chicago, was hardly the unqualified suc- 
cess anticipated by its promoters. The buildings at 
the latter place, with all their vacant splendor, suc- 
cumbed at intervals to the torch of the fire fiend, 
and passed away in a weird and awful panorama 
of flames, the roaring beacon light of which was 
answered by devastating forest fires in the Minne- 
sota pine lands, where millions of feet of standing 
timber was destroyed and four hundred lives were sac- 
rificed. An enormous steamship, the largest ever 
built in America — length five hundred and fifty-four 
feet, over all, and sixteen thousand tons displacement — 
was launched during the year at Philadelphia and 
christened the " St. Louis" by Mrs. Cleveland, and 
dedicated to the waves with the reasonable hope that the 
transatlantic record — five days, seven hours and forty 
minutes — made by the Lucania between Queenstown 
and New York, a few weeks previous, would ulti- 
mately be broken by an American keel. The Chilean 
Government made a monetary reparation for the 
Valparaiso outrage, and paid into the United States 
Treasury the sum of two hundred and forty thousand five 
hundred and sixty-four dollars and thirty-five cents, 
the amount of judgments awarded by the courts of 
claims. 

The close of 1894 abundantly demonstrated the re- 
markably recuperative powers of the country, for not- 
withstanding the commercial ruin which dogged the 
steps of last year's financial panic, a gteady revival in 
trade marked the expiration of the fiscal year, and the 
nation " entered upon a new year, confident that it 

38 



594 Young Folks History of America. 1894. 

would bring more of happiness and prosperity, than 
the one whose triumphs and defeats have now passed 
into history."^ 

The development of our navy and our concurrent 
development as a maritime power may now, in view 
of the action taken by the last session of Congress, be 
regarded as a permanent plank in the policy of the 
United States Government. The construction of two 
first-class battle-ships, six gunboats and three torpedo 
boats was sanctioned, and an appropriation of nearly 
thirty million dollars was voted for the purpose. In 
the course of the debate that followed the submission 
of the estimate, the speech of Mr. Talbott of Maryland 
in reply to an adverse criticism made by Dr. Everett is 
worthy of record, especially as the words used were a 
repetition of the words spoken thirty years before by 
Edward Everett, the Massachusetts Congressman's 
father, 

"It was a navy," said the famous New England 
orator, "that gave Augustus the empire of the world ; 
a navy that carried the Northmen from the polar circle 
to the coasts of France, to Sicily and Constantinople ; 
and which made Venice and Genoa, alternately, the 
mistresses of the Mediterranean. It was her naval 
strength which prevented England from being crushed 
in the titanic struggle with Spain in the sixteenth cen- 
tury ; by which, in the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries, she laid the foundation of her vast colonial 
empire on this continent, in India and Australia, and 
by which, even now, she belts the globe with the sov- 
ereign girdle of her dependencies. For territory situ- 
ated on the seaboard, naval skill and strength are 

* Lacey's Review of Trade. 



The Great American Republic. 595 

the indispensable condition o.f national independence, 
safety and power." 

John Adams declared, long years ago, that "the 
trident of Neptune was the scepter of the world." In 
view of the present trend of public opinion it is not 
unreasonable to predict that the United States will be 
universally recognized as one of the great naval powers 
with the close of the early decades of the ensuing century. 

Before the American experiment was initiated, it 
was a cardinal rule of the political philosopher that a 
Republic was practicable only in a State of a very 
small territorial extent. But the American Republic 
seems to gain in vigor and solidity with territorial ex- 
pansion. "It may not," says Landon, "be the best 
scheme for every people who wish self-government, 
but in this age no people intelligent enough to adopt 
self-government would undertake to do it without first 
making a careful study of our system. To the Amer- 
ican youth about to pass from his college into active 
life, the like study may be earnestly commended." 

While the Swiss have found it necessary to intro- 
duce the "initiative" and the "referendum," in order to 
give full scope and efi'ect to the will of the people, the 
educated shrewdness of the citizens of our own land 
has proved itself sufficiently powerful to regulate mis- 
chievous legislation and compel the passage of such 
laws as are in harmony with the quick-step of our ad- 
vancement. Now that the novelty of independence 
has worn off, and the first exuberance over national 
existence has made way for the riper judgments born 
of rare experiences, and time taken for dispassionate 
self-criticism, we may, without suspicion of vain-glory, 
rely upon the early fruition of our highest hopes. That 



596 Young Folks History of America. 1895. 

we have been confronted with some of the gravest 
dilemmas tiiat ever menaced a nation's autonomy and 
passed through the ordeal purified and stronger than 
before, should inspire us with calm confidence in our 
ability to meet other crises, that with the passage of 
time will inevitably present themselves. A country 
whose population has been increased by thirty million 
in a quarter of a century, and which is continuing to 
augment at the rate of one million per annum, whose 
resources are as boundless as its possibilities are illimit- 
able, and the vastness of whose wealth it is almost 
impossible to estimate, and whose citizens are unitedly 
animated by the highest patriotism, cannot well be 
checked in its unexampled march of expansion. 

It remains with ourselves to so regulate our national 
household that the United States may continue to be 
pointed to by the people of other lands as the most 
favored nation of the world, purely typical of all that 
is best of good government, and one whose name will 
remain for all time synonymous with the highest phase 
of civilization, and the widest individual liberty of 
action and of speech. 



The Dominion of Canada. 

A history of the United States would hardly be 
complete without passing reference to the vast territory 
comprising the British North American possessions 
which form our northern frontier. 

The area of the Dominion of Canada is three million 
four hundred and fifty-six thousand three hundred and 
eighty-three square miles, which is four hundred and 



1895. 'The Dominion of Canada. 597 

thirty thousand seven hundred and eighty-three square 
miles more than that of the United States, exclusive of 
Alaska, and but little less than the wrhole of Europe. 
While Canada comprises about one-fifteenth of the 
entire area of the v^^orkl, it contains, however, only one 
three-hundredth part of the estimated population. 

The political situation of the Dominion of Canada 
is a curious one. It is doubtful w^hether a similar in- 
stance can be found in the history of the world. On 
the one hand, it is a dependency of Great Britain. It 
is presided over by a Governor-General,* appointed by 
the British Prime Minister, wdio receives from the 
Canadian treasury a salary of fifty thousand dollars a 
year, and who governs under the advice of a council 
or ministry known as the Privy Council of Canada, 
which is responsible to Parliament. The seat of 
government of Canada is fixed at Ottawa, until the 
Queen otherwise directs. It is protected by British 
troops, and it is divided into provinces, presided over 
by lieutenant-governors appointed by the Crown, the 
privilege to appoint being vested in the executive of 
the Dominion Government, of whichever political party 
happens to be in power. 

On the other hand, Canada has complete control 
over its local aff'airs. Its federal parliament consists 
of a Senate, the members of which are chosen for life 
by the Governor-General in council, and a House of 
Commons, elected by the people for the period of five 
years. 

The Dominion — federal — Cabinet assumes, or retires 
from ofiice, just as the English Cabinet does, according 
as it is supported or not by the House of Commons. 

*The present Governor-General is the Earl of Aberdeen. 



598 Young Folks History of America. 1895. 

The exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament 
extends to the control of the ( i) public debt; (2) trade 
and commerce; (3) taxation; (4) loans; (5) postal 
service; (6) census and statistic; (7) militia, naval 
service and defence; (8) navigation; (9) fisheries; 
(10) currency, coinage and banking; (11) interest; 
(12) bankruptcy; (13) copyrights; (14) naturaliza- 
tion; (15) marriage and divorce; (16) penitentiaries. 

Each of the eight provinces, however, into which the 
country is divided, have their own local legislatures, 
which are severally empow^ered to exclusively make 
laws in relation to the (i) amendment of the provin- 
cial constitution; (2) taxation for provincial purposes; 
(3) borrowing of money for provincial revenue; (4) 
establishment of provincial offices and officers; (5) 
management of public lands; (6) maintenance of 
prisons, asylums, etc.; (7) liquor and shop licenses; 
(8) incorporation of companies; (9) local administra- 
tion of justice, and exclusive laws in relation to educa- 
tion. The official use of the dual language — French 
as well as English — is optional as regards the debates 
in the legislatures of Quebec, Manitoba, and the North- 
west Territories, but the use of both languao^es is obli- 
gatory in the printing of the records and journals of 
these Houses, and in the publication of the laws of the 
provinces named. 

The Senate consists of eighty-one members — a 
proportionate number from each province. The House 
of Commons consists of two hundred and fifteen mem- 
bers, the number of inhabitants to each member 
being twenty-two thousand four hundred and seventy- 
seven.* 

*In the United States, 1890, it was 170,016. 



1895. The Dominion of Canada, 599 

The franchise is liberal, being practically manhood 
suffrage. 

The membership of the several local legislatures 
varies according to the population of each province. 

There are tw^o political parties in Canada, correspond- 
ing to those in England, and called 'Liberals" and 
"Conservatives." 

One of the principal questions which divide these 
Canadian parties is that of the commercial policy of 
the Dominion. The Liberals incline to free trade, and 
to an arrangement with the United States which will 
allow the goods of the two countries to pass from one 
to the other with the least restriction. The Conserv- 
atives, on the other hand, favor a more protective 
policy, and would try to sustain Canadian manufac- 
tures by a high tariff. 

The provincial political parties are more or less 
representative of local issues, though Dominion politics 
measurably govern. 

The population of Canada in 1861 was three million 
ninety thousand five hundred and sixty-one, exclusive 
of Indians in the Northwest and Hudson Bay Terri- 
tories; in 187 1 it was three million six hundred and thirty- 
five thousand and twenty-four, a remarkable increase 
in ten years; in 1881 it was four million three hundred 
and twenty-four thousand eight hundred and.ten, and in 
1 891 it was four million eight hundred and thirty-three 
thousand two hundred and thirty-nine, an increase only 
of eleven and seventy-six hundredths. 

The names of the Provinces* and their approximate 
populations are as follows: — 

*The island colony of Newfoundland is now seeking entrance into the Con- 
federation. 



6oo Yomig Folks History of A7nerica. 1895. 

Ontario 0.. 2,114,321 

Qi?ebec 1,488,535 

Nova Scotia. ....... ^ ......... . ... 450,396 

New Brunswick , 321,263 

Manitoba 152,506 

British Columbia. 98>i73 

Prince Edward Island 109,078 

The Territories 98,967 

The Indian population is placed at ninety-nine 
thousand seven hundred and seventeen. 

The Northwest Territories consist of the Districts of 
Keewatin, Alberta, Assiniboia, Athabasca, Saskatche- 
wan, the territory east of Keewatin and south of Hud- 
son's Bay, and that east of Hudson's Bay. 

The trade of Canada for the year 1893 amounted to 
two hundred and forty-seven million six hundred and 
thirty-eight thousand six hundred and twenty dollars; 
of this the imports were one hundred and twenty-nine 
million seventy-four thousand two hundred and sixty- 
eight dollars, the exports one hundred and eighteen 
million five hundred and sixty-four thousand three hun- 
dred and fifty-two dollars, an increase over the year 
previous of six million two hundred and sixty-nine 
thousand one hundred and seventy-seven dollars. Of 
the imports the United States supplied sixty-five mil- 
lion sixty-five thousand eight hundred and forty-six 
dollars, being the largest contributor, while Great 
Britain was the greatest purchaser. The exports to 
the United States, however, amounted to nearly forty- 
four million dollars. 

All the industries of Canada, the building of ships 
the fisheries, the mines, the products of the forests, 
the lumber trade, and notably agriculture, are develop 
ing steadily if slowly, and the Dominion is enjoying 



1895. The Dominion of Canada. 601 

an age of peace and prosperity almost as bright as 
were the dreams of Acadia of old. Her contiguity, 
however, to such an enormously wealthy and vastly 
populous nation as that of the United States, in the 
absence of proper commercial union, is not an unmixed 
blessing. Overshadowed by her dominant neighbor, 
it is difficult for Canada to attract the immigrants or 
the capital that her capabilities justify and her re- 
sources warrant. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

WILLIAM MCKINLEY ELECTED PRESIDENT HIS 

EARLY LIFE. 

The political campaign of 1896 opened amid most 
interesting events. The tendency of the Republican 
party had long been towards the policy of a high tariff 
and a gold basis of values, and the trend of the Demo- 
cratic party towards a low tariff and a double stand- 
ard of coinage. A depressed industrial condition had 
made great masses of people restless, especially the 
farmers of the West, a great number of ^vhose farins 
were under mortgage, and who looked to the Govern- 
ment to produce more prosperous conditions of life. 

The great question arose, Shall the Government 
maintain the gold standard after the manner of the 
leading nations, or return to the double standard of the 
early days of the republic ? 

The Eleventh National Convention of the Republi- 
can party \vas held in St. Louis, June 16—18. Its plat- 
form demanded a higher tariff and the maintenance of 
the gold standard in common with the leading nations 
of the world. It nominated Hon. William JNIcKinley, 
of Ohio, for President, and Hon. Garret A. Hobart, 
of New Jersey, for Vice-President. 

The nomination of Mr. McKinley was due to pop- 
ular sentiment as expressed through the delegates, 
(602) 



1896. Republican and Democratic Platforms. 603 

He was hailed as the truest representative of the ideas 
of his party. He had come up from the people, had 
been a soldier, and had steadily advocated the most 
beneficent schemes of public progress. He had been 
an ardent defender of the " American system," as the 
protective tariff has been called since the days of 
Henry Clay. The Republican platform stated : 
" Protection and reciprocity are twin measures of 
Republican policy and go hand in hand." In regard 
to the gold standard the platform stated: "We are 
opposed to the free coinage of silver except by in- 
ternational agreement with the leading commercial 
nations of the world." The Monroe Doctrine was 
reasserted. 

Senator Teller, of Colorado, made a protest in a 
fervid way against the anti-silver statement of the 
platform, and withdrew from the convention. The 
old senator was greatly affected on the occasion, and 
faced unpopularity in obedience to his conscience. 

The platform commended the policy of the control 
of Hawaii, the building of the Nicaraguan Canal, and 
the purchase of the Danish islands of the Spanish 
Main. It expressed sympathy with the Cuban pa- 
triots, and favored measures to secure the independ- 
ence of Cuba. 

The Democratic National Convention was held at 
Chicago, 111., July 7-1 1. The platform of the Repub- 
lican party had prepared the double standard or silver 
coinage men of all parties to make a common cause 
with this party so as to inaugurate a new Democ- 
racy, and one in part opposed to the Democratic 
administration of President Cleveland, which favored 
the gold standard. 



6o4 You7ig Folks' History of America. 1896. 

When the party met it was found that 562 delegates 
against 334 delegates favored free silver. 

It was expected that Hon. Richard P. Bland, of 
Missouri, a life-long advocate for free silver, would 
be nominated for President. 

In the long depressed industrial condition there had 
arisen in Nebraska a young man of great personality 
and vigor of character, who was gifted with fine nat- 
ural oratorical powers and a very quick sympathy and 
picturesque imagination, — Hon. William Jennings 
Bryan. Among the orators who obtained the plat- 
form preceding the nomination, this young man 
came last. In a speech of great fervor, he uttered the 
sentence: "You shall not crucify humanity upon a 
cross of gold! " The figure of speech caught the heart 
of the convention, and was followed by a very re- 
markable outburst of applause. Mr. Bryan, in part 
as a result of this forensic figure, received the nomi- 
nation. 

The political campaign that followed was one of 
education, and the public-speaking, as a whole, did 
credit to an enlightened people. Mr. McKinley made 
many speeches from the portico of his simple home in 
Canton, Ohio, and Mr. Bryan spoke in most of the 
cities in the East and West, drawing immense crowds 
to hear him wherever he went, owing to his youth 
and ardor and native sympathy with the people. The 
campaign was as a rule free from asperities. 

The election took place on November 3. Hon. 
William McKinley and Hon. Garret A. Hobart, Re- 
publican candidates for President and Vice-President, 
received a decisive majority of the votes to be cast by 
the presidential electors, as follows : McKinley, 447 ; 



1896. W?n. McKifiley, Ancestry. 605 

Bryan, 372. They had a popular plurality of 600,000 
votes. 

In this election the " solid South," as the united 
vote of the South on presidential years was called, was 
broken. Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and 
Kentucky voted for McKinley and Hobart. 



THE EARLY LIFE AND STRUGGLES OF PRESIDENT 
MCKINLEY. 

The McKinley family trace their history to the 
Scottish Covenanters. They lived in the west of 
Scotland, and were among those rugged heroes who 
defended their birthrights against the Stuarts. In the 
reign of Charles II. they migrated from the west of 
Scotland to the north of Ireland, and two brothers of 
the family, William and James, came to this country 
in 1740. Of these, the elder brother, William, settled 
in the South. 

James McKinley, then twelve years of age, found a 
home in York County, Pennsylvania. Here he grew 
up. He was the great great-grandfather of the Pres- 
ident. 

James McKinley had a son David, a man of the old 
schools, a student, a Presbyterian, and a JefFersonian 
Democrat. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
War. He married Hannah Rose, a granddaughter of 
Rose the patriotic leader in the Parliamentary War. 
Her father was a soldier in the Revolution. 

William McKinley, the father of the President, was 
born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, and died at 
Canton, Ohio, 1892. He was a man of frugal habits, 



6o6 Young Folks' History of America. 1896. 

and lived simply. His wife was a Scotch woman of 
great force of character. 

William McKinley, the President, was the seventh 
of nine children, and was born at Niles, Ohio, Jan- 
uary 29, 1843. Niles was an iron workers' town; 
its educational opportunities were limited, and on the 
latter account the McKinleys moved to the village of 
Poland, on the Western Reserve, Ohio, where were 
New England schools. 

Young McKinley grew up on the Western Reserve, 
a new New England of the West. Here politics were 
in the air. The one question here that met all prob- 
lems was : "Is it right? " 

The boy was athirst for knowledge; he was an 
earnest student, but his father was too poor to offer 
him a college education. He was about to be taken 
from school w4ien his sister Annie, a teacher, nobly 
shared her small income with him. Her money could 
not have been put to better use. He himself became 
a teacher of a district school in Poland, at a salary 
of $25 per month. The little schoolhouse where he 
taught still stands. (1896.) 

McKinley' s young life was developed in this moral 
atmosphere. War came. He felt the inward call and 
heeded it, like most men of the Western Reserve. 
He enlisted at the age of eighteen, and marched aw^ay 
with the blue brigades. 

His school education ended with the war, but the 
education of minds like his never ends. He was a 
brave soldier. He shared the dangers of the Army of 
the Potomac in its early days. 

He was made a lieutenant for heroic conduct at 
Antietam, at the age of nineteen. He soon became 



1896. Study of Law. 607 

a staff officer of General Hayes; the two could have 
hardly dreamed that they both would become Presi- 
dents of the United States. 

He was made a captain at the age of twenty-one, 
and was mustered out of the service with the rank of 
major, and thenceforth became known as " Major Mc- 
Kinley." 

He now faced the world, with the education of a 
soldier. He wished to enter college, but his hands 
were empty. 

His sister Annie — Heaven bless such sisters! — was 
teaching school at Canton, Ohio. He went there to 
consult with her. She was a true adviser. Under her 
inspiration, he decided to study law, and for this pur- 
pose entered the law office of Judge Charles E. Glid- 
den at Poland. Mr. Glidden seems to have been a just 
judge of a warm heart, and the two became intimate 
friends. The judge was only ten years older than his 
pupil. Mr. McKinley finished his studies at the Al- 
bany Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1867 
and began the practice of law at Canton, where the 
faithful Annie seems to have given him decisive 
counsel. 

He grew up with the town. When he entered 
Canton it had some 5,000 people; it now has 35,000 
or more. His practice and influence increased with 
the city. 

He entered politics as a defender of the right of the 
colored man to vote. He sought nothing but justice 
in politics; he found a place in the people's hearts, 
which led to his rapid rise and elevation. 

The cause made him eloquent. He was sent to Con- 
gress, was re-elected, and became an ardent advocate 



6o8 You7ig Folks' History of America. 1896. 

of the protective tariff. This aggressive life lasted 
fourteen years. He was next elected Governor of 
Ohio by an ordinary majority. He was re-elected in 
1893 by more than 80,000 majority. 

He was now the natural leader of the protective 
tariff movement which he had so long advocated. The 
industrial depression caused the name associated with 
that movement to rise in the popular mind, and carried 
it naturally to the front, when the people were seek- 
ing a presidential nominee. 

We may read in this life the elements of character 
that win popular approval; a willingness to serve the 
cause that one believes to be of service to the people. 
He may not have been more conscientious than his 
political opponent, Mr. Bryan, but we may believe 
that each has followed an honest heart, and he has 
brought to an unforeseen crisis an experience which the 
younger candidate could not have had. 

Although a soldier, he had been an advocate of the 
peace and arbitration movements which had followed 
the spirit of the Congress of Panama in 1826 and 
of the International American Conference of 1890. 
These views tended to make him conservative in the 
early movements of the war for the liberation of Cuba. 
He must have been one of those who hoped that the 
moral education of the people had brought war to an 
end. He struggled to free Cuba and relieve the 
starving populations there without bloodshed. Though 
forced to favor intervention in the cause of justice and 
humanity, his conduct was such as did honor to the 
Christian principles of peace. 



i897- Importa7it Events. 609 

EVENTS OF 1896. X RAYS. 

Many events of 1896, apart from the presidential 
election, have an important bearing on the future. 
The year opened with the announcement of the bril- 
liant discovery of the X rays. The discovery was at 
once seen to be an epoch-making event; the power of 
penetrating opaque bodies. What must the value of 
such a discovery be in the hospitals, in surgery, and 
in war! Nothing in medical science since the days of 
the discovery of ether as an anaesthetic has perhaps 
awakened so much interest. 

The man who made the discovery and who adds his 
name to Edison, Tesla, and Bell among the late bene- 
factors of the world, is Dr. Wilhelm Kinrad R5ntgen, 
a university professor of Wurzburg in Bavaria. He 
announced his discovery in 1895, and disclosed it and 
explained it on January 4, 1896, at the celebration of 
the founding of the Berlin Physiological Society. 
The "new kind of rays" immediately became a 
subject of intense interest in the laboratories of the 
world. 

In this year the Daughters of the Revolution, now a 
powerful patriotic society, was incorporated, the Con- 
federate disabilities were removed by national legisla- 
tion, and cotton manufactures began to make great 
progress in the South. 

1897 

The inauguration of President McKinley on March 
4 was attended by an unprecedented assembly, and 
made notable by scenes of more than ordinary impress- 
iveness. Thirty thousand troops participated in the 

39 



6io Young Folks' History of America. 1897. 

ceremonies, in which was a, part of tlie 23rd Ohio reg- 
iment, in which the President had enlisted as a pri- 
vate at the age of eighteen. In his inaugural address, 
President McKinley said: — 

"We want no wars of conquest; we must avoid 
the temptation of territorial aggression. War should 
never be entered upon until every agency for peace has 
failed; peace is preferable to war in almost every con- 
tingency. Arbitration is the true method of settle- 
ment of international as well as local or individual 
differences." 

A new tariff bill naturally followed in the legisla- 
tion under the new administration. Business revived, 
and an immense grain crop in the West, and a short- 
age of crops in the Old World, led to improved condi- 
tions in the West. 

The attention of philanthropists was drawn to 
the growth of the world's Peace Movement by the 
session of the eighth International Peace Congress at 
Hamburg, Germany, August 12-16. The delegates 
numbered two hundred, representing four hundred 
associations in different countries. Russia was repre- 
sented, Germany reported a national society with rep- 
resentatives in sixty cities and towns. The society 
in Hamburg has one thousand members. 

In an appeal to the nations, this Congress said:^ 

" The time was when slavery and torture were con- 
sidered indispensable to the maintenance of social 
order. The opinion of the masses subsequently sup- 
pressed these barbarous institutions. 

"Education, the good sense of the masses, and the 
identity of the interests of the populations of all civi- 
lized states are establishing a public opinion ^vhich 



i897- J apa7i and Hawaii. 6ii 

will be irresistible when the nations themselves desire 
them to be so." 

The interests of Japan in Hawaii excited public at- 
tention in America. Japan seeks for a new field for 
her overcrowded population. Some 25,000 Japanese 
had found employment in Hawaii. The government 
of Hawaii to protect itself against an alien population 
passed an act requiring $50 of every new^ immigrant. 
Two ships from Japan having doubtful immigrants 
were refused landing, and Japan demanded indemni- 
fication. Japan consented to submit the whole matter 
to arbitration. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATIONS. 

Arbitration is founded on the simple principles 
of the Gospel of Christ ; as a method of settling dis- 
putes, it has become a power in the conscience of the 
times, and one of the greatest achievements of the 
nineteenth century has been the prevention of war 
by international arbitration. 

In this movement towards a more enlightened civili- 
zation. Great Britain and the United States have led. 
These countries have put into political life the Gali- 
lean principles, and the teachings of Grotius, Pesta- 
lozzi, William Penn, the early Quakers, Gladstone, 
Sumner, and Bright, and a host of humane reformers 
in all ages. 

The settlement of the Alabama claims began this 
noble work in Geneva, the ancient city of the country 
in which republics and schools were born, and w^hich 
has made the treaties of perpetual peace with the 
European Powers. 

This masterpiece of Christian statesmanship was 
followed by a like settlement of the Fisheries Dispute 
between the two countries. The plan of settling in- 
ternational difficulties by arbitration has made such 
progress in the enlightened world that some sixty 
cases, which might once have led to war, have found 
satisfactory settlement in pacific courts of equity. 
(612) 



1897. Simon Bolivar. 613 

The movement promises so much for the future, in 
giving peace to mankind, in securing to education the 
public money once spent in costly armaments, in put- 
ting into life the highest principles of Christian faith, 
that we may see in it another fulfilling of the prophecy 
of Robinson of Leyden that "new light should break 
forth from the Word." 

A review of the American peace movement fur- 
nishes a notable chapter in American history. 

In 1826 Simon Bolivar, the liberator, assembled by 
his personal influence an international congress at 
Panama in the interest of the peace and stability of 
the American republics. 

Bolivar was a far-sighted man. On Monte Sacro, 
one of the hills of Rome, he had made a pledge to 
devote his life to the liberation of his country. Wash- 
ington was his model, and he desired to do for the 
South what the hero of the armies of American inde- 
pendence had done in the North. This purpose be- 
came his life. He advocated the independence of 
Venezuela, and when, after it had been proclaimed, 
occurred the great earthquake of Caracas, and he was 
told that the event would be regarded as a judgment 
by the ignorant people, and would hinder the cause 
of liberty, he declared his unshaken faith in the heroic 
words: "If nature's self opposes us, we will compel 
her to obey!" He won the independence of Vene- 
zuela, New Granada, and Ecuador ; united them in 
one republic, and went to Peru and laid the founda- 
tion of the republic of Bolivia. 

Another liberator, San Martin, had accomplished 
the independence of Argentina, had formed the Army 
of the Andes, and secured the liberties of Chili and 



6 14 Young Folks' History of America. 1897. 

of Peru. He has been called the greatest of the Cre- 
oles. He was an incorruptible man. When Argen- 
tina offered the highest honors, he could say : "I did 
not fight for fame" ; when Chili brought him a present 
of 10,000 ounces of gold he refused it, and when he 
had secured the freedom of Peru he declined the office 
of supreme power, saying: "I have achieved the 
independence of Peru; I have ceased to be a public 
man." He died in self exile in the interest of peace. 
His motto was: "Thou must be that which thou 
oughtest to be, and without that thou shalt be noth- 
ing." [Seras lo que debes ser, y sijio, seras nada.) 

San Martin had led a victorious army to the North. 
He met Bolivar on his march to the South, and the 
liberation of South America was ended by the cam- 
paign of General Sucre in the Peruvian highlands. 

After the liberation of South America from Spain, 
an attempt was made by the Holy Alliance in Europe 
to restore to Spain her former South American posses- 
sions. This movement on the part of foreign Powers 
to overrule American states, led to the announcement 
of the principle called the " Monroe Doctrine," which 
asserts that Europe shall not increase her territory in 
America, nor ^exercise authority over the republics 
of the new world. The Monroe Doctrine was an 
American declaration of independence from the 
thrones of Europe ; the monarchies of the Old World 
must not interfere with the affairs of the republics in 
America. 

Bolivar desired to secure a union of all republics, 
both in North America and South America, for the 
purpose of maintaining the liberties of the Western 
World, and to form a high court of the nations of 




James G. Bi^aink. 



1897. ^^''^ Ameidcan Conference. 615 

America for the purpose of arbitration and peace in 
cases of disputes among themselves. 

He called the Congress of Panama, which was 
partly a failure, but the ideas of which grew with 
the progress of liberty. A like Congress met at 
Lima in 1847. It continued the discussion of the 
beneficent plans of Bolivar, who died in 1830. 

The hopes of these pacific congresses for an inter- 
national brotherhood found a larger expression in the 
Pan American Conference of 1889-90, or the Pan 
American Congress, which met at Washington, D. C, 
and which brought together most intelligent repre- 
sentatives of seventeen republics, and whose leading 
spirit was James G. Blaine, then Secretary of State. 
The Congress discussed reciprocity, commerce, the 
building of an international railroad, the Nicaraguan 
Canal, but its supreme topic was arbitration, and the 
forming of a court of arbitration that should end war 
forever among the republics of the New World. 

The Pan American Congress of 1889-90 passed the 
following resolutions : — 

"Believing that war is the most cruel, the most fruitless, 
and the most dangerous expedient for the settlement of inter- 
national differences ; 

" Recognizing that the growth of moral principles which 
govern political societies has created an earnest desire in favor 
of the amicable adjustment of such differences; 

"Animated by the conviction of the great moral and ma- 
terial benefits that peace offers mankind, and trusting that the 
existing conditions of the respective nations are especially pro- 
pitious for the adoption of arbitration as a substitute for armed 
struggles; 

*' Convinced by reason of their friendly and cordial meeting 
in the present conference, that the American Republics, con- 
trolled alike by the principles, duties, and responsibilities of 



6i6 You7ig Folks' History of America. 1897. 

popular government, and bound together bj vast and increas- 
ing mutual interests, can, within the sphere of their own 
action, maintain the peace of the continent, and the good will 
of all its inhabitants; 

"And considering it their duty to lend their assent to the 
lofty principles of peace which the most enlightened public 
sentiment of the world approves ; 

"The Republics of North, Central, and South America 
hereby adopt arbitration as a principle of American interna- 
tional law for the settlement of the differences, disputes, or 
controversies that may arise between two or more of them. 

"Arbitration shall be obligatory in all controversies con- 
cerning diplomatic and consular privileges, boundaries, 
indemnities, the right of navigation, and the validity, con- 
struction, and enforcement of treaties." 

The following examples of arbitration, which we 
take from the official report of the movement, will 
illustrate the rapid growth of the peace principle in 
our history : — 

The United States and Great Britain in 1863, about the 
Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound claims. Referred to two ar- 
bitrators, Hon. John Rose, of Canada, and ex- Judge Alexander 
Johnson, of New York, who awarded $450,000 to the Hudson's 
Bay Company, and $200,000 to the Puget Sound Company. 

The United States and Ecuador in 1864. Referred to a citi- 
zen of each State (Ecuador and Colombia), who, with an um- 
pire or arbitrator, should undertake "the mutual adjustment 
of claims," which was done successfully. 

The United States and Venezuela in 1866. • Claims by citi- 
zens of the United States against the Government of Vene- 
zuela. Referred to a commission. Award in favor of the for- 
mer. 

The United States and Mexico in 1868. Mutual claims for 
compensation for injuries inflicted by raiders on the frontier. 
Referred to the British Minister at Washington, who decided 
in favor of the United States. 

The United States and Peru in 1868, 



1897. Arbitration Since 181^. 617 

The United States and Peru in 1869. Referred to the King 
of the Belgians. 

The United States and Brazil in 1870. 

Great Britain and Portugal in 1870. Rival claims to the 
sovereignty over the island of Bulama. Referred to the Presi- 
dent of the United States, whose award was in favor of Portu- 
gal. 

The United States and Spain in 1871. 

The United States and Great Britain on the "Alabama," 
in 1871. Referred to a High Commission, which awarded 
$15,000,000 (£3,000,000) to the United States. 

The United States and Great Britain in 1871, about sundry 
claims arising out of the War of Secession. Referred to a 
mixed commission, which adjudged that the United States 
should pay £386,000 to Great Britain. 

The United States and Great Britain (the San Juan dispute) 
in 187 1. Referred to the Emperor of Germany, whose award 
sustained the American claim. 

The United States and Great Britain (about Nova Scotia 
Fisheries) in 1871. Referred to three commissioners, Sir 
Alexander Gait, Mr. Ensign H. Kellogg, and Mr. Maurice 
Delford, who awarded $5,000,000 (£1,000,000) to Great Britain. 

In 1891, between Great Britain and France as to the New- 
foundland Fisheries. Referred to a commission of seven. 
(Still pending.) 

In 1891, between Great Britain and the United States as to 
the Bering Sea Seal Fisheries. (Still pending.) 

Since the time of the Treaty of Ghent, 1814, more 
than eighty international controversies have been set- 
tled by arbitration, and in a larger part of these the 
United States has been conspicuous. 

The education of the public conscience in this re- 
spect has been so influential that only a war of justice 
in the interest of humanity, like the intervention in 
Cuba, w^ould be likely to command the approval of 
the people. The inaugural address of President 
McKinley, as w^e have quoted, took high and positive 



6i8 Young Folks' History of America. 1897. 

ground in favor of international arbitration. Mr. 
Cleveland had given his influence to the same prin- 
ciple. 

Besides the Pan American Congress the following 
legislative bodies have taken action in regard to this 
method of securing peace among all nations : — 

1. Great Britain. — Bj the House of Commons. July 8, 
1873. On the motion of Mr. Henry Richard. 

2. Italy. — By the Chamber of Deputies. November 24, 
1873. By a unanimous vote, on the motion of Signor P. S. 
Mancini. 

A similar resolution, moved by Signor Bonghi, was again 
carried unanimously, in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, in 
1890. 

3. Sweden. — By the Second Chamber of the Diet. March 
21, 1874. On the motion of Mr. Jonas Jonasson. 

4. Holland. — By the States General. November 27, 1874. 
On the motion of M. Van Eck, 

5. Belgium. — By the Chamber of Deputies. January 20, 
1875. On the motion of M. Couvreur. Also by the Belgian 
Senate. 

6. Denmark. — By the Chamber of Deputies, on the peti- 
tion of 6,000 people, on March 27, 1888. A similar resolution 
was adopted, by 58 votes to 10, on November 13, 1890. 

Again on the 21st of November, 1892, on motion of Mr. 
Frederick Bajer, a resolution was adopted, by a vote of 35 to 
20, calling upon the Government to respond favorably to the 
invitation of the United States to enter into a permanent treaty 
of arbitration, and to seek the establishment of similar treaties 
with other states, particularly the northern nations of Europe. 

7. Norway. — A resolution was passed in the Storthing in 
1890, by a large majority, in favor of Arbitration. 

8. Spain. — By the Senate in May, 1890. On the motion of 
Senator Marcoartu, urging the Government to initiate steps to 
establish a Court of International Arbitration by the European 
Powers. 

9. The United States of America. — The following reso- 
lution was adopted on February 15, 1890, by the United States 



i897- '^^^ Hawaiian Question. 619 

Senate, the House of Representatives concurring: "That the 
President be, and is hereby requested to invite, from time to 
time, as fit occasions may arise, negotiations with any Govern- 
ment with which the United States has, or may have, diplo- 
matic relations, to the end that any differences or disputes 
arising between the two Governments, which cannot be ad- 
justed by diplomatic agency, may be referred to arbitration, 
and be peaceably adjusted by such means." 

We have arranged these notes from the "Success 
of Arbitration," one of the Peace Congress's publica- 
tions, in such a way as to present a view of one of the 
most important movements of the times, as relating to 
the welfare of mankind. 



THE HAWAIIAN QJJESTION. 

With the incoming of the new Republican adminis- 
tration, the Hawaiian question was brought again 
into the legislative field. 

Following the Hawaiian revolution, a treaty of 
annexation had been signed in Washington near the 
end of President Harrison's presidential term. Presi- 
dent Cleveland caused the treaty to be withdrawn 
owing to the lack of reliable intelligence in regard 
to the desirability of annexation. The subject was 
made a matter of official investigation, and Col. James 
H. Blount, of Georgia, was appointed a commissioner 
of investigation. President Cleveland's view came 
to be that the government of Hawaii belonged to the 
Hawaiians. 

On July 4, 1894, Hawaii became an independent 
republic and was recognized by foreign Powers. The 
President, Mr. Dole, was committed to the policy of 
annexation. 



620 Young Polks' History of America. 1897. 

The annexation party of Hawaii are largely Ameri- 
cans. The party claim in favor of annexation, that 
the civilization of the islands is largely due to the 
efforts of American missionaries, and that the enlight- 
ened Hawaiians favor a union with America ; that 
nine-tenths of the commerce is American, and that 
the present progress of the country is the outcome of 
American capital. 

A tabular statement of the population of Hawaii 
will show the anomalous condition of the country — 

Hawaiians 31,019 

Japanese 24,407 

Chinese 21,616 

Portuguese 15,000 

Mixed 4>249 

Americans 3,080 

There is a small English and German population. 

The deposed Queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani, pro- 
tested against the treaty of annexation. She claimed 
jurisdiction over 40,000 natives ; declared that she 
had been driven from her throne by fraud, and that 
the wishes of her people had never been consulted in 
regard to annexation. 

On June 16, 1897, a new annexation treaty was 
signed in Washington by John Sherman, Secretary of 
State, and special commissioners from Hawaii. It 
provided for annexation of the islands under the name 
of the "Territory of Hawaii," and that the American 
Congress should provide the government for said 
islands. The treaty was unanimously ratified by the 
Hawaiian Congress. 

The treaty was transmitted to Congress by Presi- 
dent McKinley in a special message. The President 
favored annexation. The treaty was made the sub- 



1897. Hawaii. 621 

ject of much debate in Congress. The policy of 
annexation of foreign territory as territory would es- 
tablish a precedent of possibly far-reaching influence, 
and would also be an innovation of the traditions of 
the country. The treaty finally took the form of a 
resolution called the Xewland Resolution, w^hich at 
any other time than that of the Cuban War would 
have greatly excited the interest of the American 
people. 

The Newland Resolution for the annexing of the 
Hawaiian Islands to the United States was made the 
subject of a vigorous debate in Congress which began 
in June. One objection to the resolution was that 
the annexation by resolution, without receiving the 
vote of the Hawaiian people, might be a violation of 
the" principle "that all governments derive their just 
power from the consent of the governed." The reso- 
lution passed the House of Representatives on June 
15, by the great majority of 108 — (209-91). It 
passed the Senate by a two-thirds' vote on July 6. 

The decision upon it involves consequences of great 
moment. Ought the American policy of restriction 
to be set aside for the principle that duty has no 
national limits? Again, ought Hawaii to have been 
annexed unless a majority of the native inhabitants 
desired annexation and made a public declaration of 
it? Without the restriction on immigration, what 
might have been the position of Japan in the mat- 
ter? 

It would seem that if the Hawaiians consent to 
annexation, that the interest of civilization will be 
advanced by such a union. The country is nominally 
Christian ; there are more than six thousand mem- 



622 Young Folks' History of A^nerica. 1897. 

bers in the Hawaiian churches, and the schools have 
a very large attendance of native children. 

The prospective building of the Nicaragua Canal 
would make Hawaii very desirable to America as a 
station on the new way to the East. The Philippine 
Islands also would be desirable. To hold the latter 
would be a seeming violation of the spirit of the Mon- 
roe Doctrine, a doctrine which involves a policy rather 
than a principle, and which in cases of duty may be 
set aside. But the right of the people of these islands 
to a voice in the matter is unquestioned. As President 
McKinley said in his inaugural address : " We want no 
wars of conquest ; w^e must avoid the temptations of 
territorial aggression," It is righteousness alone that 
will exalt a nation, and only right-doing will last. 
Rome, Greece, Venice, and Spain all teach one lesson. 
Rome tottered to decay with the world at her feet. 
There are riches that do not enrich and gains that do 
not empower. We must hold to the principle of jus- 
tice in all things, else our efforts will fail, and — 

"All our pomp of yesterday 
Are one with Nineveh and Tyre." 



CHAPTER XXX. 

THE CUBAN REVOLUTION. 

The uprising of Cuban patriots in 1895 followed a 
struggle for liberty that had continued with brief 
intervals of discontent during the larger part of the 
century, or from the time of the emancipation of Vene- 
zuela and New Granada by Simon Bolivar. It was 
the purpose of Bolivar to make Cuba free, but he was 
withheld from such a movement by his campaign in 
the Peruvian highlands. 

The natives of Cuba became inspired by the events 
in South America to attempt their own liberation. 

In 1823 a secret association called the "Soles of 
Bolivar" was organized, having the purpose to estab- 
lish a Cuban republic. A secret society called the 
"Black Eagle," whose purpose was the freedom of 
Cuba, was afterwards formed in Colombia and Mexico 
by Cuban refugees. The Holy Alliance of European 
Powers proposed to restore to the King of Spain his 
colonial possessions, whose independence had been 
won by Bolivar and San Martin, and to make an 
arsenal of Cuba. It was this plan that led to the rise 
of the Monroe Doctrine in America, which doctrine, as 
we have shown, proclaimed that the Powers of the 
Old World must not interfere with the political affairs 
of the New World. It was from the fear of such 



624 Young Folks' History of Ame7'ica. 1897 

interference as \ve have stated that Bolivar called a 
Congress of American Republics in 1826. 

The plan of Bolivar is clearly expressed in one of 
his manifestos : — 

"Why cannot New Granada and Venezuela form 
themselves into a solid reunion? Why cannot the 
whole of South America unite under one government? 
The scene which Europe now presents to us, deluged 
in blood, to establish an equilibrium, should correct 
our policy, and save us from such sanguinary dangers. 

"It is necessary that we should be able to resist the 
ambitions of European power, and this cannot be 
done without the reunion of all South America." 

For seventy-five years the Cubans from time to 
time have made attempts to secure their liberty. 
Small expeditions have been organized in the United 
States to help them, some of which have come to a 
tragic end. General Lopez, a Cuban patriot, organized 
an expedition in the United States to free Cuba in 
1850; he was arrested and executed in Havana, Sep- 
tember I, i8si. 



IN 1868 NEWS WAS RECEIVED IN CUBA OF 
THE SPANISH REVOLUTION. 

On September 10, 1868, a revolution began in Cuba, 
and a Declaration of Independence was issued. The 
movement filled the island, and the war for the inde- 
pendence which was then begun lasted ten years, 
and is known as the "Ten Years' War." A con- 
stituent assembly was formed, and Don Carlos Ces- 
pedes was made president of the Cuban Republic. 



1897. Ge7ie7'als Gomez and Maceo, 625 

In 1S78 the Spanish government offered the revolu- 
tionists reforms, and proclaimed general amnesty. 

The reforms promised were not fulfilled, and a new 
revolution began in the patriotic province of Santiago 
in February, 1895. 

The inspiring hero of the new Cuban revolution 
was Jose !Marti, an extraordinary man, who had never 
believed in the promised Spanish reforms of 1878. 
He had know^n Spanish prisons and studied Spain. 
He had met General Calixto Garcia, another Cuban 
patriot, in New York, and the two had planned a new 
expedition for the liberation of Cuba, which was not 
followed. 

In 1884 Generals Gomez and Maceo, two of the 
leading Cuban patriots, visited the United States and 
Central America for the purpose of organizing a new 
expedition of liberation. 

At this time a Home Rule party began to be active 
in Cuba. Its purpose was to secure local rights after 
the manner of the relations of Canada to the English 
throne. The policy became known as "autonomy," 
and the partisans of it as " autonomists." 

Against Home Rule rose the eloquent Marti as the 
champion of Independence. With Napoleonic vigor, 
he organized the revolutionary party, aroused the old 
warriors, and named General Maximo Gomez, an 
exile to Santo Domingo, as the leader of the struggle. 
General Bartholome Masso became a prominent leader 
in the cause of the new revolution. 

Marti landed in Cuba and issued a call for the selec- 
tion of representatives from the Cuban people. He 
soon after fell heroically. He was a patriot, states- 
man, poet, and liberator. 

40 



626 Young Folks' History of Ame7'ica. 1897. 

A Constituent iVssembly was organized, and se- 
lected Salavador Cisneros as president of the Repub- 
lic, Bartolame Masso as Vice-President, Maximo 
Gomez as General-in-Chief, and Antonio Maceo as 
Lieutenant-General. Thus began in 1895 a war which 
after two generations has led to decisive results. The 
24th of February is the date to which is assigned the 
beginning of the final war for independence. 

During the year the Spanish government brought 
into the field against the insurgents 84,000 men. 



MARSHAL MARTINEZ CAMPOS BECOMES GOVERNOR- 
GENERAL OF CUBA. 

Campos, one of Spain's greatest living soldiers, was 
born about 1840. He won fame in the Carlist War. 
He sa^v service in Cuba in 1877-78, and suppressed 
the rebellion against the Moors. His strategy has 
been to surround an enemy, show him his helpless- 
ness, and compel him to surrender. He made a 
reputation for mild measures in dealing with the 
Cuban questions, and sought to secure Home Rule in 
Cuba to restore the island to its ancient prosperity. 

The army of Campos became thinned by fever and 
unsuccessful attacks on the alert patriot forces. The 
revolution grew, and Campos was removed and suc- 
ceeded by General Weyler, who was regarded as a 
hard soldier. 

Valeriano Weyler was born about 1836. He gained 
distinction in the war against the Moors in Africa. 
He served under General Valmaseda, called "the 
butcher," and gained the reputation of severe and 



1897. Weyle7^' s Policy. 627 

barbarous methods. His policy has been "to meet 
war with war" ; not to " wrap bullets in cotton," but 
to destroy an enemy without mercy. He declares that 
" reforms are none of his concern." He was Captain- 
General of Catalonia. Notwithstanding his reputa- 
tion for uncompromising conduct in war, he has been 
a liberal in politics. His severities in Cuba failed in 
their purpose. He was out-generalled by Antonio 
Maceo. 

The policy of General Weyler in Cuba was to con- 
centrate the working people in fortified towns, and to 
starve them into submission. The horrors that fol- 
lowed this policy is one of the darkest chapters of 
history. The people who were practically imprisoned 
in places by General Weyler were designated as Recon- 
centrados. Of these 200,000, and by some accounts 
a much larger number, perished. 

General Fitzhugh Lee, in an article in " McClure's 
Magazine," June, 1898, than whom there could be no 
more trust^vorthy authority on the subject, says of the 
Reconcentrado order of General Weyler and of its 
effect : — 

"It was evident, therefore, that this style of guerilla war- 
fare as practiced b_v the insurgents could be maintained for 
years, because a generous soil, tilled by the peasantry who 
were in sympathy with the insurrection, produced the neces- 
sary food. It was then that General Weyler conceived the 
brilliant idea of destroying the peasant farmers to prevent their 
giving aid and comfort to the insurrectionists. This he hoped 
to effect by the issuing of his famous '' Reconcentrado order," 
whose terms compelled the old men, women, and children, to 
leave their homes and come within the nearest Spanish fortified 
lines, pains being taken after they were driven from their little 
farms to burn their houses, tear up their plant beds, and drive 



628 Young Folks' History of America. 1897. 

off and confiscate the few cattle, hogs, and chickens that they 
were obliged to leave. 

"The United States was naturally shocked at the brutality 
of this order, and saw, with great indignation, some 400,000 of 
these poor innocent war victims forced away from where they 
could subsist, to the Spanish lines where they could obtain 
nothing and within which nothing was tendered. As a conse- 
quence, over 200,000 (principally w^omen and children and non- 
combatants) died from starvation and starvation alone. . . . 
History presents nowhere such an appalling record; nor do 
the military annals anywhere furnish such a horrible spectacle, 
the result of a military order, based upon a supposed military 
necessity." 

In regard to the policy of Weyler, the venerable 
Senator Sherman said - — 

" Now we come to the saddest aspect of this question. Spain 
has evidently withdrawn Campos, who was a friendly, fair, and 
open ruler, and who sought, in every way he could, to bring 
about some agreement between the two countries, because they 
are now two separate countries. Campos was withdrawn, and 
there was put in his place a Spanish general of renown, who 
has been long in the. army, is well known, and of late has been 
christened ' the butcher.' Events have happened within the 
last thirty days that have changed the whole of my feeling in 
regard to this matter. This man Weyler, if we can judge by 
what he has done, and if he is to be judged by what he threat- 
ens to do, is one of the worst men who could be sent there to 
pacify a people or to compel them to surrender. His warfare 
is massacre. He openly avows it. 



♦* We have seen that this actual tragedy has already com- 
menced. I read in the morning paper — it is open to all — the 
account of about the first battle which has been fought there 
since the arrival of this general, and the murder of unoffending 
prisoners. I wish to say upon my own responsibility, that if 
this line of conduct is pursued by Spain in Cuba, and the peo- 
ple of the United States are informed of its conditions as they 



1897. Cuba in Congress. 629 

are narrated daily in the public papers, there is no earthly 
power that -svill prevent the people of the United States from 
going over to that island, running all over its length and 
breadth, and driving out from the little island of Cuba these 
barbarous robbers and imitators of the worst men who ever 
lived in the world." 

In February, 1896, Senator White, of California, 
introduced the following resolution into the Senate : — 

"Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives 
concurring), That the Senate contemplates with solicitude and 
profound regret the sufferings and destruction accompanying 
the civil conflict now in progress in Cuba. While the United 
States have not interfered, and will not, unless their vital 
interests so demand, interfere with existing colonies and de- 
pendencies of any European government on this hemisphere, 
nevertheless, our people have never disguised, and do not now 
conceal, their sympathy for all those who struggle patriotically, 
as do the Cubans now in revolt, to exercise, maintain, and pre- 
serve the right of self-government. Nor can we ignore our ex- 
ceptional and close relations to Cuba, by reason of geograph- 
ical proximity and our consequent grave interest in all 
questions affecting the control or well-being of that island. 
We trust that the executive department, to whose investigation 
and care our diplomatic relations have been committed, will, at 
as early a date as the facts will warrant, recognize the belliger- 
ency of those who are maintaining themselves in Cuba in armed 
opposition to Spain, and that the influence and oflSces of the 
United States may be prudently, peacefully, and effectively 
exerted, to the end that Cuba may be enabled to establish a 
permanent government of her own choice." 

In speaking on this resolution, Senator Vest voiced 
the awakening public sentiment. He said with fervid 
eloquence : — 

" Sir, the course of Spain upon this continent is marked with 
blood. There was a time when the Spanish dominion extended 
almost from the southern limits of the United States to the 



630 Young Folks' History of America. 1897. 

farthest and southernmost point in South America. No 
American can ever forget those burning pages of Prescott 
that describe the conquest of Mexico and the conquest of Peru 
when the Spaniards, with the lust for gold and the lust for 
blood, marked their terrible pathway across the countries lying 
south of us. Of all those vast dominions won by blood, won 
through torture and fire, there remains to-day to this toothless 
old wolf, the single island of Cuba. And Spain to-day, like 
Giant Despair in that Avonderful picture of Bunyan, almost 
helpless, sits at the door of the dark cave of despotism, and 
grins with impotent rage at the procession of splendid repub- 
lics that march on in the progress toward civilization and 
liberty. 

"Mr. President, that wolf can never retain that single cub. 
Never can Spain hold the island of Cuba wathin sight of the 
Republic of the United States, but five hours away from us, 
after she has lost all the South American provinces, after she 
has been unable to hold one foot of soil south of us, in all the 
wide area of the southern half of this continent. 

" We are told now that these are negroes, mulattoes, Indians, 
who are fighting for independence. So much the more cause 
why we should sympathize with them, and say God help them 
in their dire extremity. Liberty lives with the poor and the 
oppressed, not with the wealthy and the powerful. It throbs 
in the breast of the caged bird, and has gone with martyrs to 
the stake, and kissed their burning lips as the spirit winged its 
flight to God. Liberty cannot be extinguished, when a people 
are unanimous in defence of the rights which God has given 
them. If these people, ignorant and poor, struggling against 
this despotism, have imitated us, why should w^e content our- 
selves with the poor expression of sympathy with their cause.? 

It is a mere farce for us to do anything else than declare 
before the world that we believe the cause of the Spaniard is 
hopeless in the island of Cuba. 

"We are confronted now with one overw^helming, overrul- 
ing, absolute, and determinate question in this debate. Shall 
we, the great exemplar of Republican institutions throughout 



1 898 . Ill ter^veyi Hon . 631 

the world, declare that in our opinion the people of Cuba are 
able to maintain their independence and have achieved it? 
Are we to wait until that island is desolated by fire and 
sword ? Are we, a Christian and God-fearing people, to stand 
silent and dumb, while the Spanish Governor, called a general, 
declares that he intends to pen up the people of Cuba, and 
butcher them into subjection to the Spanish throne? Sir, if 
-we do it, God zvill curse us.^^ 

It plainly became the duty of the United States 
Government to intervene in behalf of the Cuban 
patriots, as a matter of justice and humanity. The 
success of arbitration, and the growing sentiment 
against war made statesmen hesitate, but the convic- 
tion came that a starving nation could only be fed by 
force, and that it was a national duty to protect the 
Cubans in their need, and to extend to them the hand 
of help in their righteous cause. While the public 
conscience was thus being exercised, a terrible event 
occurred. 

The battleship Maine had gone to Havana on a 
visit to a friendly harbor. Here she had mxt with a 
hospitable welcome, and her officers had been enter- 
tained by the Spanish officials. 

On a still evening, February 15, an explosion in 
the harbor startled the anchored ships and the shores 
of Havana. A column of fire rose into the air. It 
sank, and night covered the bodies of 266 American 
sailors. 

The Maine probably had been destroyed by a tor- 
pedo or mine. Was the calamity due to an accident, 
to Spanish treachery, or to a design of the Spanish 
government in Cuba ? 

A board of investigation was appointed by the 
Government. The cause of the disaster was evident, 



632 ■ Young Folks' History of America. 

but the responsibility for it was not as clear. But the 
duty of intervention in behalf of the cause of the 
starving Cubans was made clear by the event. 

On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war 
with Spain, following a resolution on April 18 dis- 
claiming any purpose of conquest, and asserting that 
the movement was governed alone by the sense of obli- 
gation to humanity. 

The date of the beginning of the war is April 21. 
Congress declaring on April 25 " that war has existed 
since the 21st day of April A. D. 1898, including said 
day." On this day Minister Stewart L. Woodford 
received his passports at Madrid. 



THE KLONDIKE GOLD FIELDS. 

In the late summer and early autumn of 1896 the 
richest gold strike of recent years was made at Klon- 
dike, or Klondyke, in Alaska. The strike took place 
just as the cold season was shutting out the communi- 
cation of that region with the world. In December 
the news of the miners' good fortune had reached Cir- 
cle City 300 miles av^ay. The news of the discovery 
was late in reaching the east, owing to the severity of 
the climate of the region. 

The gold mines are on the Yukon River in the 
interior of British Alaska. The American part 
of Alaska was purchased by the United States of 
Russia for $7,200,000. It consisted of 600,000 square 
miles. 

The discovery v\^as made by George W. McCormack 



1898. Klondike Gold Fields. 633 

who went to this region some ten years ago to engage 
in salmon fishing. He married a native. In mid- 
summer millions of salmon come down the river, a fish 
fall of salmon as it were, and great numbers of bears 
follow the fish to feed upon them. McCormack struck 
a claim for fish and fur in August, 1896. In so doing 
he found gold amid the gravel in a stream now known 
as Bonanza Creek. One nugget was valued at $257, 
another worth $231. Four pans yielded $2,000. A 
party of miners gathered there, and they seem to have 
begun to gather gold in almost fabulous quantities. 
One of them named Clents cleaned out $175,000 
worth of the precious metal. Fortunes of from $50,- 
000 to $100,000 were found. 

The ne^vs of the discovery flew over the world, and 
early in the spring of 1897 people from all quarters of 
the United States and Canada began to flock to the 
Yukon district which is in the Canadian dominion 
near the American border. 

The Klondike region has an area of about 200,000 
square miles, a territory as large as France. It is 
estimated that the Klondike mines will yield $70,000- 
000 of gold in three years. 

Dawson City, at the junction of the Klondike and 
the Yukon, is a most remarkable place. It is but 
ninety miles below the Arctic Circle, and in summer 
one can see to read there in doors at midnight. 

The old route to the Klondike from San Francisco 
was by steamer to Fort Get There, or the Island of 
St. Michael, and thence to Circle City, a river journey 
of 1,800 miles. The fare from San Francisco to Circle 
City was $150. 

The land route was by steamer to Juneau, and 



634 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

thence over the Chilkoot Pass, the pass being difficult 
and dangerous, and terrible in the cold season. 

The White Pass is a more sheltered route. A scheme 
is developing for the opening of the White Pass to 
miners. The way lies through a box canon sur- 
rounded by high peaks. 




Admirai. Dewey. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

MANILA. 

The first victory of this war in behalf of the Cubans 
was won in the China Sea. 

The Battle of Manila in Asiatic waters has been 
called the "greatest naval engagement of modern 
times;" it filled Europe with surprise and America 
with rejoicing. 

The victory reads like a story. 

An American fleet under Commodore Dewey was at 
Hong Kong, China, when there came the virtual dec- 
laration of war between the United States and Spain. 
A Spanish fleet was in the harbor of Manila on the 
Philippine Islands, which islands, some fourteen hun- 
dred in number, large and small, were subject to Spain. 
Commodore Dewey received orders from the Wash- 
ington government to sail at once from Hong Kong 
to the China Sea and destroy the Spanish fleet there. 

Commodore Dewey's fleet consisted of ten ships, of 
which the Olympia was the flagship. 

On Saturday, April 30, the American fleet challenged 
the Spanish admiral by appearing in the China Sea 
and steering directly toward Manila Bay. 

It was sunset on the China Sea. As it drew near 
Manila the fleet slackened speed. The ships were 
cleared for action, and moved in the night shadow 
toward the Spanish war vessels and the batteries on 
shore. There were two powerful batteries on the side 

(635) 



636 Young Folks' History of A in erica. 1898, 

of the bay called the Cavite. The bay was supposed 
to be defended by electric mines and by torpedoes. If 
this was so, the American fleet rode over them after 
the manner of Farragut's fleet in Mobile Bay. 

" It is Mobile, now," Commodore Dewey is reported 
to have said, as the fleet sailed on, and in darkness and 
silence entered the bay. 

The fleet was formed in line of battle. The order 
was thus : — 





McCULLOCH 




Boston 


Nanshan 


Concord 


Zafiro 


Olympia 


(Colliers) 


Baltimore 




Raleigh 




Petrel 



The fleet moved on slowly and steadily, the Com- 
modore knowing that the early morning would be an 
hour of fate. 

The morning spread its rays over the China Sea. 
A haze hung over the waters which melted away, and 
a sultry, fiery day followed in eastern splendor. It 
was Sunday, May i. 

The hills began to appear in the melting mists, and 
the batteries of the Cavite to frown on the silent foe. 
The Spanish fleet did not at first appear, but Commo- 
dore Dewey knew that it was there and waiting to 
meet broadside by broadside. 

Every officer was at his silent post, every gunner at 
his gun. 

There came a fresh breeze, the light brightened, and 
eight Spanish ships lay full in view. Other cruisers 
were supposed to be at hand. 

The Spanish admiral, Montejo, must have been 
more than surprised when he saw the American fleet. 



1898. Manila. 637 

He probably had not expected that the fleet from 
Hong Kong would enter the bay. He must have 
thought that Commodore Dewey w^ould never venture 
over the w^aters that were mined, where every move- 
ment was peril. 

On came the fleet sailing into the glowing light 
over the perilous waters that were armed in unknown 
places and into the view of the batteries on either 
side. 

The ships of Admiral Montejo rapidly formed in 
line. 

The Boston of Commodore Dewey's fleet was 
seen to run out ahead ; she launched the first shot. 
The fleet flamed, and the hills thundered. The two 
fleets entered into a deadly engagement, the batter- 
ies of Cavite joining in the terrible contest. 

Commodore Dewey directed his fleet from his post 
on the Olympia, which, it is said, he never left 
until the Spanish fleet lay shattered on the sea. 

Admiral Montejo directed the Spanish fleet from 
the deck of the Reina Maria Christina. 

The Boston and the Baltimore — suggestive names 
— led the American line. The thunder of their guns 
was continuous. Then the flagship of the Commo- 
modore moved to the front. 

A Spanish ship, the Don Juan de Austria, ran 
down the Spanish line. The American flagship, 
Olympia, launched a shot into her. She was seen 
to quiver, and heard to explode with a deafening 
noise. There was a wrenching of steel and the part- 
ing of beams. Then came a silence ; the smoke lifted; 
the exploded ship was sinking. The bodies of the 
dead and dying floated on the sea. The cries of 



638 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

the hopeless sailors who were yet surviving could be 
heard. 

The shot from the Commodore's flagship had ex- 
ploded the magazines of the Don Juan. 

The spirit of the Spanish fleet sunk with the Don 
Juan. The men continued to fight bravely, but their 
hope was gone. It is said that the Spanish officers 
shrieked in agony. 

A great cheer arose from the American ships as the 
Don Juan went down, 

" Keep moving! " was the order of Commodore 
Dewey. 

The constant movement of his fleet baffled the 
Spanish gunners. Their guns went amiss ; the broad- 
sides fell into empty air. 

The fire of the American ships was sure. Every 
shot told. The guns directed towards the Admiral's 
ship, the Reina Maria Christina, killed her captain 
and eight gunners. She was presently seen to be on 
fire. The Admiral was making his escape. The 
finest ship of Spain in the China Sea was aflame and 
sinking in Manila Bay. 

"Keep moving! " The American fleet was obey- 
ing the order. 

There was a silence again. The American fleet 
reformed in battle line, amid the wrecks of her enemy, 
the rolling away of the yellow smoke, the agony of 
the wounded and dying. 

Admiral Montejo transferred his flag to the Isla 
de Cuba. 

The Spanish fleet was shattered. The ships, like 
wounded men, were staggering. Montejo, indeed, 
reformed his line, but the battle was seen to have 



1898. Admiral Dewey. 639 

been won by his bold enemy, whose fleet kept "mov- 
ing." 

Again the Spaniards stood at their guns with brave 
resolution, but with ifailed hearts. 

The sun blazed high on the China Sea that Sabbath 
morning. The battle began again. At eleven o'clock 
the work of the American fleet was to be seen. Three 
more Spanish ships were disabled. 

The American cruisers now ran near the shore and 
engaged the batteries. By noon the Battle of Manila 
was won ; the Spanish fleet lay shattered and de- 
stroyed. The Admiral was a fugitive. The American 
ships, almost without injury, rode victorious on the 
waters when the sun went down on the China Sea. 

The swift victory was due in part to the boldness 
of the Commodore, to his personal inspiration, and to 
his order to " keep moving ! " which is a brief philoso- 
phy for great events. The enemy was brave, heroic, 
but had not the strength and skill of the most advanced 
and disciplined warfare. 

The name of Commodore Dewey rang through 
America, and his daring and skill filled the world 
with wonder. He was made an Admiral by the 
American Government, voted honors and swords by 
legislative bodies; his pictures found a place in the 
windows on the streets of American cities, and his 
example was quoted as one to be forever followed in 
naval w^arfare. He takes place among the greatest 
American naval heroes, with Decatur, Perry, and Far- 
ragut. He is a New Englander, and a simple, worthy, 
and faithful man, who can well wear and bear the 
honors that he has won. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 



SANTIAGO. 



After the naval battle at Manila the events of 
the war found an unexpected field. A Spanish fleet 
under Admiral Cervera crossed the ocean and sought 
refuge in the land-locked harbor of Santiago de Cuba. 
It vs^as followed by a powerful American fleet under 
Admiral Sampson. It was now seen that Santiago, 
one of the most ancient of Cuban and American cities, 
would probably become the historic battlefield of the 
war. It became the plan of the Government to in- 
vest the fortified city by land and sea and to capture 
the Spanish fleet lying in the harbor. The siege 
began in an act of heroism the fame of w^hich will 
never die. 

The sinking of the Merrimac as an obstruction in 
the channel leading to the inner harbor of Santiago is 
one of the bravest deeds of American history. The 
heroes of the achievement were as high-minded in 
their methods as they were bold and self-forgetful in 
the scheme to which they offered their lives. 

When Admiral Sampson arrived off Santiago, hav- 
ing been assured that the Spanish fleet of Cervera 
was sheltered in the fortified harbor of the ancient 
city, he called to him a young man from Alabama 
named Richmond Pearson Hobson. This young man, 
(640) 




Admirai, Sampson. 



1898. Richmond Pearson Hobson. 641 

only twenty-seven years old, was an assistant Naval 
Constructor with the rank of Lieutenant. He was 
a graduate from the Naval Academy and had been 
abroad as a student. It has been claimed that he 
came of his own accord to the Admiral. 

The Admiral laid before the young man a very 
simple but dangerous plan. The entrance to the old 
city of Santiago is by a long, narrow, tortuous chan- 
nel which opens into a serene and beautiful body of 
water, above which on the high hills rises the city of 
some 70,000 inhabitants. This city has been the birth- 
place of some of the heroic souls of the revolution. 
The harbor, it is claimed, was visited by Columbus. 
It is one of the most beautiful harbors in the world. 

There is one place between the open roadstead and 
the long entrance to the harbor v^here the channel is 
so very narrow that the sinking of a heavy obstruc- 
tion would imprison a fleet within. It was the Ad- 
miral's plan to sink a ship loaded with coal in that 
part of the channel and so imprison Admiral Cer- 
vera's fleet. An old collier ship, the Merrimac, 
would answer the purpose well. But the narrow 
channel was under the range of the powerful Spanish 
guns. It would be almost certain death to lead such 
an expedition. Who would do it ? 

"I will give myself to the execution of the plan," 
said young Hobson. 

Who would go with him on an exploit that would 
seem to end in certain death ? 

"Let them volunteer," answered the question. 

Admiral Sampson thought well of the plan • and 
adopted it. Eight men would be needed. He called 
for one volunteer from each ship, informing the men 
41 



642 Young Folks' Histoiy of Avierica. 1898. 

of the terrible risks they would incur. Four hundred 
men offered their bodies to Spanish powder, men who 
valued the cause as more than their lives, and looked 
upon honor as the crown of all high endeavor. Some 
of the men begged to be accepted. After some changes 
eight were finally accepted. They were : — 

Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson, an Assistant 
Naval Constructor. 

OsBORN Deignan, a coxswain of the Merrimac. 

George F. Phillips, a machinist of the Merrimac. 

John Kelly, a water-tender of the Merrimac. 

George Charette, a gunner's mate of the flagship New 
York. 

Daniel Montague, a seaman of the cruiser Brooklyn. 

J. C. Murphy, a coxswain of the Iowa. 

Randolph Clausen, a coxswain of the New York. 

"Do you expect to come out of it alive.?" one is 
said to have asked of Lieutenant Hobson. Accord- 
ing to a correspondent, he answered : — 

" Ah! that is another thing. I suppose the Estrella 
battery will fire down on us a bit, but the ships will 
throw their searchlights in the gunners' faces and 
they won't see much of us. If we are torpedoed 
we should even then be able to make the desired 
position in the channel. It won't be so easy to 
hit us, and I think the men should be able to swim 
to the dinghy. I may jump before I am blown up, 
but I don't see that it makes much difference what 
I do. I have a fair chance of life either way. If our 
dinghy gets shot to pieces, vre shall then try to swim 
for the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall 
keep together at all hazards. Then we may be able 
to make our way alongside and perhaps get back to 




Richmond Pearson Hobson. 



1898. The Immortal Eight. 643 

the ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until j 

the last, and we shall only surrender to overwhelming 1 

numbers." ' 

The old steamship Merrimac was stripped of every- 
thing of value for this scheme, but there was left 2,000 
tons of coal in her hold. ! 

At sunset Admiral Sampson put his fleet in order 
to protect the enterprise. 

It was a moonlight night. At two o'clock the 
crew of the Merrimac was put on board the Texas, 
and soon after the collier was seen to glide away with 
the Immortal Eight. A launch under Captain Powell 
followed it. 

The moon went down behind the tropical horizon. 
It was past three o'clock. Lieutenant Hobson stood 
on the bridge of the collier. The men were dressed 
in tights for the purpose of swimming, if such a 
chance of life were offered them. 

There was silence among the American battleships. 
The ears of those in the secret were strained. They 
presently heard a great explosion, followed by a roar 
of Spanish guns.* 

A launch sought the Immortal Eight. But no cry 
for help arose. The guns of the Admiral's flagship, 
the Cristobal Colon, thundered. Sheets of flame 
arose ; but nothing was seen of the eight volunteers. 

The red morning broke in tropical splendor. The 
tops of the Merrimac were seen above the sea. The 
harbor was blocked. The Immortal Eight had closed 
the door of the sea, but where were they? 

The gallant men of Spain have not all died. When 
the Spanish General saw General Pringle and his 

*See Appendix. 



644 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

horsemen take the step of victory by leaping into the 
sea on their horses from the white bluffs of Pescadores 
in the days of San Martin in Peru, he called the 
riders back from the sea and gave them their liberty. 
It was to be so now. 

There came a dispatch boat under a flag of truce 
from the Spanish Admiral Cervera to report to the 
American Admiral that the eight Americans of the 
Merrimac were in his hands, and according to the news 
of the time, that as a recognition of bravery they 
would be exchanged as prisoners of w^ar. 

It is said that in planning this exploit, some one 
proposed that the attempt should be made under Span- 
ish colors. 

"No," replied the heroes, "we will go under the 
honest American flag, and if we perish let it be under 
the Stars and Stripes! " 

Such, in efPect, was one of the incidents related of 
the remarkable adventure. 

If it be true, these are men ^vho have a sense of 
honor in war that admits of no exception. Every 
American m.ust hope that this incident is true. It is 
w^orthy of the manhood of the Immortal Eight. 

The soldiers of peace went forth with those of war — 

THE RED CROSS. 

It is claimed by the Swiss that in their beautiful 
country republics ^vere born and free schools had 
their beginning, and that there the international peace 
movement of the age has found its best illustration. 
The Swiss claim much and justly, for there is much 
that the country of the great moral schoolmasters 
may teach the world. 



1898. The Red Cross Movement. 645 

Book clubs that review the best books in the world 
are useful. Such a one used to meet at Geneva 
nearly a half century ago. In 1863 it came to review 
a book written by M. Henry Dunant, entitled " Un 
Souvenir de Solferino." The book suggested the 
forming of societies of trained nurses and skilled 
surgeons for the relief of the wounded on the battle- 
field. Such societies were to be international, and 
their work was to seek the same protection that is 
given to messengers bearing the flag of truce. The 
discussion of the book by the " Society of Public 
Usefulness" — La Societc Genevoise cV Utilitc Pub- 
lique — led to the formation of a committee to con- 
sider the question of how best to ameliorate the 
sufferings of the sick and wounded in the time of 
war. The committee reported a plan of an interna- 
tional conference. The plan was accepted by the 
Society and such a conference assembled in Geneva 
October 26, 1863. 

The delegates represented fourteen governments, 
among them Great Britain, Germany, France, and 
Spain. The Conference adopted the following reso- 
lutions : — 

Article i. There shall be, in every country, a Committee 
whose duty it will be to co-operate in time of war by all the 
means in its power with the sanitary service of the army. 
This Committee shall organize itself in such manner as may 
appear most useful and expedient. 

Art. 2. Sections unlimited in number shall be formed to 
second the Committee to w^hich the general direction will 
belong. 

Art. 3. Every Committee shall place itself in communica- 
tion with the Government of its own country, in order that its 
offers of assistance may be accepted in case of need. 



646 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

Art. 4. In time of peace the Committees and Sections shall 
be occupied with the means of making themselves really use- 
ful in time of war, especially in preparing material aid of every 
kind, and in endeavoring to train and instruct volunteer nurses. 

Art. 5. In the event of war, the Committees of the belliger- 
ent nations shall furnish relief to their respective armies in 
proportion to their resources ; in particular, they shall organize 
and place nurses on an active footing, and, in conjunction with 
the military authority, they shall arrange places for the recep- 
tion of the w^ounded. They may solicit the assistance of the 
Committees belonging to neutral nations. 

Art. 6. On the demand, or w^ith the concurrence, of the 
military authority, the Committees shall send volunteer nurses 
to the field of battle, where they \\\\\ be under the direction of 
military chiefs. 

Art. 7. The volunteer nurses employed with armies shall be 
provided, by their respective Committees, with everything 
necessary for their maintenance. 

Art. 8. They shall wear around the arm, in all countries, a 
-white hand xvith a red cross upoyi it, as a distinctive and uni- 
form badge. 

The last resolution gave the name to the Society. 
The emblem followed the suggestions of the White 
Cross of Helvetia, or the flag of Switzerland, with 
the colors reversed. 

The Sanitary Commission in the American war for 
the Union had a like purpose. 

The Swiss Federal Council of the new society 
began their work by awakening public sentiment, 
and by securing treaties to protect the Red Cross 
on the battlefield. 

In 1864, about the time of the close, of the Ameri- 
can war, the new Society again met at Geneva and 
drew up a treaty on August 22, which was signed 
by the plenipotentiaries of twelve Powers. By this 
the ambulance was made sacred in war. 



1898. Clara Barton. 647 

The first American Red Cross Society was formed 
in 1866. It had little force, until Miss Clara Barton, 
who had been in the Franco-Prussian campaign, 
became its advocate. The American Society made 
itself useful at the time of the destitution caused by 
the Johnstown flood, and at the disasters caused by 
the cyclone on the Sea Islands off South Carolina. 
It lent its aid to victims of the barbarous war in 
Asia Minor. It sent Miss Barton to Cuba, and it be- 
came the new Sanitary Commission in the Spanish- 
American War — the good angel of the battlefields, 
or wherever suffering may call for Samaritan hearts 
and hands. Its history in the present and future 
emergencies would be that of the war. 

The movement of the society in America was 
slow, until Miss Barton became the soul of it. The 
Society has not only a merciful mission, but is an edu- 
cational influence. That is, indeed, a noble move- 
ment that calls a Christian woman to the sufferers 
on the battlefield. 

CUBA LIBRE. 

The invasion of Cuba, begun at Santiago, brings 
before us one of the most beautiful and productive 
countries of the world. Columbus thought the island 
was one of the fairest that could gladden the eyes. 
Cuba has been called " the Isle of the June," and the 
"Pearl of the Antilles." In a half century after the 
great discovery, the aborigines, who numbered 300,- 
000, were swept from the earth by Spain. 

Cuba is a long, narrow island. Her length is 750 
miles and her average breadth is from 60 to 70 



648 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

miles; her population is estimated at 1,723,000, 
largely Creoles, 

Havana has an estimated population of 250,000 ; 
Santiago, of 71,307 ; and Cienfuegos, of 65,067. The 
population of Santiago, according to lower estimates, 
has been placed at 40,000. The population has been 
greatly changed by political events. 

The present government of Cuba consists of a 
Governor-General appointed by Spain, and a Council 
of Administration. The island is represented in the 
Spanish Cortes by sixteen senators and thirty deputies. 

The war for Cuban independence which w^as begun 
in 1868, under the leadership of Maximo Gomez, and 
which lasted ten years, costing Spain 100,000 men, 
influenced the emancipation of the slaves in 1870. 

The present war has called into the field 200,000 
Spanish troops. 

Admiral Cervera little thought that he would one 
day be in the list of captive officers who might be ex- 
changed for the gallant Lieutenant Hobson. But such 
became the situation amid the swift dramatic events of 
the struggle. 

The Admiral received an order from the Spanish 
Government to leave Santiago. 

On Sunday morning, July 3, 1898, he prepared to 
obey this order, by sailing his ^vedge of ships into the 
American fleet in the open sea. It was a bold move- 
ment, and one that seemed likely to end in destruction, 
but it was one that had to be made. 

The Admiral's ship, the Maria Theresa, was seen 
gliding out of the harbor, past the sunken Merrimac, 
her black funnels passing like shadows against the 
shining green of the hills. Immediately the American 



1898. Storm of Shot and Shell. 649 

war ships on the sea were in motion. The Brook- 
lyn bore down upon the ships, and the Spanish vessels 
began to roar and flame, causing great fountains of 
water to break over their sides. The Iowa and Texas 
came within range, and the guns of the three ships 
caused the escaping vessels to stagger and reel, and to 
turn helpless toward the harbor's mouth. 

The Vizcaya came out of the Santiago channel, 
steaming into the lightning and smoke. All the near 
American ships were now in action, and clouds of 
smoke filled the hot sunny air. Another ship came 
out of the harbor, the Admirante .Oquendo, and en- 
tered into the battle storm. As the smoke lifted here 
and there the sea looked like geysers with the bursting 
shells. Behind the Vizcaya sailed the Cristobal Colon 
and the once-dreaded torpedo boats. A tremendous 
fire ran along the whole line of ships, American and 
Spanish, and the smoke darkened the sea. 

It was a battle of machinery. The hills echoed as 
the shells pierced the armor plates. The American 
ships had been made perfect. Nothing could stand 
before them or live against them. One after one of 
the Spanish battle ships was being destroyed, amid 
narrowing circles of flame. At 11 o'clock the Vizcaya 
was helpless. The Oquendo was the same, drifting 
ashore ^vith flaming decks. 

The Oregon and Brooklyn now poured their fire 
upon the AdmiraTs former flag ship, the Cristobal 
Colon. The rest of the fleet was disabled or destroyed, 
but the Cristobal Colon fought to the last. The Ad- 
miral seemed to have the blood of chivalry in his 
veins, and to be determined to make his defeat glori- 
ous, for he had changed his fliag ship to the Maria 



650 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

Theresa, the better to protect the Cristobal Colon. 
But the mighty battle ships were closing around him, 
unharmed, and with heroic crews. His flag still waved 
but the flames burst around it. Smoke shut it out ; 
the Cristobal Colon was drifting upon the rocks. She 
struck: a red flame shot up followed by a black col- 
umn of smoke that loomed like a tower against the 
green hills. The American ships ceased to fire. Ad- 
miral Cervera was taken prisoner, from the Maria. 
Theresa, and wept for the destruction of his fleet 
that ended the naval glory of Spain.* 

This naval battle, on the Sabbath morning of July 
3, sealed the fate of Santiago and won liberty for 
the last of the races of the American Creoles. 

The naval battle was followed by the fall of Santi- 
ago (St. James) on July 14, Bastile day. On July 
17 the Spanish forces in this patriot city of the 
Maceos formally surrendered, and there occurred a 
sight to inspire the heart of the whole land of Colum- 
bus, the new American world. The flag of Spain in 
this old stronghold of medisevalism dropped down 
and the Stars and Stripes ^vere lifted into the clear, 
pure air of the Antilles, the Andean empires, and the 
Southern Cross. General Shafter thus officially an- 
nounced the great event : — 

" Santiago De Cuba, July 17, 1898. 
"Adjutant-General, U. S. A., Washington. 

"I have the honor to announce that the American flag has 
been this instant (12 o'clock noon) hoisted over the House of 
Civil Government in the city of Santiago. An immense con- 
course of people present. A squadron of cavalry and a regi- 
ment of infantry presenting arms and band playing national 
air. Light battery fired salute of twenty-one guns," 

* See Spanish official report, Appendix, 



1898. The New Call to Humanity. 651 

In this struggle for liberty, as in the uprisings in 
the South American states, the Creoles have borne a 
glorious part. A record of the heroic achievements 
of the followers of Bolivar, San Martin, Sucre, and 
Gomez would be a noble and thrilling history. These 
heroes have given their lives to the cause of liberty, 
justice, and humanity, without any thoughts of com- 
pensation beyond the welfare of the people. 

Cuba Libre ends the long struggles for liberty in 
the New World. 

The struggle should be followed by the elevation 
of the standards of peace. 

McKinley's noble words in his inaugural address, a 
part of which we have already quoted, should be 
adopted by every society and find a place in the in- 
structions of all schools : — 

" We want no wars of conquest. We must avoid 
the temptation of territorial aggression. War should 
never he entered upon luitil every agency for peace has 
failed. Peace is preferable to war in almost every 
contingency. Arbitratiojt is the true method of settle- 
m,ent of international as well as local or individual 
differences.'''' 

This is the new call to humanity — to make justice 
eternal and lead the world to peace. Rome had one 
day of justice in a hundred years — at the Seculum. 
All slaves on that day were free, and all men were 
held in equal honor. The gates of Janus were closed. 
Our fathers, in the Declaration of Independence, 
made that one day of justice eternal by a legal enact- 
ment. It is ours to make what they made legal, spir- 
itual, and to bring into human experience a Seculum 
that will last forever. 



652 YouTig Folks' History of America. 1898. 



THE FLAG OF PEACE. 

[Read at the Youth's Representative Congress, Chicago, 
July 17, 1893.] 



To-day the birthright of her hopes the younger nation sings, 
As on the pinions of the light the banner lifts its wings; 
To-day the future on us smiles and studious labors cease, 
To sing the flag that makes the school our fortress wall of peace. 
War bugles old, storm-beaten drums, and veterans scarred 

and true. 
Young heroes marching for the States, mid roses wined 
with dew ; 
Behind ye thrice a hundred years, before a thousand grand. 
What says the past to you to-day, ye young hosts of the land? 
What are thy legends, O thou flag, that gladdenest land and 

sea .? 
What is thy meaning in the air amid the jubilee? 
Flag of the sun that glows for all, 
Flag of the breeze that blows for all. 
Flag of the sea that flows for all. 

Flag of the school that stands for all, 
Flag of the people, one and all. 
The peaceful bugles blow and blow, White City by the sea, 
What is thy meaning in the air? O banner, answer me ! 



No azure pavon old art thou, borne on the palmer's spear. 
No oriflamme of red cross knightor coiffured cavalier; 
No gold pomegranates of the sun burn on thy silken cloud. 
Nor shamrock green, nor thistle red, nor rampant lion proud; 

No burning bees on taffeta in gold and crimson wrought. 

No eagle poising in the sky above the ocelot. 
No gaping dragons haunt thy folds as in the white sun's spray, 
When westering vikings turned their prows from moonless 
Norroway ; 

No double crowns beneath the cross are on thy hues unfurled, 

Such as the Prophet Pilot led toward the sunset world ; 



1898. The Flag of Peace. 653 

No artist's vision, circlet-crowned, such as with knightly pride 
Old Balboa threw upon the air o'er the Pacific tide. 

Not e'en St. George's cross is there that led the Mavilower on, 
Nor old St. Andrew's cross of faith — the double cross is gone. 
The peaceful bugles blow and blow across time's silver sea, 
What is thv meaning, O thou flag, this day of jubilee.' 
Flag of the sun that shines for all. 
Flag of the breeze tliat blows for all, 
Flag of the sea that flows for all, 

Flag of the school that stands for all, 
Flag of the people, one and all — 
What is thy meaning in the air .- O banner, answer me ! 

O children of the States, yon flag more happy lustres deck 
Than oriflammes of old Navarre, of Cressy or Rosebeq. 
The Covenanter's field of blue, caught from the clear sky, see, 
And Lyra's burning stars of peace and endless unity. 

The morning beams across it stream in roses red and white, 
As though 'tAvere outward rolled from heaven by angels of 
the light. 
All hail to thee, celestial flag, on this prophetic day 1 
That mingles with the light of heaven the morn's eternal ray. 
The peaceful bugles blow and blow across the inland sea. 
And speakest thou to every soul the great world's jubilee. 
Flag of the sun that shines for all, 
Flag of the breeze that blows for all. 
Flag of the sea that flows for all, 

Flag of the school that stands for all, 
Flag of the people, one and all — 
What is thy meaning in the air r O banner, answer me ! 



Flag of the battlefields, with pride beneath thy folds I stand, 
While gyveless freedom lifts to thee her choral trumpets 

grand. 
Thou stand'st for ^Monmouth's march of fire, for Trenton's 

lines of flame, 
For rippling Eutaw's field of blood, for Yorktown's endless 

fame; 



654 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

For Cape de Gatt, and fierce Algiers, and Perry's blood-red 

deck, 
For Vera Cruz, and Monterey, and white Chapultepec ; 
Thou stand'st for Sumter's broken wall, as high above Tybee 
The shouting forts uplift again the stars of unity; 
Thou stand'st for Cuba's patriot sons, thou stand'st for Cuba 

free, 
To lead each race from vassalage into fraternity. 

Thou stand'st that all the rights of men may every people 

bless, 
And God's own kingdom walk the w^orld in peace and right- 
eousness. 
The silver bugles blow and blow across time's silver sea. 
And so thou speak'st to every soul this day of jubilee. 
Flag of the sun that shines for all. 
Flag of the breeze that blows for all. 
Flag of the sea that flows for all. 

Flag of the school that stands for all. 
Flag of the people, one and all — 
What is thy meaning in the air.? O banner, answer me! 



The flag of peace, O liberty, peace follows hard thy feet. 
They fought for peace who fought for thee, and we their work 

complete. 
War folds her tent ; humanity unites the races, and for thee, 
O youth, the silver bugles blow" through yon White City by the 

sea. 
Where float for peace all banners free ! 
Achievement nobler fields commands than Charlemagne swept 

or Bayard won — ■ 
The future education rules. 
Peace beckons thee with lifted hands. 
Upon the hilltops of the sun. 

To lead the armies of the arts, to lead the armies of the schools 
Into the century supreme. 
Fulfilling Prayer and Prophecy, 
And every bard's and hero's dream ! 



1898. The Flag of Peace. 655 

O, my America ! whose flag Peace thrones amid the sky, ,; 

Beneath whose folds 'tis life to live and noblest death to die; \ 
I hear the morning bugles blow across the silver sea, 
And bless my God my palace stands a cottage home in thee ! 

Before thy flag all nations free in serried march shall bow, j 

And each new age of freedom say: " The best of times is now! " j 

So speak the voices of the Past, ye children of the land, ; 

Behind us thrice a hundred years, before a thousand grand, 1 

Such are the legends of yon flag that gladdens land and sea, i 

Such is the Hand that scrolls the air this day of jubilee ! i 

Flag of the sun that shines for all, ' 

Flag of the breeze that blows for all, ■ 

Flag of the sea that flows for all, i 

Flag of the school that stands for all, i 

Flag of the people, one and all — i 

The flag that leads the march of Peace, s 

Peace ! — lead the age to come ! I 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

THE PROPHECY OF THE FUTURE. 

The great topics discussed by the International 
American Conference of 1890 — Reciprocity, Com- 
merce, Arbitration, the International Railroad and the 
Nicaraguan Canal — outlined a map of the future of 
America, but what the Anglo-Saxon and Latin Re- 
publics most seem to need is a system of universal 
education, founded on the Pestalozzian philosophy 
and following the Froebel plan, that shall create a 
public conscience to give stability to their institutions. 
Sarmiento saw this, as did Dom Pedro and the great 
educators who founded the South American Normal 
Schools and other schools under their influence. 

"We must have a new education to make a ne^v 
generation of men," said Queen Louisa to the King 
of Prussia. Prussia had gone down before Napoleon 
I. A select company of Prussian youth ^vere sent to 
Pestalozzi, at Yverdon. A new education was begun 
for Prussia. Napoleon III. went down before Fred- 
erick William. The philosophers of both Germany 
and France said: "It was Pestalozzi who did it." 
There was a truth in the opinion. 

" Primary schools," said Sarmiento, "are the foun- 
dation of national character." But the true primary 
school must seek to put the principles of the Sermon 
(656) 




^t4i<iM^ 



1898. Where Spain Failed. 657 

of the Mount of Beatitudes into the conduct of the 
child, and stand for character and not for mere ac- 
quisitions of the memory. 

For this education Switzerland offers one of the 
satisfactory examples to the world. The Swiss claim 
that they owe their prosperity and happiness as a peo- 
ple largely to their system of education. They have 
made peace treaties with all nations; they have estab- 
lished the Referendum, by which the laws enacted by 
their Congress are referred back to the people for en- 
dorsement or rejection ; they have created a universal 
education which begins in the development of moral 
principles in the heart. Out of 485,000 Swiss heads 
of families, it is claimed that 465,000 own landed 
property. 

To develop and sustain the grand plans in the Pan 
American Congress begun at Panama, and continued 
at Lima and at Washington, as well as a universal 
education on the Swiss foundation that makes the 
Golden Rule its first principle of life is the need of 
the new age of democracy. It is moral culture that 
will outgrow war, and plant all things that are benefi- 
cent to humanity in its stead. 

It was here that Spain failed. She weighed gold 
against the soul, and prized the material above the 
ethical, and lost all things. It is only those who have 
spiritual life that live in their day and beyond their 
day. 

Splendid Spain ! Her royal ensign, once supported 
in its emblems by the Golden Fleece, bore the lions 
of Leon, the castles of Castile, the barred marks of 
the hero's hand, the broken chain, and the pomegran- 
ate of Andalusia ! Never rolled in the air a banner 



658 Young Folks' History of America. 1898. 

like hers. It rose for a golden Aragon. It was 
planted in Granada, and floated for the provinces 
and vice royalties and captaincies of the world of the 
southern seas. It shone under the Sierra Nevada 
over the captive palaces of the Moors, over the con- 
quered Moorish provinces of balm and bloom and 
luxuriant fruitage. The territory widened. Where- 
ever that standard went palaces and temples rose, 
and chimes pealed from white towers, and vanished 
in its march sun-tipped minarets and pagan roofs of 
gold. It swept the seas, and was unfurled in new 
cities of vice-royalties and captaincies, that followed 
the sun over half the world. 

But the true education of the heart was neglected 
in the continuous realms. It is said that Isabella de- 
clared that she felt the will to bless the world, were 
all the world a part of her dominion. This impulse 
was not sustained by her followers, or, if it were 
attempted, it was blindly done. 

Christ is the great teacher of the world; the Mount 
of Beatitudes was the primary schoolroom of man- 
kind, and heart education, as well as liberal knowl- 
edge, is the essential of the growth of nations that 
would live. The school republic must lead the age. 
Spiritual education leading the largest intelligence 
is the highest mission in life. The school must be 
trained to keep all that is best in the past and make 
it eternal. 

Nations rise, like Chaldea, Persia, the Roman 
Empire, and Spain, and obtain almost universal do- 
minion, and in the pride of their wealth, power, and 
glory, defy the will of Heaven. But the eternal, 
spiritual law^, which neither powers nor men can set 



1898. The Strength of a Republic. 659 

aside, which never was nor ever will be violated 
without loss, crumbles them all, and leaves them to 
the slow, creeping shadows of oblivion. " The nation 
that will not serve Thee shall perish," is a ^ short 
history of all time. "Troy was." The Sphinx 
sinks in the sands. 

The slaves that carried brick to the pyramids are 
only a little sooner forgotten than those for whom 
the desert tombs were builded. Only righteousness 
lives, and only that which obeys the spiritual law is 
immortal and will not be superseded. The insanity 
of success may cause one w^ho has made the world to 
fear and the earth to tremble, to cry out: "Is this 
not Babylon the Great that I have builded.?" But 
the next madness may turn the monarch into a beast 
as of old. To violate any right of humanity is sin, 
and sin is oblivion, and history makes no exception 
to the universal rule. 

The strength of a republic must lie in the virtue 
of the people, and this is greatly influenced by moral 
education, as in Switzerland, Holland, Prussia, and 
New England. The growth of the established in- 
stitutions of learning in the United States has been 
phenomenal during the last years of the century, and 
more wonderful has been the multiplication of scien- 
tific and industrial schools. 

What has been so obviously defective in our educa- 
tion is now being supplied by Kindergarten schools 
which on the principles of Pestalozzi and Froebel 
seek to put the eternal principles into the conduct 
of the child. Not only have most cities and tow^ns 
adopted Kindergartens, but a large number of chari- 
table institutions and churches have provided them 
42 



66o Young Folks' History oj America. 1898. 

for children of the poor, and the soul training of chil- 
dren has become a noble feature of almost every com- 
munity. In this work Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was 
a distinguished pioneer. 

A movement to educate adults by a system of home 
studies was begun by Rev. Dr. John H. Vincent, in 
1874. Its first purpose was the better education of 
Sunday School teachers. The movement became gen- 
eral, and led to the establishment of the Chautauqua 
Literary and Scientific Circle, one of whose purposes 
is to direct the reading of grown people so as to re- 
pair the defects of early education. More than 40,000 
people entered into this system of home education, 
and a yearly assembly began to be conducted on the 
shores of the beautiful Chautauqua Lake, New York. 
Chautauquas or summer schools sprung up in many 
parts of the country. Clubs for the purpose of the 
study of political morals have multiplied and women 
as well as men have entered upon these studies that 
tend to good citizenship. 

Labor organizations have established many debat- 
ing clubs with a like education in view. To-day 
education in America stands for the whole of life. 

The Froebel education, with its moral impulse and 
inspiration has sought the children in the street. 
Another form of education has sought the destitute, 
the morally weak, the victims of an adverse life. It 
is called the Salvation Army. 

As a work to uplift the poor and friendless this 
work of the Salvation Army merits mention. It is 
an effort that is unique among the movements of the 
times. It was started by William Booth, who was 
born m Nottingham, England, 1829. He began life 



1898. The Salvation Army Movement. 661 

as a Methodist minister, but left the Methodist direc- 
tion to do evangehcal work after methods of his own. 
He felt called to a mission among those whom ordinary 
methods had failed to influence. 

He began his work among the most neglected 
classes of London. He organized an army to parade 
the streets with bands of music, banners of Gospel 
texts, and salvation songs. He was greatly assisted 
by his wife, who left every worldly consideration for 
the work. 

He was at first violently assailed and persecuted. 
Even the Christian church, nearly all of whose 
branches rallied at last to his support, was at first 
doubtful in regard to the movement. 

He proclaimed it his mission to make a new people 
out of those who were no longer classed among the 
people. The movement spread over England. The 
dirtiest streets of the cities heard the drum and fife, 
the cymbals and trombones, saw the banners that up- 
lifted Scripture texts, and derided or shouted in 
approval. Crowds knelt in decaying squares, and at 
the steps of tenement houses, while General Booth and 
his captains proclaimed that " Salvation had appeared 
to all men." 

The army grew. Captains multiplied. The move- 
ment crossed the ocean to America and the isles of the 
sea. General Booth and his son Ballington took com- 
mand of the American army which numbered 260 corps 
and 600 officers. In 1896 there were 680 corps, 2,100 
officers, and 30,000 soldiers, and a great number of 
rescue homes. 

In 1890 General Booth published " In Darkest Eng- 
land and the Way Out." The solution of the problem 



662 Yoii7ig Folks' History of America. 1898. 

of bettering the conditions of the poor \vas shown to 
be colonies in the cities and the country, composed of 
those who were struggHng for a right life. To the 
establishing of such colonies General Booth then gave 
his efforts and the experiment is now on trial. 

As ^ve close this history ne\v nations seem coming 
to us and bringing to us new responsibilities. 

Porto Rico, or Puerto Rico, is likely to prove a 
most valuable possession to the United States. The 
beautiful island was colonized by the romantic Ponce 
de Leon, \vho ^vent in search of the Fountain of 
Youth. The remains of his palace are still to be seen 
there at San Juan. The island has 900,000 inhabit- 
ants, of whom 140,000 are Peninsulares, or natives of 
Spain. Two-thirds of the people are white. 

The island is densely populated. The climate is de- 
lightful. The principal towns of the island are San 
Juan, the capital, with 31,250 inhabitants ; Ponce with 
a population of 44,500, and Mayaquez with 29,500. 

San Juan, the city of the poetic mariner. Ponce de 
Leon, who sought immortal youth among the enchant- 
ing islands, discovered Florida, and died on the coast 
of Cuba from his wounds, is a very lovely city with 
fine buildings. On the Plazuela de Santiago (St. 
James) is a notable statue of Columbus. 

The colonial system of Spain has been the same 
there as elsewhere. It soon exterminated the native 
population, numbering some 500,000 souls. The Col- 
onists, or Creoles, were deprived of their individual 
rights. The liberty of private opinion was suppressed 
and the island was ruled so as to yield the greatest 
possible revenues to Spain. 

In the acquirement of historic monuments, Cuba 



1898. Conquests of the Future. 663 

brings us the tomb of Columbus, and Puerto Rico the 
remains of the palace of Ponce de Leon. 

The gates of the t^ventieth century rise on a glorious 
future, for education is on the march, and education 
now stands for all people and the whole of life. The 
conquests of the future are to be spiritual and won by 
the armies of the schools. 

To the teacher now is committed the trust of a 
century supreme. The t\ventieth century "svill be 
largely what he shall make the army of the schools. 

America began in the vision of Columbus, and the 
"new light" seen by Robinson of Leyden has been 
continually breathing forth "from the Word." It is 
America's mission to see that this light does not fail. 

*' That man rnav be given his birthright, 
And freedom the future that waits, 
Equality freedom to labor, 
And labor the wealth it creates." 

America has followed her inspiration. It lives. 
Captain Philip, after the victory of Santiago, stand- 
ing on the deck of the Texas, uncovers his head amid 
uncovered heads, and voices the end of the epoch of 
four hundred years, by saying, " I believe in Almighty 
God." 

ARMS AT REST. 

August 12 will be memorable in history It may be 
one of the davs that will be forever associated with 
the peace of the world. At 23 minutes past 4 o'clock 
in the afternoon of that day Secretary of State Day 



664 Young Folks' History of Ainerica. 1898. 

and the French ambassador, M. Jules Cambon, who 
acted for Spain, signed the following protocol : — 

1. That Spain will relinquish all claim of sover- 
eignty and title to Cuba. 

2. That Porto Rico and other Spanish islands in 
the West Indies, and an island in the Ladrones, to be 
selected by the United States, shall be ceded to the 
latter. 

3. That the United States will occupy and hold the 
city, bay, and harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion 
of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, 
disposition, and government of the Philippines. 

4. That Cuba, Porto Rico, and other Spanish islands 
in the West Indies shall be immediately evacuated, and 
that commissioners, to be appointed within ten days, 
shall, within thirty days from the signing of the pro- 
tocol, meet at Havana and San Juan, respectively, to 
arrange and execute the details of the evacuation. 

5. That the United States and Spain will each ap- 
point not more than five commissioners to negotiate 
and conclude a treaty of peace. The commissioners 
are to meet at Paris not later than the first of October. 

6. On the signing of the protocol hostilities will be 
suspended and notice to that effect will be given as 
soon as possible by each Government to the command- 
ers of its military force. 

After the signing of this protocol, the telegraph 
bore the message of peace to the commanders of the 
army and navy. America that day became absolutely 
free : the past influence of the old world vanished 
from her shores. She faced a new destiny, the century 



1898. Arms at Rest. 665 

supreme, ^vhich we may hope will abolish injustice, 
ignorance, and war by moral and spiritual education. 
" Let the result say it," said Bolivar, of great events. 
In the faith of the pilots and pilgrims and of the mar- 
tyrs and apostles of liberty, may the march of Amer- 
ica go on to the emancipation of mankind ! Only one 
chapter of her story has yet been told. Institutions 
grow, and it remains for the youth of the future to 
make more and more glorious the Story of America. 



APPENDIX. 

SPANISH OFFICIAL REPORT OF NAVAL BATTLE OF 
SANTIAGO. 

GuANTAXAMo Bay, July 8, ) 
via Kingston, Ja., July lo. \ 

Lieutenant Adolphus Kentreres, the executive offi- 
cer of the Spanish cruiser Cristobal Colon, has writ- 
ten to Spain an official account of the movements of 
Admiral Cervera's squadron in the fight. 

The Cristobal Colon came out last at full speed and 
tried to escape the Brooklyn and Oregon, but was 
compelled to beach sixty miles west of Santiago at 
1:15, and not at 2 p. m., as stated in Admiral Samp- 
son's report. 

The translation of the letter by Executive Officer 
Kentreres is : — 

''About 9 the squadron got under way, the ships 
a cable's distance from each other. At 9:30 the 
Infanta Maria Theresa cleared the entrance to the 
harbor without receiving any fire until she had passed 
Morro. 

' ' The Vizcaya felt the fire when at the head of the 
entrance, as ^vell as the Cristobal Colon, and it is cer- 
tain that the Almirante Oquendo opened fire while 
within the channel. 

"When clear of the entrance the Cristobal Colon 
went ahead at her maximum speed. The Infanta 
(666) 



1898. Destruction of Cei^vera' s Fleet. 667 

Maria Theresa, at 9 : 30, when hardly clear of the 
entrance, was seen to be on fire in her aft part, 
and a few moments afterward was headed for the 
beach. 

"A quarter of an hour later the Almirante Oquendo 
was seen to be on fire, and she, too, was headed for the 
beach at the same point. 

" The Vizcaya and the Cristobal Colon continued 
the fight. The former, about 11, seeing herself over- 
hauled by the Brooklyn, manoeuvred as if to ram, and 
without doubt at that moment must have received the 
projectiles that started the fire on her the same as on 
the two other ships, and she was seen to head for the 
beach in order to strand herself. 

"The Cristobal Colon alone remained, sustaining 
the fire of the Brooklyn, the only ship within 
range, but a few moments later she observed the 
Oregon closing up, and later the same with the other 
ships. 

"The projectiles of the Oregon began reaching us 
at I p. M., and that, together with the fact that it 
was not possible to fight with the after guns, on ac- 
count of the Cristobal Colon's lack of large-calibre 
pieces, and the certainty of being overhauled by the 
w^hole American squadron in a few hours, left no 
other remedy than to run ashore in order to avoid the 
useless sacrifice of life. 

" The Admiral made no signals while at sea, instruc- 
tions for forcing the blockade having been given the 
captains at a meeting which took place on the morn- 
ing of the previous day." 



668 Young Folks' History of Ameidca. 1898. 



HOBSON. 

In a public speech in New York, August 4, li 
young Hobson thus describes the scene on the Merri- 
mac before the explosion : • — 

" I feel that certain features of the incident in which 
Jackie played his part well should be referred to. It 
is known that when the call was made for volunteers 
to go on the Merrimac (the name evoked a storm of 
applause) the men literally fell over each other to vol- 
unteer. (Applause.) When the chosen men had 
been assigned to stations on the Merrimac the direc- 
tions were for those who had certain duties to lie 
flat on their faces, to others to stand by the anchor 
gear, and others by the torpedoes, and there were 
two in the engine room. The directions were that 
no man should pay any attention to the fire of the 
enemy. 

"It was agreed and understood by all that no one 
should look over his shoulder to see where the pro- 
jectiles came from — that no attention was to be paid 
to them. It was understood that if wounded no at- 
tention should be paid to it ; that the man should place 
himself in a sitting, kneeling — in any — posture, so 
that when the signal came he would be able to per- 
form his special duty. And, friends, they lay there, 
each man at his post, until the duty of each was per- 
formed. 

" Out of seven torpedoes we had five. The others, 
with their connections, had been shot away. When 



1898. Hob son' s Story. 669 

the steering gear had been shot away the projectiles 
were coming in one continuous stream, but the men 
quietly lay there, doing their duty as they had been 
instructed. (Cheers.) 

"When an explosion came from under the star- 
board quarter, and we began to sink, and the anchor 
had been carried away, and we were settling slowly, 
because only two torpedoes had remained intact, when 
for ten minutes or more the group lay on their faces, 
and actually the fire of the enemy made the deck 
tremble ; when it was a question whether the frag- 
ment of a shell would end the lives of all, then the 
simple order was given, ' No man move till further 
orders.' 

" If there ever was a condition when the principles 
of 'each man for himself,' or jump overboard, were 
justified, it was at that moment. But not a man 
quailed." 

The audience could not contain itself — it rose and 
cheered wildly again and again. 

"A few moments later," continued the young ora- 
tor, for such his delivery showed him to be, "when 
the same group was in the water clinging to its cata- 
maran, and the enemy's boats came peering about 
with their lanterns to find something of what they 
thought was left, then again the impulse to get away 
was strong and justifiable. Then again the simple 
order was given, 'No man move till further orders,' 
and then, for nearly an hour, these men stood, every 
one of them, self-contained. 

"The next day, when there was a reminder of the 
inquisition to get information from the prisoners, an 
impertinent question was put to the prisoners by an 



/\Srr\Q,^^7o Yoimg Folks' History of America. 

^^)'~.>^icte Charette spoke French. When the question 
^p? J 0*2^*^ asked, ' What was the object of our coming here ? ' 
Charette, drawing himself up, said: 'In the United 
States navy it is not the custom for a seaman to know 
or to ask to know tlie object of his superior officer.' 
(Tremendous applause.) 

"Now, friends, if you will draw the proper deduc- 
tions and regard these men as single types of the 
whole fleet ; if you will properly look upon these 
little incidents as the condition in the fleet where the 
personnel was ready, and is ready, to do anything, 
then I will not have spoken in vain, and you ^vill 
have a complete idea of the sailor." (Great ap- 
plause.) 



Census Returns. 



671 



POPULATION AND AREA OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



States. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota , 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Territories. 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Dakota 

District of Columbia. 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Oklahoma 

Utah 

Washington 

Wyoming 



Total 62,622,250 

Indian 249,273 



Population. 



.513.071 
,128.179 
,208,130 
412,198 
746,255 
168,493 
391,422 
.837.353 
84.385 
,826,351 
,192,404 
,911,896 
,427,006 
,858,635 
.118.587 
661,086 
,042,390 
,23«,943 
,093,889 
,301,826 
,289,600 
,679,184 

132.159 

,058,910 

45.761 

376,530 
.444.933 
.997.853 
.617.947 

182,719 
1,672,316 

313.767 
;, 258,014 

345,506 
,151,149 

328,806 
.767.518 
.235.523 

332,422 
,655,980 

349.390 

762,794 

,686,880 

60,705 



31.795 
59.620 



230,392 



153.593 

61,834 

207,905 



1,262,794 
802,564 
864,686 
194,649 
622,683 
146,654 
267.351 

1,539,048 



3,078,769 

1,978,362 

1,624,620 

995,966 

1,648,708 

940,103 

648,945 

934.632 

1,783,012 

1,636,331 

780,806 

1.131.5^2 



452.433 
62,265 

346,984 
1,130,983 
5,083,810 
1,400,047 



3.^98.239 
174.767 

4,282,786 
276,528 
995,622 



1,542,463 

1,592,574 

332,286 

1,512,806 



618,443 
1,315,480 



30,178 
40,441 
135,180 
177,638 
32,610 

39.159 
118,430 



[43,906 
75,120 



50.383,044 



1870 



996,992 
484,471 
560,247 
39.864 
537.454 
125,015 
187,748 
,184,109 



2.539.891 
1,680,637 
1,194,020 

364.399 

1,321,011 

726,915 

626,915 

780.894 

1.457.351 

1,184.059 

439,706 

827,922 

1,721,295 



122.993 

42.491 

318,300 

906,096 

4.382,759 

1,071,361 



2,665,260 
90,923 

3.521.951 
217.353 
705,606 



1,258,520 
818,579 
330.551 

1,225,163 



442,014 
1,054,670 



9.658 
14,181 
131,700 
14,999 
20,595 
91,874 



86,786 
23.955 
9.118 



38.558.371 



Area in 
Square 
Miles. 



53,250 
52.198 
157.801 
104,500 
4.750 
■2,120 
59,268 
58,000 
84,800 
55.41'? 
33,8co 
55.045 
80,891 
37,680 
41.34^ 
35,000 

II,I2A 
7,800 
56,45' 
83.53- 
47.15'' 
65.350 



75.99J 
112,090 

9,28cv 

8,32c 
47,00c 
50,704 
70.79.* 
39.96^ 
95.27/ 
46,00c 

1,30^ 

34.00c 

77,65c- 

45,60c 

274.356 

9,612 
38,352 
69,180 
23,000' 
53.924 
97.89'? 



577. 39*' 
113,020 



64 



121,201 
39.030 
84,476 
69.994 
97.833 



2,924,211 
31,400 



672 



Census Returns. 



LIST OF CITIES 

In the United States having a population of One 
Hundred Thousand and over : 



Cities. 



New York 

Chicago 

Philadelphia 

Brooklyn 

St, Louis 

Boston 

Baltimore 

San Francisco. . . 

Cincinnati 

Buffalo 

Cleveland 

New Orleans. . . . 

Pittsburgh 

Detroit 

Milwaukee 



Pop. 



,801,739 

■,567,727 
: ,044,894 
956,226 
45^770 
446,507 
435,151 
297,990 
296,908 
278,796 

261,353 
242,039 

238,473 
205,826 
204,468 



Cities. 



Newark 


181,830 


Minneapolis 


164,738 


Jersey City 


163,003 


Louisville 


161,129 


Rochester 


149,834 


Omaha 


140,452 
133,156 
132,716 


St. Paul 


Kansas City. . . . 


Providence 


132,146 


Indianapolis 


105,436 


Denver 


106,713 


Alleghenj^ 


105,287 


Dominion of Canada 

Montreal 

Toronto 


216,650 
181,220 


Mexico 

City of Mexico. . 


325,535 



Pop. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B. C PAGE 

400. American continent known to the ancients ... 13 

The Mysterious Races 13 

The Mound-builders 19 

A. D. 

1436. Birth of Columbus 30 

1492. Columbus discovered the West Indies .... 35 
1497. North American continent discovered bj the 

Cabots 37 

1497-8. Americus Vespucius lands in South America . 45 

1512. Florida visited by Ponce de Leon 51 

1513. Pacific Ocean seen by Balboa 51 

1521. Cortez captured Montezuma 31 

1534. Jacques Cartier on coast of Labrador .... 59 

1535. Cartier founds Montreal 63 

1539. Ferdinand De Soto lands in Florida ..... 44 

1602. James I. ascended the throne 93 

Gosnold discovered Cape Cod 51 

1604. Port Royal visited by De Monts 86 

1606. London Company chartered 64 

1607. Settlement at Jamestown, Va 67 

1608. Quebec founded by Champlain 52 

Captain John Smith in Virginia 67 

Mr. Robinson's congregation flee to Holland . 94 

1609. Henry Hudson explores the Hudson River ... 52 

1610. Poutrincourt returned to Port Royal .... 89 
1616. Pocahontas at the English Court 83 

1620. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth .... 98 

1621. Massasoit visits Plymouth 100 

1623. Dutch settled on ^lanhattan Island 136 

43 673 



674 Chronological Table. 

1636. Harvard College founded 113 

Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams . . . 166 

1643. First Confederation of the Colonies 114 

1660. Granary Burying-ground first used 242 

1661. Quakers released by the king's letter 173 

1664. New Amsterdam taken by the English and named 

New York 139 

1673. Marquette and Joliet discover the Mississippi . . 332 

1675. King Philip's War 119 

1682. Pennsylvania founded by William Penn .... 143 
Robert La Salle descends the Mississippi, and is 

killed in Texas 332 

1688. Population of Virginia 50,000 75 

Witchcraft in New England 163 

1706. Deerfield and Haverhill sacked by Indians . . . 335 

1732. George Washington born, Feb. 22 180 

1733. Oglethorpe settled in Georgia 148 

1736. The Wesley s in Georgia 155 

1744. Chime of bells placed in Christ Church, Boston . 242 

1749. Slave-trade encouraged by Parliament .... 340 

1752. Franklin proves lightning to be electricity . . . 185 

1754. French and English war begun 335 

Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity . . . 188 

1755. Braddock's defeat 193 

1759. Wolfe captured Quebec. Death of Wolfe . . . 197 

1764. E-ve of the Revolution 202 

1765. Stamp Act passed by Parliament 204 

1766. Stamp Act repealed 206 

1768. Arkwright invents the spinning-jenny .... 351 

1770. Boston ladies pledge themselves not to drink tea . 233 

1773- Destruction of tea at Boston 211 

1774. First Congress met at Philadelphia 212 

Boston closed as a port of landing 211 

1775. Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19 . . 217 
1775. Allen and Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga, 

May 10 249 

English ships- of- war anchord in Boston harbor . 254 

Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 257 

Washington took command of the army . . . 262 

" Yankee Doodle " written . . 265 



Chronological Table, 675 

1776. Boston evacuated by the British, March 17 . . . 265 

German boy's funeral 231 

Opposition to slavery 345 

Declaration of Independence adopted by Congress, 

July 4 270 

Battle of Long Island 276 

Washington crossed the Hudson 276 

Washington crossed the Delaware 279 

Washington victorious at Trenton, Dec. 26 . . . 280 

1777. British defeated at Princeton 280 

Lafayette joined the American army 281 

Howe landed near Philadelphia, Aug. 25 ; entered 

the city, Sept. 26 283 

Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4 284 

Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, Oct. 17 . . , 288 

Washington at Valley Forge 287 

1780. Capture of Major Andre 293 

1781. A French fleet joins the Americans 297 

Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown 298 

1783. Peace concluded 299 

Washington at home 301 

1787. Constitutional convention at Philadelphia . . . 306 

Constitution adopted Sept. 17 308 

1789. Washington inaugurated April 30 308 

1791. Canada divided into two provinces 339 

1792. Eli Whitney invented the cotton-gin 352 

1795. Corner-stone of Boston State House laid . . . 238 

1797. John Adams, President 313 

1801. Thomas Jefferson, President 313 

1806. Ports of Europe closed to American vessels . . . 313 

Right of search 214 

1809. Jamies Madison, President 313 

Abraham Lincoln born 392 

1812. War with England 316 

Louisiana admitted to the Union 353 

1813. The Shannon captures the Chesapeake .... 320 

1814. British troops enter Washington and burn the 

public buildings 324 

Peace agreed upon at Ghent, Dec. 24 ... . 325 



676 Chronological Table. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8 326 

181 7. James jNIonroe, President 355 

1820. The Missouri Compromise 355 

1824. Mexico a republic 363 

1825. John Quincj Adams, President 355 

1826. Deaths of Adams and Jefferson, Julj 4 .... 330 
Lafayette's visit to the United States ...... 330 

1829. Andrew Jackson, President 355 

1831. James A. Garfield born, Nov. 19 510 

William Lloyd Garrison 356 

1832. Lovejoy killed at Alton, 111. . . . . . . . 358 

1836. Independence of Texas 361 

1837. Martin Van Buren, President 362 

1840. Province of Canada formed 339 

1845. James K. Polk, President 363 

Texas admitted to the Union 362 

1S46. Beginning of ISIexican war 365 

1S49. Gold found in California 371 

Zachary Taylor, President 375 

1853. The Missouri Compromise repealed 376 

1856. Assault on Charles Sumner 387 

1859. John Brown in Kansas aud Virginia 383 

i860. Abraham Lincoln, elected President 388 

Secession of South Carolina 397 

i86r. Lincoln inaugurated President 402 

Jefferson Davis President of the Southern Confed- 
eracy 403 

Attack on Fort Sumter, April 12, 13 .... 411 

Blood shed in Baltimore. April 19 414 

1S61. Virginia seceded April 23 418 

Battle of Bull Run, July 2 1 419 

McClellan, commander-in-chief, July 22 . . . . 422 

Robert E. Lee in command of the Confederates . 422 

Population of Canada 515 

1862. McClellan's failure on the Peninsula 425 

The Monitor and the Virginia 426 

Capture of Port Royal 428 

Capture of New Orleans, April 25 429 

Victories in the West 429 

Battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg .... 439 



Chronological Table, 677 

1863. Emancipation Proclamation 435 

Siege of Vicksburg 441 

Battle of Chancellorsville 443 

Death of " Stonewall " Jackson 443 

Battle of Gettysburg 445 

1864. General Grant made commander-in-chief. He 

crosses the Rapidan, May 3 456 

Siege of Petersburg 459 

Sherman's march to the sea 460 

Battle of Winchester 463 

1865. Thirteenth amendment adopted 464 

Freedmen's Bureau established 467 

Capture of Richmond 473 

Surrender of General Lee 474 

Assassination of Lincoln, April 14 478 

Union armies mustered out 489 

1866. Atlantic cable laid 502 

1867. National cemeteries established 496 

Dominion of Canada formed 339 

Alaska purchased from Russia ...... 502 

1868. Fourteenth amendment adopted 491 

Grant elected President 502 

1870. Fifteenth amendment adopted 505 

1871. Population of Canada 515 

1872. Grant re-elected President 505 

1876. The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia . . 505 

1876. Election of President R. B. Hayes 505 

1878. Marquis of Lome appointed Governor-General of 

Canada 512 

1880. Gen. James A. Garfield elected President . . . 506 

1881. President Garfield inaugurated 509 

Assassinated 515 

Died 519 

President Chester A. Arthur inaugurated . . . 521 

Centennial of the surrender of Yorktown . . . 525 

1883. News of the loss of Arctic Explorers 529 

Establishment of Signal Service Bureau . . . 530 

World's Industrial Exposition, New Orleans . . . 531 

Prime Meridian Conference, Washington . . . 532 

1884. Election of President Grover Cleveland .... 533 



678 Chronological Table. 

1885. United States troops sent to maintain open transit 

across Isthmus of Panama 535 

Death of General U. S. Grant . 535 

Death of Vice-President Hendricks 536 

1886. Incorporation of National Trades' Unions . . . 539 

Anarchist outrages in Chicago 541 

Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty unveiled .... 543 

1887. Inter-State Commerce Law passed 547 

Labor Party established 549 

1888. Benjamin Harrison elected President 551 

1889. Benjamin Harrison inaugurated . ... . . 556 

North Dakota admitted to the Union .... 554 

South Dakota admitted to the Union 554 

Montana admitted to the Union 554 

Washington admitted to the Union 554 

Centennial of Washington's inauguration . . . 555 

1890. Decennial Census taken 559 

Idaho admitted 560 

Wyoming admitted 560 

1 891. Oklahoma thrown open for settlement .... 565 
Assault on sailors of United States war- ship Balti- 
more at Valparaiso 566 

1892. People's Party formed 569 

Quadri- Centennial of the discovery of America cele- 
brated in New York 1570 

Dedication of the World's Columbian Exposition at 

Chicago 571 

1893. Attempted annexation of the Island of Hawaii . . 573 

Cleveland re-elected President 573 

Opening of the World's Columbian Exposition at 

Chicago 579 

1894. Great strike of American Railway Union . . . 585 

Financial Panic .... 583 

American Marines landed in Nicaragua .... 591 

Midwinter Fair opened in San Francisco . . . 592 

Progress of Dominion of Canada 596 

1896. National Republican and Democratic Conventions 602 

Early Life of President McKinley 605 

X-Rays 609 

Klondike Gold Fields, Discovery of 632 



Chronological Table. 679 

1897. Inauguration of President McKinley .... 610 
History of International Arbitrations .... 612 
The Hawaiian Question 619 

1898. Annexation of Hawaii 621 

Cuban Revolution 623 

Manila 635 

Santiago . 640 

The Red Cross 644 

Peace Protocol 663 

Hobson . 668 



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INDEX. 



Acadia, story of, 84 ; colony blotted out 
by the English, 90. 

Acton, 225. 

Acts of Parliament burned, 203. 

Adams, Gov., 242. 

Adams, John, Vice-President, 308 ; Pres- 
ident, 313 ; his death, 330; would nev- 
er own a slave, 345. 

Adams, John Quincy, President, 355. 

Adams, Samuel, the true king in Boston, 
208; at the Old South Church, 211 ; 
at Lexington, 217, 221; Governor in 
i795> 23S. 

Alaska, remains of Siberian elephant 
found in, 25 ; purchased from Russia, 
502- 

Alexander and Philip, sons of Massasoit, 
106. 

Alexandria, Confederate flag at, 417; 
seized by the Federals, 418. 

Allen, Ethan, 249. 

Alligators cooked by the Indians, 46. 

Alton, 111., Mr. Lovejoy killed at, 358. 

Amber on the shores of the Baltic, 14 

Amendment to the Constitution forbid- 
ding slavery, 464 ; the fourteenth, 491 ; 
the fifteenth, 505. 

America, the most grateful of nations, 
282. 

America's name, story of, 45. 

American Antislavery Society organized, 
356. 

American contment known to the an- 
cients, 13. 

American Revolution begun at Concord, 
229. 

Americans arm and drill, 212. 

Americus Vespucius, voyage of, 45, 51. 

Amnesty, general, proclaimed, 505. 

Ancient pueblo pottery, 21. 

Anderson, Major, surrendered Fort Sum- 
ter, 412. 

Andre, Major John, story of, 293. 

Andrew, Gov., statue of, 238. 

Andros, Gov., imprisoned, 241. 

Andros, Lady Anne, 241. 

Annapolis, site of the old Port Royal, 86. 

Annawon, story of capture of, 131. 

Antietam, battle of. 439. 

Antislavery riots, 357. 

Apthorp, Madame, 236. 

Area of the States and Territones, 517. 



Arkwright, Richard, invents the spin- 
ning-frame, 350. 

Arlington Heights seized, 418. 

Armies of the Union in Washington, 489 ; 
mustered out, 490. 

Armor of the skeleton in armor, 16, ig. 

Arnold, Benedict, 249 ; his treason, 294. 

Arthur, Chester A., 510, 521. 

Asia to America, access from, easy, 25. 

Asiatic race settled in North America, 
19, 22. 

Atlanta, Ga., captured, 460. 

Atlantic Cable, the, laid, 502. 

Atlantis, island of, 13. 

Aztecs had traditions of the flood, 19. 

Balboa discoverer! Pacific Ocean, 51. 

Baltimore, blood shed in streets of, 414. 

Baptism and religious instruction with- 
held from slaves, 343. 

Baptism of Indians at Port Royal, 89. 

Baptists banished, 169 ; conduct of, 170. 

Barrett's, Col., British at, 225. 

Battle of Lexington, 221. 

Batde of New Orleans, 329. _ 

Battle-Hymn of the Republic, 451. 

Bay of Chaleur explored and described, 
59, 60. 

Beacon Hill, 238 ; bonfires on, 232. 

Beauregard, Gen., at Manassas, 418. 

Behring Strait easily crossed, 25. 

Belle Isle, Strait of, Cartier enters, 59. 

Bellingham, Gov., 242. 

Belceil, Mt., 336. 

Belt of brass tubes found at Fall River, 
Mass., 16. 

Bible, the book of all ages, 56 ; not al- 
lowed to be printed in America, 203. 

Blaine, James G., Secretary of State, 515. 

Blockade of American ports, 320. 

Blockade of Confederate pons, 418. 

Blockading decrees repealed, 316. 

Booth, assassinator of Pres. Lincoln, 481. 

Boston, England, persecutions at, 94 

Boston, the port closed, 211; full of 
monuments, 237; situation of, 246; 
blockaded, 246. 

Boston Common, English troops en- 
camped on, 207, 217. 

Boston Massacre, the, 208, 243. 

Boucherville, Mt., 336. 

Bowdoin, Gov., 243. 



681 



682 



Young Folks History of America. 



Braddock's, Gen., campaign in Ohio, 189- 

193 ; his death, 193. 
Brandy wine, battle of, 283. 
Brewster, Elder, 93; establishes a printing 

press in Holland, 94; his library, 114. 
British Columbia, 339. 
British Islands visited for tin, 14. 
Broke, Capt., 320. 
Brown, John, story of, 380; went to 

Kansas, 383 ; at Harper's Ferry, 384; 

trial and death, 387. 
Buchanan, George, the historian, 55. 
Buchanan, James, President, 388. 
Buena-Vista, battle of, 366. 
Buffalo skin means protection, 152. 
Bull Run, battle of, 419 ; results, 420. 
Bunker Hill, battle of, 257. 
Burgoyne's, Gen., campaign from Canada, 

287 ; surrender at Saratoga, 288. 
Burke, Edmund, 186, 205, 212. 
Burnside, Gen., in command, 439. 
Burr, Aaron, Vice-President, 313. 
Bute, Lord, hung in ef&gy, 235. 
Buttrick, Major John, at Concord fight, 

229. 



Cabot, John, vo>ages of, 36, 37, 51. 

Cahokia, 111., mound at, 19. 

Calhoun, John C, a champion of slavery, 
346; Vice-President, 355. 

California ceded by Mexico, 371; gold 
discovered in, 371 ; admitted as a free 
State, 375. 

Canada occupied by the French, 187 ; in- 
vasions of, 194, 316, 319; Dominion of, 
332; population of, 336; growth of, 
339 ; divisions, 339 : government, 339 ; 
Marquis of Lome, Governor, 521; 
area, 522; political status, 523; Prov- 
inces of, 523. 

Canadian winter, 63. 

Canals from Great Lakes to the Hud- 
son, 330. _ 

Cannibal prisoners sold as slaves, 50. 

Cannibals of South America, 49. 

Canonchet, chief of the Narragansetts, 
joins Philip, J23; taken prisoner, 124. 

Capitol, the, at Washington burned, 324; 
enlarged and adorned, 440. 

Cartier, Jacques, in the St. Lawrence. 51, 
63 ; founder of Canada, 59 ; voyages 
of, 63._ 

Carting, inconvenient habit of, 203. 

Carver, John, chosen Governor of Ply- 
mouth Colony, 99; presented to Mas- 
sasoit, 103. 

Cavaliers, the, sought refuge in Va., 178. 

Cemetery Hill, Gettysburg, 446. 

Centennial, the. at Philadelphia, 505. 

Champlain founds Quebec, 52 ; a guest at 
Port Royal, 86 ; relates his wonderful 
adventures, 89. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 443. 

Charles I., 106, 109. 



Charles 11. , 139, 140. 

Charles River, 217. 

Charleston, S- C, joy in, over surrender 
of Fort Sumter, 412- 

Charter of Massachusetts withdrawn, 211. 

Chesapeake, French fleet in the, 297. 

Chesapeake and Shannon, fight between, 
320. 

" Chevy Chase," 265. 

Children bewitched, 160 ; bark like dogs, 
163. 

Chilson, Mary, 241. 

Christ Church, the old north meeting- 
house, 232. 

Christian Commission, the, 498. 

Chronological table, 521. 

Church, Capt., captures Annawon, 131. 

Church members electors in New Eng- 
land, 178. 

Cities and towns having a population of 
10,000 and upward, 518. 

Citizenship, England's claim of, 3x4; not 
to be abridged in any State, 491. 

City Point a base of supplies, 45S. 

Civil wars frequent in Europe, 55. 

Codfish in Mass. House of Representa- 
tives, 238. 

"Coil-made" pottery, 21; jar from So. 
Utah, 58. 

College erected in Virginia, 76. 

Colonies, growth and government of the, 

Colony at Virginia massacred by Indians, 

64) 75- 
Columbus, Christopher, story of, 30. 
Cominerce extinct, 298 ; revived, 308, 

again prohibited, 316. 
Concord, ammunition at, 216; story of 

the fight at, 217 ; plan of roads at, 226; 

British loss at, 231. 
Concord River, 222. 
Confederacy, hollowness of the, proved, 

463. 
Confederate army, short of rations, 468. 
Confederate currency, depreciation of, 

4S5> 469- 

Confederates pardoned by the Govern- 
ment, 492. 

Confederation of the colonies, the first, 
114. 

Congress of the States, held at New York, 
207 ; at Philadelphia, 212. 

Congress, address to the king, 215; re- 
fused a hearing, 216. 

Congress, the, captured, 426. 

Conscience, freedom in matters of, 166. 

Conscription at the South, 468. 

Constitution, a written, adopted at James- 
town, 76. 

Constitution, Federal, adopted, 307 ; thir- 
teenth amendment adopted, 464; four- 
teenth amendment adopted, 491 ; fif- 
teenth amendment adopted, 505. 

Convention to organize the thirteen States, 
306. 

Converts, Indian, 118. 



Index. 



683 



Copp's Hill Burying-ground, 242. 

Corey, Giles, pressed to death, 163. 

Corn, five kernels to each person for one 
day, 110. 

Cornvvallis, Lord, inarches into Phila- 
delphia, 283 : surrender of, 298. 

Cortez captured Montezuma, 51. 

Cotton, John, 241. 

Cotton, high price of, 492. 

Cotton-gin, the story of the, 351. 

Cotton plant, 352. 

Cradle of Liberty, 237. 

Cradock Mansion, Medford, 12, 245. 

Craigie House, Longfehow's residence, 
2455 263- . . 

Creditors imprisoned in England, 151. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 106 ; supported by New 
England, 179. 

Cross set up on Labrador, 59 ; on Bay of 
Gaspe, 60. 

Crown Point, 249. 

Cumberland, the, destroyed, 426. 



Daille, Peter, grave of, 242. 

Danes claim to be the builders of round 
arch tower at Newport, R. L, 16. 

Dare, Virginia, first white child born in 
America, 76. 

Davenport, John, 241. 

Davis, Isaac, at Concord fight, 225. 

Davis, Jefterson, President of the Con- 
federacy, 398 ; his inaugural, 403 ; 
curses breathed against, 469 ; flight 
from Richmond, 473 ; his capture, 489 ; 
set at liberty, 489. 

Declaration of Independence, 269. 

Debt incurred in putting down the Re- 
bellion, 502. 

Deerfield, Alass., sacked and burned, 335. 

Delaplace, Capt., 253. 

Delaware, Lord, reinforces the colony at 
Jamestown, 72. 

Demonology, King James's book on, 157. 

De Monts visits the Bay of Fundy, 86. 

Desertions from the Confederate army, 
459- 

De Soto, Ferdinand, expedition of, 41 : 
discovers the Mississippi, 42 ; death of, 
42. 

Dickenson, John, in Congress, 215. 

Dighton, Mass., Writing Rock at, 14, ig. 

Discovery, tlie great, 29. 

Disloyalty of tlie Southern States, 397. 

Dog put to death for witchcraft, 160. 

Dominion of Canada, 339. 

Donnacona, King of Canada, 63. 

Dorchester Heights forufied, 264. 

Doric Hall, State House, Boston, 238. 

Dutch and Indian traders, 136. 

Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, 
136. 

Dutch villages on Long Island burned, 



Duties imposed, 308. 



East India Company, 208, 211. 

Effects of the war, 289. 

Election of 1860, 388. 

Elector, every church member an, 178. 

Eliot, John, 117. 

Elizabeth, Queen, discoveries m reign of, 

5i> 5.2- 
Emancipation Proclamation, 435 ; Earl 

Russell on, 436. 
Empire City, the, 140. 
English goods, resolution not to import, 

205. 
English government, ignorance and folly 

of, 203. 
English name, disHke to the, 203. 
English Parliament remind James I. of 

their " undoubted rights," 55; no obedi- 
ence due to from Americans, 204. 
English traders expelled from French 

territory, 187. 
England and France often at variance, 

187. 
England, rage in, at Braddock's defeat, 

194- 
Epidemic diseases in Europe, 55. 
Episcopal Church established in Virginia, 

76. 
Ericsson, Capt., 427. 

Europe closed to American vessels, 3x4. 
Europe during sixteenth century, 52. 
European war of 1740, 179. 
Evacuation of Boston, 265. 
" Evangeline," Longfellow's poem, 74. 
Eve of revolution, 202. 
Export of products forbidden, 203. 



Fair MOUNT Park, 505. 

Faneuil, Peter, 242. 

Faneuil Hall, 237. 

Fall River, Mass., skeleton in armor 

found at, 15. 
Farragut, Admiral, captures New Orleans, 

429. 
Fast proclauned by House of Assembly, 

163. 
Fast-day proclaimed at approach of Quak- 
ers, 170. 
Fathers of New England imprisoned at 

Boston, England, 94. 
Feathers signify love, J52. 
Ferdmand, King of Aragon, 32. 
Fillmore, Millard, President, 375. 
Fingers, tender, of Virginia colonists 

blistered, 67. 
" First in the Foremost Line," poem, 453. 
Fishing, successful, no. 
Florida named by Ponce de Leon, 38 ; 

ceded to United States by Spain, 330. 
Flour, Washington brand, 182. 
Forest, clearing the, 68- 
Fort Detroit, surrender at, 316. 
Fort Duquesne, 189, 190. 
Fort Necessity, built by Washington, i88; 

Fort Pitt, 190. 
Fort Sumter, attack on, 411. 



684 



Young Folks' History of America. 



Fortress Monroe, 424. 

Fountain of youth, 38. 

Fourth of July, 1826, 329. 

Fox, George, 173. 

France, sympathy of, for Americans, 280. 

Francis I. sends Cartier to Western Hem- 
isphere, 59, 60. 

Franklin, Benjamin, 1S3 ; as boy and man, 
184 ; as man of science, 185 : ambassa- 
dor, 186 ; commissioner at Paris, 290. 

Frederick of Prussia, 274. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, 439- 

Freedmen's Bureau established, 467. 

French settlements earlier than that at 
Jamestown, 332. 

French and Indian War, 335. 

French at Newfoundland, 37. 

French colonies, the, 187. 

French Directory, misunderstanding with, 

French m Canada, 37. 

Frog Lane, 236. 

Fugitive Slave Law passed, 375. 

Gage, Gen., sent to Boston, 212 ; sends 
troops to Lexington, 217 ; recalled, 263. 

Gallows Hill at Salem, 163. 

Garden of the continent, 336. 

Garfield, Gen. James A-, elected Presi- 
dent, 506 ; inauguration, 509 . ancestry, 
514; assassination, 515; death, 518. 

Garrison, Williarn Lloyd, starts his paper, 
356; mobbed in Boston, 357. 

Gaspi, Bay of, cross planted on shores 
of, 60. 

George IL, 151. 

Georgia, 148 ; country between the Sa- 
vannah and the Altamaha, 152 ; sends 
money, rice, &c., to Boston, 245. 

German boy's funeral, 231. 

German mercenaries in New Jersey, 2S3. 

German Protestants join Oglethorpe, 152. 

Germantown, battle at, 2S4. 

Gettysburg, Gen. Lee's advance to, 445 ; 
battle of, 446. 

Ghent, treaty of, 325. 

Gibraltar, 14; besieged by Spain, 293. 

Gold discovered in Cahfornia, 371 ; pre- 
mium on, 469. 

Goodwin, John, his children bewitched, 
163. 

Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, 51. 

Government, a central, needed, 302. 

Governments of the colonies, diversity 
in, 177. 

Governor appointed by the king, 179. 

Governor, functions of the colonial, 177. 

Granary Burying-ground, 241. 

Grand Pre, village of, 86. 

Grant, Gen., victorious in the West, 429; 
the William the Silent of the war, 440; 
put in command of the Union army, 
456; elected President, 502; re-elected, 

Great Britain has no written constitution, 
307; war declared against, 316. 



Greene, Gen., 297. 

Greene, Mrs. Gen., encourages Eli Whit- 
ney, 352. 
Grenville, Lord, 204. 
Grievances of the colonies in common, 

Guiteau, Charles J., 515. 
Gulf Stream, effect of, 37. 



Hair, long, considered unscriptural, 113. 

Hamilton, Alexander, entered the army, 
302 ; suggested a constitutional con- 
vention, 305 ; killed in duel wiih Aaron 
Burr, 305 ; Talleyrand's opinion of, 306; 
Secretary of the Treasury, member of 
an abolition society, 345. 

Hampden, John, farming in Buckingham- 
shire, 106. 

Hancock, John, at Lexington, 217 ; his 
grave, 242. 

Hancock House illuminated, 233, 238. 

Handel selected organ for King's Chapel, 
Boston, 241. 

Harlem evacuated by Washington, 276. 

Harper's Ferry, government works at, 
burned, 417 ; captured by Gen. Lee, 
436. 

Harrison, Wm. Henry, President, 363. 

Harvard College founded, 113. 

Hat makers not to employ negro work- 
men, 203. 

Haverhill, Mass , sacked and burned, 335. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., elected President, 

505- .... 

Henry VIL, discoveries in reign of, 51. 
Henry VIIL, discoveries in reign of, 51. 
Henry, Patrick, in Congress, 215. 
Hessians, 274. 

Hobomok, the Indian interpreter, 103. 
Hochelaga, Mount Royal, now Montreal, 

63. 
Holland, Pilgrims spend eleven years in, 

94 ; sail from Delfthaven in, 97. 
Hollis Street Church, 233. 
Homes in the new land, 51. 
Homestead Act passed, 44c. 
Hooker, Gen. Joseph, in command, 442. 
Hopkins, the witch detector, 158. 
House of Commons, resolution to tax 

Americans, 204. 
Houston, Sam., President of Texas, 

35S-361. 
Howard, Gen., head of Freedman's Bu- 
reau. 467. 
Howe, Gen., in command, 263 ; at Staten 

Island, 275 ; retreats to New York, 

293- 
Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, 451. 
Hudson, Henn', 136. 
Hudson River explored, 52. 
Hull, Gen., sentenced to be shot, 316. 
Human liberty, love of, drawn from the 

Bible, 113. 
liyinus composed by Indians, 118, 



Index. 



685 



Immigrants to California, 375. 

Impressment, 314. 

Increase of the colonists, 202. 

Indian chief, old, at Port Royal, 86. 

Indian corn a legal tender, iio. 

Indians, origm of the, 26 ; in council, 27 ; 
treatment of by De Soto, 41, 42 ; con- 
verted to Christianity, 89 ; efforts to 
christianize the, 117; encroached up- 
on by the whites, iig; three hung by 
the Puritans for murder, 120 ; allies of , 
the French, 335 ; held as slaves, 344- l 

Indignation in the North at the Rebellion, j 

Infants, baptism of, 169. 

" Innocence itself is not safe," 236. 

Interests of the colonies, in common, 177. 

Iron-clads, battle between, 427. 

Iron works forbidden, 203. 

Isabella, Queen of Spain, 32. 

Island of Atlantis, 13. 



Jackson, Gen. Andrew, at New Orleans, 
326 ; President, 355. 

Jackson, Thomas, "Stonewall," 423; 
death of, 443. 

James I. and Parliament, 55 ; a fool and 
a tyrant, 93. 

James II., 178. 

James of York, 139. 

James River, emigrants sail up the, 67, 
424 ; Confederate iron-clad in, 426. 

Jamestown, Va., founded, 67. 

Jefferson, Thomas, Vice-President, 313; 
President, 313; his death, 330; op- 
posed to slavery, 345. 

Jeffreys, the brutal Judge, 75 

Jesuits, contests between, and liberal 
Catholic priests, 89 ;_the French, 332. 

Johnson, Andrew, President, 490. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 14S ; sale of his 
books, 151. 

" Join or die," 207. 

Joliet and Marquette discover the Missis- 
sippi, 332. 

Jones, Paul, on the Scotch coast, 293. 

Joy in the South over victories, 413. 

July 4, 1776, 270. 



Kansas, 376; fraudulent elections in, 
379; colonization by the party of free- 
dom, 380 ; admitted as a free State, 
380. 

King derives authority from people, 55 ; 
had divine authority, 56 ; claimed to 
regulate religious belief, 59. 

King's Chapel, 241. 

King's letter, the, 173. 

King William's War, 335. 



Knowledge, love of, among the Pilgrims, 

ri4. 
Knox, John, the reformer, 55. 



Labrador, Cabot lands on, 37 ; Cartier 
plants the cross on, 59. 

Lachine Rapids, 336. 

Lafayette, Marquis de, 281, 330. 

Lake St. Peter, 63. 

Land of promise, 372. 

Lands beyond the great ocean, 36. 

La Salic, Robert de, names Louisiana, 
332 ; lands in Texas, 335 ; treacher- 
ously shot, 335. 

Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, io6. 

Lawrence, Capt. , 320. 

Lawrence, Kan., invaded, 379. 

Lee, Richard Henry, in Congress, 215. 

Lee, Gen Robert E., Confederate com- 
mander, 422 ; invades Maryland, 445 ; 
surrender to Grant, 474. 

Letters from the Pilgrims regarded as a 
"sacred script," 109. 

Leverett, Gov. John, 241. 

Lexington, story of the battle of, 217 j 
British and American losses at, 231. 

Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., 451. 

Liberty, religious, 165. 

Liberty Tree, the, 232. 

Licking Valley, mounds in, 20, 2t. 

Lillie, Theophilus, would sell tea, 234. 

Lincoln, Abraham, bust of, 23S ; enters 
Congress, 365 ; elected President, 39 r ; 
story of his early life, 392 ; poHtical 
career, 396 ; inaugural, 402 ; his si- 
lence, 40S ; re-election, 467 ; visit to 
Richmond, 477 : assassinated, 47S ; the 
people's grief for, 482- 

Liquors, Indians' passion for, 117. 

Long Island, battle of, 276. 

Lorne, Marquis of, Governor of Canada, 

521 

Losses by American merchants, 314. 
Louisiana sold by France, 330, 353 ; abol- 
ishes slavery, 4^4- 
Lnvejov mobljed and killed at Alton, III, 

35 -,'358- 



Machinery Halt,, Philadelphia, 505. 

McClellan, Gen. George B., in command, 
421; on the Peninsula, 424; his fail- 
ure, 425 ; removed from command, 
439 ; nominated for President, 467. 

McDowell, Gen., at Bull Run, 419. 

Madison, James, President, 313 ; opposed 
to slavery, 345. 

Man responsible to God alone in relig- 
ious belief, 166. 

Manassas Junction, Confederate army at, 
417. 



686 



Yoimg Folks' History of America. 



Manhattan Island, 136. 

Manitoba, 339. 

Maria Theresa on the throne of Austria, 

179. 
Marietta, Ohio, mounds at, 17, 21. 
Mariner's compass, 29. 
Marquette and Joliet, 332. 
Martyrs of Libert}', honored, 498. 
Maryland abohshes slavery, 464. 
Massachusetts, plot of the, to destroy the 

English, 106. 
Massasoit, story of, 99 ; visit to Plymouth, 

100 ; dangerous illness of, 103 ; death 

of, 106. 
Mastodon restored, 25. 
Matamoras, American fort near, 364. 
Mather family rest in Copp's Hill Bury- 

ing-ground, 242. 
Mayflower, the, in Cape Cod Bay, 98. 
Meade, Gen., in command, 445. 
" Meadows stretched to the eastward," 

84. 
Memorial Hall at Philadelphia, 505. 
Merriam's Corner, fight at, 230. 
Metacom and Wamsetta, sons of Massa- 
soit, 106. 
Mexican empire, the, 332. 
Mexican pyramids, ancient, 22. 
Mexican war, 363. 
Mexico, walled cities of, founded by an 

Asiatic race, 19 ; abolished slavery, 

358 ; a republic, 363. 
Mexico, city of, ancient pyramids near, 

22. 
Militia called out, 414. 
Milton, John, 106. 
Mine, the, at Petersburg, 459. 
Mineral wealth of Missouri, 353. 
Minute-men at Lexington and Concord, 

222, 229. 
Misses, the, of Boston, refuse to drink tea, 

.23.4- . 
Mississippi abolishes slavery, 464. 
Mississippi River claimed by the French, 

.187- . 
Missouri, territory of, 354 ; admitted as a 

slave State, 354 ; abolishes slavery, 

464. 
Missouri Compromise, the, 355 ; repealed, 

376- 
Monitor, the, and the Virginia, 427. 
Monroe, James, President, 355. 
Montcalm, death of, 201. 
Montgomery, Ala., the first Confederate 

capital, 422. 
Montreal, Indian settlement, Hochelaga, 

63 ; a city, 336. 
Mother country, the, affection for, 202. 
Mound at Cahokia, 111., 19; serpent 

mound, 20. 
Mound-builders, the, ig ; descendants of 

crews from Japan, 22. 
Mounds at Marietta, Ohio, 17, 21 ; in the 

West and in Mississippi valley, 19; 

near Newark, Ohio, 20, 21 ; built by 

whom, 22 ; in Siberia, 25. 



I Mount Hope, the burying-ground of the 
Narragansetts, 100. 
Mount Royal, now Montreal, 63. 
Mount Vernon, a shrine, 301, 309. 



Napoleon overthrown, 324. 

Narragansetts, fort of, destroyed, 124. 

National bank established, 308. 

National cemeteries established, 496. 

Naval battles won by Americans, 319. 

Nebraska, 376. 

Negotiations for peace, 298, 

Negro cavalry, the first Union troops to 
enter Richmond, 473 . 

Negroes, the Confederate Congress re- 
fuses to arm, 469. 

New Amsterdam, 136. 

New England visited by old-time mari- 
ners, 14 ; two centuries ago, 90 ; a refuge 
for victims of tyranny, log. 

New England States, government of, 178. 

Newfoundland, rich fisheries, 37 ; Cartier 
at, 59- 

New Jersey settlements conquered from 
the Swedes by the Dutch, 140. 

New Orleans, battle of, 326. 

New Orleans captured, 429. 

New Plymouth straightened for room, 
no. 

New York named from the Duke of York, 
140. 

North, Lord, 211. 

North American continent discovered by 
John Cabot, 37, 51. 

North bridge at Concord, 224. 

North Carolina rejects kingly authority, 
245 ; seceded reluctantly, 398. 

Nova Scotia, Acadia, 86. 



Oaths, punishment for, 68. 

Oglethorpe, James, 148; Edmund Burke's 
opinion of, 15 r ; welcomed by the In- 
dians, 152. 

Ohio Company, the, 335. 

Ohio River valley claimed by France, 187 ; 
contest for, 188. 

Old South Church, 237. 

Old Testament the statute-book for New 
England, 113- 

Oliver, Elder Thomas, 241. 

Opechancanough challenged by Capt. 
Smith, 79. 

Opposition to troops passijig through Bal- 
timore, 414. 

Orphan-house at Savannah-, 155. _ 

Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, 339. 

Pacific Railroad Bill passed, 44U. 
Paddock elms, 242. 
Paine, Robert Treat, 242. 
Paine, Thomas, as a pamphleteer, 269. 
Pakenham, Sir Edward, killed at New 
Orleans, 326. 



Index. 



687 



Palenque, Mexico, sculptures found at, 19. 
Paper money, depreciation of, 289. 
Parker, Capt. John, at Lexington, 221. 
Parliament the real governing power, 148. 
Parris, Mr., and the Salem witchcraft, 

160 ; his removal, 164. 
" Parted many a toil-spent year," iiS. 
Paspahegh, chief of, captured by Capt. 

Smith, 79. 
"Patriot's, the, Remembrances," poem, 

483- 
" Patriots', the. Unknown Graves," poem, 

497- 
Pea Ridge, battle of, 429. 
Peace, 486. 

Peace, thirty years of, 313. 
Penn, land of, 143. 
Penn, William, comes to America, 143 ; 

deals kindly with the Indians, 144 ; 

conference with the Indians, 147. 
Pennsylvania, career of, begins, 143 ; Gen. 

Lee ordered to invade, 445. 
Pequot emissaries and Roger Williams, 

i6g. 
Percy, Lord, meets British retreating from 

Concord, 231. 
Persecution and religious liberty, 165. 
Persecution of the Puritans, 109. 
Petersburg, siege of, 458 ; graves around, 

494. 
Phelps, Capt. Noah, 250. 
Philadelphia, 147. 
Philip, son of Massasoit, 106 ; death of, 

127. 
Philip's, King, War, 117. 
Philip's son sold into slavery in Bermuda, 

127. 
PhiUips, Hon. John, 242. 
Phoenicia once ruled the waves, 13. 
Phoenician sailors go beyond the Pillars of 

Hercules, 14 ; cross the Atlantic, 19. 
Phoenicians, or Canaanites, had knowledge 

_ of a country beyond tlie sea, 13. 
Pierce,' Franklin, a general in Mexican 

_ war, 365 ; President, 388. 
Pilgrims land at New Plymouth, 98. 
Pillars of Hercules, £4, ig. 
Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, 3s. 
Pitcairn, Major, 221 ; buried in Christ 

Church, 242. 
Pitt, William, prime minister, 194 ; Earl 

of Chatham, 206. 
Pittsburg, 190. 
Plague among New England Indians, 

100. 
Plymouth, New, founded, 98. 
Pocahontas saves Capt. Smith's life, 71; 

baptism and marriage, 72 ; story of, 76 ; 

received at English 'court, 83 ; death at 

Gravesend, 84. 
Pocasset, Weetamo, queen of, 128. 
Pocket-compass, Capt. Smith explains to 

the savages, 71. 
Polk, James K., President, 363. 
Ponce de Leon's expedition, 38, 51. 
Pope, Gen., defeated at Manassas, 436. 



Population and area of the States and 

Territories, 517. 
Port Hudson, 440. 
Port Royal, S. C, captured, 428. 
Port Royal, N. S., the Indians' love for 

the colony at, 89. 
Ports closed to foreign ships, 203. 
Potomac River, 424. 
Pottery, ancient pueblo, 21. 
Poutrincourt, Baron de, founds Port 

Royal, 86. 
Powder-house in Somerville, 245. 
Powhatan orders the death of Capt. 

Smith, 71. 
Preachers, Indian, 118. 
Preface, 7. 

Prescott, Col., fortifies Bunker Hill, 254. 
Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the 

United States, table of, 516. 
Pricking with pins to discover witches, 157. 
Prince, Thomas, 242. 
Prince Edward Island, 339. 
Princeton, victory at, 280. 
Private, a, pays his regiment, 421. 
Proclamation of Emancipation, 435 ; its 

power, 463. 
Prosperity, 494. 
Providence founded by Roger Williams, 

166. 
Province House, 233. 
Pueblos, ruined, in Utah, discoveries at, 

21. 
Puritans, intolerance of the, 165 ; perse- 
cution of the, rog. 
Putnam, Israel, leaves his plough, 245. 



Quakers, fine for entertaining in Va., 76; 
persecuted at New Amsterdam, 139 ; 
chastised, 169 ; hanged, 173 ; first gen- 
eration differed from succeeding ones, 
173 ; compensation to representatives 
of, 174 ; and Moravians opposed to 
war, 269. 

Quebec founded by the French, 51 ; cap- 
tured by Gen. Wolfe, 197; English 
victory at, 336. 



Races, the mysterious, 13. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his colonies not suc- 
cessful, 64. 

Rapidan River, 456. 

Rebellion, the suppression of, a sacred 
duty, 420. 

Recruits for Washington, 283. 

Red-coats in Boston, 207. 

Regicides, the, sheltered in New England, 
179. 

Rehoboth, Annawon captured near, 132. 

Remonstrances of Congress, 216. 

Representatives chosen by the people, 179. 

Resources of the North and South, 455. 

Restoration of the Union, 4g3. 

Revere, Paul, ride of, 217 ; captured, 218 ; 
grave of, 242. 



688 



Young Folks History of America. 



Revolution, the eve of, 202. 

Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams, 

166. 
Richmond, Va., the Confederate capital, 

422 ; capture of, 473. 
Right of search, 314. 
Riots in Boston, 207. 
Rise of the American government, 178. 
Robinson, Edmund, his witch story, 158. 
Robinson, Mr., and his people seized by 

soldiers, 93 ; escaped to Holland, 94. 
Rolfe, John, marries Pocahontas, 72. 
Ross, Gen., captures Washington city, 

324- 
Routledge, John, in Congress, 215. 
Royalists numerous in Philadelphia, 283. 



Saguenav River, 63. 

St. Charles River, 63. 

Saint Malo, Cartier sails from, 59, 63. 

Salamanca, wise men of, 32. 

Salem, 160. 

San Francisco and New York united by 
rail, 502. 

Sanitary Commission, the, 498. 

Santa Anna attempts to recover Texas, 
361 ; commander in INIexican war, 366. 

Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, 288. 

Savages of South America, 45. 

Savannah, Oglethorpe's settlement at, 
152 ; captured by Gen. Sherman, 460. 

Schenectady, massacre at, 335. 

Schools established by the Pilgrims, 113. 

Scotch covenanters sold to be slaves in 
Virginia, 75. 

Scott, Gen., commander in IMexican war, 
365 ; captures the city of Mexico, 371. 

Scrooby in Nottinghamshire, well-reputed 
persons at, 93. 

Secessinn ordinances passed, 397 ; not 
unanimously, 398 ; reasons for seces- 
sion, 401. 

Senegal taken b}' the French, 293. 

Serpent mound near Brush Creek, Ohio, 
20. 

Seven Years' War ended, 204. 

Seward, Anna, 294. 

Seward, William H., attempted assassina- 
tion of, 478. 

Shenandoah valley, campaign in the, 463. 

Shepherd Kings, who tliey were, 22. 

Sheridan, Gen. Phil., his ride from Win- 
chester, 463. 

Sherman, Gen., marches through Georgia, 
460. 

Ship built in Massachusetts, no. 

Ships of the early explorers, 45. 

Ships-of-war, five English, taken or de- 
stroyed, 319. 

Siberian elephant, 25. 

Sickness at New Plymouth, 98 ; of Mas- 
sasoit, 103. 

Sink-or-swim test for witches, 158. 

Skeleton in armor found at Fall River. 
Mass., 15 ; of Asiatic origin, 19. 



Slave States, most of the loyal freed them- 
selves from slavery, 464. 

Slavery forbidden in Georgia, 156 ; the 
story of, 340 ; unprofitable at the North, 
profitable at the South, 344 ; opposition 
to, 345, 346 ; discussion of, forbidden at 
the South, 349 ; active hostility to, 355 ; 
claimed by divine right, 356 ; encour- 
aged by Northern people, 392 ; abolish- 
ment of, 464. 

Slaves, not persons but things, 350 ; fugi- 
tive, not free, 345 : escaped, loyal, 431 ; 
of men in arms free, 432. 

Slave-trade, suppression of, provided for 
in the Constitution, 340 ; encouraged by 
England, 340, 392 ; horrors of the, 343. 

Small-pox among English troops, 263. 

Smith, Capt. John, 67 ; his cure for pro- 
fanity, 68; saved by Pocahontas, 71, 
8c ; returns to England, 72 ; letter to 
the Queen, 80. 

Sneyd, Honora, 294. 

Snyder, Christopher, funeral of, 235. 

South bridge at Concord, 224. 

South Carolina passes an ordinance of 
secession, 397. 

South Kingston, R. I., Indian fort at, 123. 

Southern States, English in possession of, 
297. 

Sowamset, the home of Massasoit, 99. 

Spain joins France and America against 
England, 290. 

Spaniards in Florida, 41. 

Stamp Act, passage of the, 204; never 
came into force, 205 ; repealed, 206, 

231- 
Stamp distributors compelled to resign, 

205. 

Stamped paper burned and concealed, 
205. 

Standish, Capt. Miles, meets Massasoit, 
100. 

Starvation threatens the Pilgrims, no. 

Stephens, Alex. H., his speed) at Sa- 
vannah, 404. 

Stone Tower, Old, at Newport, R. I., 15. 

Struggle, decisive, between French and 
English, 335. 

Stuart, Geo. H., president of the Christian 
Commission, 501. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, Governor ofNew Am- 
sterdam, 139. 

Suffrage, right of, secured, 505. 

Sullivan, Gov., 242. 

Sumner, Gov., 242. 

Sumner, Charles, bust of, 238; assaulted 
by Brooks, 387. 

Swanzey, several whites killed near, 120. 



Taunton, 131. 

Taylor, Gen. Zachary, on the Rio Grande, 

364 ; President, 375 ; career of, 392. 
Taxation oppressive, 325. 
Taxed tea arrives in Boston, 208. 
I Taxes imposed on the Americans, 204. 



Index. 



689 



Tea, tax on, voted, 207 ; destruction of, 
211 : tax levied on, 233 ; resolutions 
against use of, 233. 

Tennessee abolishes slavery, 464. 

Teocallis, or temples of the sun, 22. 

Terrors of Indian warfare, 123. 

Texas revolts from Mexico, 3 58 ; offers to 
join the United States, 361 ; admitted 
to the Union, 362- 

Ticonderoga, capture of Fort, 249. 

Tidbits of French cookery tossed to In- 
dian children, 86. 

Tobacco introduced into England, 75 ; 
used as currency, 75. 

'J'owns, new, founded, 1x0. 

Townshend, Charles, virtual Prime Min- 
ister, proposed the tax on tea, 207. 

Trade with the colonies forbidden, 216. 

Treaty between France and America 
against England, 290. 

Trenton, victory at, 280- 

Tripoli, expedition against, 313. 

Tyler, John, President, 363. 

Union, the North fought to defend the, 

402. 
Union Pacific Railroad, 505. 
United colonies of New England, 114. 
"Unknown Soldiers," graves of the, 494; 

tribute to the, 498. 

Valley Forge, Washington's army at, 

287- 
Van Buren, Martin, President, 362. 
Veneration for law, 307. 
Venezuelan village, 45. 
Vera Cruz, Americans land near, 365. 
Vespucius, Americus, lands at Venezuela, 

45' 

Vicksburg, Miss., siege and capture of, 
440. 

Virginia, stor^' of, 64 ; character of the 
colonists, 72 ; governed by two coun- 
cils, 178 ; loyal to the Stuarts, 178 : at 
first refused to secede, 398 ; seceded, 
418. 

Vn-ginia, the. Confederate iron-clad, 426. 

Virginia Company, charter granted to, 
64. 

Virginians bought no land, 75. 

Wall Street, 139. 
Walpole, Sir Robert, 148, 204. 
Wam.panoags, Philip, King of, iig. 
Wampum, Philip's girdle and crown of, 

Wamsetta and Metacom, sons of Massa- 

soit, renamed, 106. 
War, end of the Revolutionary, 299. 
War of 1812, 316. 
War of the Great Rebellion, 407 ; ended, 

474- 
Warren, Gen., 217. 
Washington, George, 179 : his pedigree, 

180; education, iZi \ accuracy as a 



surveyor, 182 ; no questionable trans- 
action ever alleged against him, 183; 
campaign in Ohio, 18S ; surrenders at 
Fort Necessity, 188; with Gen. Brad- 
dock, 189; member of Congress, 215 ; 
statue of, 238 ; memorial inscriptions, 
238 ; head-quarters, 245 ; moves to New 
York, 274 ; retreats into New Jersey, 
276; crosses the Delaware, 279; re- 
treats to Philadelphia, 279 ; at home, 
301 ; elected President, 30S ; death of, 
309 ; opposition to slavery, 345 

Washington elm, 262. 

Washington, city of, the seat of govern- 
ment, 313 ; public buildings at, burned 
by the British, 324 ; threatened capture 
of, 417. 

Watson's Hill, Plymouth, 100. 

Watt, James, invents the steam-engine, 

35^- 
Webster, Daniel, opposed to slavery, 361. 
Weetamo, Queen of Pocasset, 128 
Wesley, Charles, secretary to Oglethorpe, 

155- 

Wesley, John, 151, 155. 

West India Islands, discovered by Colum- 
bus, 45. _ _ 

West Indies, lands m, given to Slave- 
holders, 340. 

West Point, 293. 

West Virginia restored to the Union, 418. 

" When shall we three meet again? " 118. 

Whitefield, George, in Georgia, 155. 

White House, the, pillaged and burned, 
324. 

Whitney, Eli, inventor of the cotton-gin, 

35^) 353- , , . 

Wilderness, the, 443, 456 ; battles m, 457. 

William and Mary, 241- 

William, Prince of Orange, 97. 

Williams, Roger, " godly and zealous," 
165 ; a friend of Cromwell, 165 -, 
learned Dutch from Milton, 165 ; ban- 
ished, 166 ; and the Pequot emissa- 
ries, 169. 

Winchester, battle of, 463- 

Winslow, Edward, meets Massasoit, 100; 
doctors Massasoit when sick, J03. 

Winslow, Josiah, destroys Fort Narra- 
gansett, 124. 

Winthrop, Gov. John, 241. 

Winthrop, Gov. John. Jr., 241. 

Witchcraft in New England, 157. 

Witches, sticking pins to discover, 157; 
condemned to death, 158 ; hung, 163. 

Wclfe, Gen., at Quebec, 194- 

Writing Rock at Dighton, Mass., 14, 15; 
inscription of Asiatic origin, 19. 



"Yankee Doodle." 265. 
York River, 424. 

Yorktown, Cornwallis besieged at, 297 
surrender of Cornwallis, 298, 424. 



44 



SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX. 



Agriculture, creation of Bureau of, 553. 

Alert, steamboat lent by English Govern- 
ment, 531. 

Altgeld, Governor of Illinois, correspond- 
ence with President Cleveland, recall- 
ing out of Federal troops, 586. 

American Railway Union, great strike of, 
585- 

Anarchists, outrages in Chicago, 541 ; sev- 
eral sentenced and executed, 542. 

Anti-Trust law passed, 542. 

Apportionment Bill, new, 525. 

Arbitration, examples of, 616, 617, 618. 

Arctic Expeditions, under De Long, 529 ; 
Greely, 530 ; Schley, 530. 

Area of United States, 602. 

Arthur, Chester A., inaugurated as Presi- 
dent, 521 ; historical sketch of, 521, 522. 



Bartholdi's Statue unveiled at New 

York, 542. 
Barton, Clara, 647. 

Bayard, T. F., Secretary of State, 534.' 
Blame, James G., Secretary of State, 523, 

527, 615 ; nominated as President, 532. 
Bland Act, 559. 
Bland, Richard P., 604. 
Board of Inquiry, 631. 
Bolivar, Simon, historical sketch of, 613, 

614 ; death of, 615. 
Booth, William, historical sketch of, 660, 

661. 
Brewster, B. H., Attorney General, 523. 
Bryan, William Jennings, nominated for 

President, 604, 605. 
Bryce, James, M. P., on the American 

Commonwealth, 544. 



Canada, Dominion of, fishery treaty, 
550 ; Welland Canal tolls, political his- 
tory and statistics, 596. 

Canton, population of, 607. 

Campos, Martinez, Governor-General of 
Cuba, 626. 

Census, i8go, 559. 

Cervera, Admiral, at Santiago, 640, 648. 

Cespedes, Don Carlos, President of Cuba, 
624. 

Chandler, W. E , Secretary of Navy, 523. 

Chautauquan Literary and Scientific Cir- 
cle, 660. 

Cherokee Strip, surrender of, 560; open- 
ing of, 581. 



Chicago, railway strike, 1894, 585 ; Dem- 
ocratic Convention at, 603. 

Chinese Exclusion law passed, 569 ; non- 
compliance with, 582. 

Chronological Table — United States His- 
tory, 673. 

Cisneros, Salvador, elected President of 
Cuba, 626. 

Cities, list of, over io«,ooo Inhabitants, 
672. 

Civil Service, new bill, 525, 526 ; Reform, 
539- 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 523. 

Cleveland, Grover, nominated as Presi- 
dent, 532 ; election of, 533 ; historical 
sketch, 534 ; message to 49th Congress, 
537 ; nominated 1893, 577 ; elected Pres- 
ident, 577. 

Columbia, District of, 524. 

Commonweal Army marches to Washing- 
ton, 583. 

Congress of Panama, 615. 

Constitution, Centennial Anniversary of, 

543- 

Crook, General, Indian War, 527. 

Cuba, revolutions in, 608, 623 ; Declaration 
of Independence, 624 ; war declared, 
626 ; resolutions of Congress in regard to 
Cuban War, 629, 630 ; invasion of, 647 ; 
description of, 647, 648 ; government of, 
648. 



Danish Islands, 603. 

Daughters of the Revolution, 609. 

Democrat National Convention at Chi- 
cago, 603. 

Dewey, Commodore, at Manila, 635, 636 ; 
fleet in charge of, 636. 

Development of resources, 595, 596. 

Dole, President of Hawaii, 619. 

Eleventh National Convention, 602. 
Endicott, W. C, Secretary of War, 534. 
Evarts, \V. M., Delegate to Paris Confer- 
ence, 524. 
Expenditure, national, 1889, 555. 

Fisheries Dispute, settled by arbitration, 

612. 
Flag of Peace, The, 652, 653, 654, 655. 
Folger, Charles J., Secretary of Treasury, 

523- 
Forests, area of, 576. 



690 



Index. 



691 



Fort Berthold, reservation thrown open, 

565. 
Freelinghuysen, F. T., Secretary of State, 

523- 
Free Trade Congress, 528. 

Garcia, Calixto, attempt to liberate 
Cuba, 625. 

Garfield, President, English Sympathy at 
his death, 521 ; memorial to, 558. 

Garland, Aug. H., Attorney General, 534. 

Gold Standard, 602, 603. 

Gomez, General-in-Chief of Cubans. 626. 

Grand Army of Republic, parade at De- 
troit, 566. 

Grant, tj. S., Gen., death of, 535. 

Great Britain, monometallism in, 524 ; sa- 
lute fired in honor, 525. 

Guiteau, question of insanity, 526. 

Harrison, Ben., Gen., nominated for 
President, 550 ; elected, 550 ; inaugura- 
tion of, 556 ; historical sketch of, 556 ; 
nomination 1893, 577. 

Harrison, Carter, assassination of, 581. 

Hawaii, insurrection in, 573 ; exclusion of 
immigrants, 611 ; independence ac- 
knowledged, 619 ; population of,- 620 ; 
annexation treaty signed, 620. 

Havana, population of, 648. 

Hayes, President, Civil Service Reform, 
538. . 

Hendricks, Thos. , nominated as Vice- 
President, 532 ; death of, 536. 

Hirsch, Baron, donation to Jews, 565. 

Hobart, Garret A., nominated as Vice- 
President, 602; elected, 604. 

Hobson, Richmond Pearson, historical 
sketch of, 641 ; Merri7nac, 642, 643 ; 
description of Merrhnac sinking, 668, 
669, 670. 

House of Representatives, increase of 
members of, 564. 

Howe, T. O., Postmaster General, 523; 
delegate to Paris Conference, 524. 

Idaho, admission of, 560. 

Incorporated Companies, growth of, 546. 

Indians, outbreak in Arizona, 527 ; Ne- 
braska, 564. 

International American Congress, topics 
discussed by, 656, 657. 

International Peace Congress, 610. 

Inter-State Commerce Act passed, 547. 

Jackson, Andrew, rotation in office, 539. 
Japan, treaty with, 589 ; immigrants re- 
fused admittance to Hawaii, 611. 
Jews, relief to immigrants, 565. 

"Kearsarge," wreck of, 591. 
Klondike gold fields discovered, 632; de- 
scription of, 633, 634. 
Knights of Labor, growth of order, 539. 



Labor Commissioners, appointment of, 

539- 

Labor Day, May ist, 1890, 549. 

Labor Party Platform, 549. 

Lamar, L. Q. C, Postmaster, 534. 

Land Grants, forfeiture of, 544. 

Liberia, vessel donated to, 545. 

Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 620. 

Lincoln, R. T., Secretary of War, 523. 

Logan, John A., nominated for Vice-Pres- 
ident, 532. 

Lopez, General, execution of, 624. 

Lothrop, G. V. N., Minister to Russia, 
534- 

Maceo, Antonio, Lieutenant-General of 

Cubans, 626. 
Maine, Battleship, explosion of, 631. 
Manila, Battle of, 635, 636, 637, 638. 
Manning, Dan., Secretary of War, 534, 
Marti, Jose, death of, 625. 
Martin, San, historical sketch of, 613, 614. 
Masso, Maximo, Commander of Cubans, 

625 ; elected Vice-President of Cuba, 

626. 
Memphis, Cantilever bridge, 572. 
Merrimac, Battleship, at Santiago, 640, 

642, 643 ; description of, 668, 669, 670. 
Mexico, Guerilla War, 565. 
Midwinter Fair at San Francisco, 592. 
Miller, W. H., Attorney General, 557. 
Mississippi, floods in the valley of, 527. 
Monroe Doctrine, 523 ; reasserted, 603, 

614, 623. 
Montana admitted, 554. 
Montejo, Spanish Admiral at Manila, 636. 
Morrison Bill, 526-529. 
Morton, L. P., nominated for Vice-Presi- 
dent, 550. 
Mosquito Coast, illtreatment of American 

citizens, 591. 

McCoRMACK, Geo. W., discoverer of 
Klondike gold fields, 632. 

McKinley, William, nominated as Presi- 
dent, 602-604 ; elected, 604 ; historical 
sketch of, 6o5-(5o8 ; inauguration of, 609. 

McLane, R. M., Minister to France, 534. 

National Debt, 536, 561. 

National Trades' Union, incorporation of, 

539- 
Navy, increase in 1889, 554 ; review of, m 

New York, 578 ; appropriation for, 594. 
Newland Resolution, 631. 
New Orleans, World's Industrial E.xposi- 

tion, 531 ; the Mafia affair, 567. 
New York, great snowstorm in, 548. 
Nicaraguan Canal, 535 ; interference at 

Bluefields, 591, 615, 622. 
Niles, birth-place of William McKinley, 

606. 
Noble, John W., Secretary of Interior, 557. 
North Dakota admitted, 554. 



692 



Index. 



Oklahoma, Territory of, 558, 565. 

Panama, Inter-Oceanic Canal at, 523-524. 

Pan-American Conference, 560 ; held at 
Washington, 615 ; resolutions of, 615- 
616. 

Panic, financial, 1894, 582. 

Pendleton, Geo. H., Minister to Ger- 
many, 534. 

Pensions, frauds of agents, 527. 

People's Party, creation of, 569. 

Phelps, E. J., Minister to Great Britain, 

534- 

Population, 1890, 560. 

Porto Rico, description of, 662. 

Prime Meridian, conference at Washing- 
ton, 532. 

Proctor, Redfield, Secretary of War, 567 

Protective Tariff. 608. 

Protocol signed by Spain, 664. 

Pullman Car Company, " boycott" of, 
585. 

Railway, Northern Pacific, 528 ; con- 
struction of, in United States, 558 ; mile- 
age in 1890, 562. 

Receipts, national, 1889, 562. 

Reconcentrados, 627. 

Red Cross Society, established, 644 ; reso- 
lutions of, 645-646. 

Republican Platform, 603. 

Resources, development of, 596. 

Rontgen, Dr. Wilhelm Kinrad, discoverer 
of X-rays, 609. 

Roumania, treaty writh, 528. 

Rusk, Jeremiah M., Secretary of Agricul- 
ture, 557. 

Salvation Army, work of, 660 ; history 

of, 661-662. 
Samoa, consul recalled, 545. 
Sampson, Admiral, at Santiago. 640. 
Santiago, battle of, 649 ; surrender of, 

650 ; Spanish report of battle of, 666- 

667. 
Seal Fishery Dispute, arbitrators meet in 

Paris, 572. 
Servia, treaty vi^ith, 528. 
Shafter, General, 650. 
Sherman Act, repeal of, 578. 
Silver coinage, 525, 558, 566, 572, 603. 
South Dakota admitted, 554. 
Spain, war declared against, 632, 657 ; 

close of war with, 663 ; protocol, 664. 



Star Routes, fraud in conduct of, 527-528. 

States, population and area of, 671. 

Strikes at Detroit and Chicago, 540 ; rail- 
road, 565 ; Railway Union, 585. 

Supreme Court, functions of, 547. 

Suspension Bridge opened at New York, 
527- 

Tariff Commission, 526 ; revision of, 529 ; 
reform bill, 589. 

Teller, H. M., Secretary of Interior, 523, 
603. 

Territories, population and area of, 671. 

Thurman, A. G., Delegate to Paris Con- 
ference, 524 ; nominated as Vice-Presi- 
dent, 550. 

Tracy, Ben. F., Secretary of Navy, 557. 

Trade, condition of, 1886, 545 ; expansion 
of, 552-553 ; 1890, 562. 

Trescott, M., Commissioner to Chili, 524. 

Valparaiso, outrage on sailors of the Bal- 
timore, 566; ultimatum of United States 
Government, 567 ; payment of indem- 
nity, 593- 

Veto, exercise of, 554. 

Vilas, Wm. F., Postmaster General, 534. 

Vincent, Dr. John H., 660. 

Wanamaker, John, Postmaster General, 

557- 

Washington, George, centennial of in- 
auguration, 555. 

Washington, state of, admitted, 554. 

Wealth of United States, 561. 

West, Lord, handed his passports, 551. 

Weyler, Valeriano, historical sketch of, 
626-627 ; policy of, 628. 

Whale-back, voyage of, to Liverpool, 566. 

Whitney, W. C, Secretary of Navy, 534. 

" Wilson Bill," congressional debate over, 

589- 
Windom, W., Secretary of Treasury, 557. 
Woodford, Stewart L., Minister to Spain, 

632. 
World's Columbian Exposition, 563-564; 

souvenir coins, 568 ; dedication of, 571 % 

opening of, 579. 
Wyoming, admission of, 560. 

X-Rays Discovered, 609. 

YoRKTOWN, anniversary of surrender o{» 
525- 




J 



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Department of State 

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